Fair Distribution Research Articles

Islamic distributive justice accounting model to reduce payroll system inequities

This study examines how to implement distributive fairness accounting in the payroll system of the foundation organization. It employs qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The phenomenological studies utilized in this research are based on the researcher's linkage to examine the phenomena experienced by key informants more deeply. The results indicate that the payroll system in the foundation's organization was not established based on justice but rather due to the capitalist values held by the foundation. Two contributing factors are identified: minimizing costs while maximizing benefits and the familial nature of the organization. Distributive justice accounting presents an alternative for improving the payroll systems of organizations. The fair value applied is based on the Quran, which states that the head of the Education Foundation organization must intend to provide welfare to employees for the sake of Allah SWT. Employees are also expected to apply Islamic work ethics when performing their duties. The findings reveal that the payroll system in the foundation's organization was not created based on justice but rather due to the capitalist values of the foundation. Distributive justice accounting serves as an alternative for enhancing the payroll systems of organizations. The fair value referenced is based on the Quran, which emphasizes that the head of the Education Foundation organization must aim to provide welfare to employees for the sake of Allah SWT. Employees should also adhere to Islamic work ethics while fulfilling their responsibilities.

EMS3D-KITTI: Synthetic 3D dataset in KITTI format with a fair distribution of Emergency Medical Services vehicles for autodrive AI model training.

Contemporary research in 3D object detection for autonomous driving primarily focuses on identifying standard entities like vehicles and pedestrians. However, the need for large, precisely labelled datasets limits the detection of specialized and less common objects, such as Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and law enforcement vehicles. To address this, we leveraged the Car Learning to Act (CARLA) simulator to generate and fairly distribute rare EMS vehicles, automatically labelling these objects in 3D point cloud data. This enriched dataset, organized in the KITTI 3D object detection benchmark format by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the Toyota Technological Institute, improves its utility for training and evaluating autonomous vehicle systems. To bridge the gap between simulated and real-world scenarios, our methodology integrates a wide range of scenarios simulation in CARLA, including variations in weather conditions, human presence, and different environmental settings. This approach enhances the realism and robustness of the dataset, making it more applicable to practical autonomous driving scenarios. The data provided in this article offers a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and stakeholders interested in advancing autonomous vehicle technologies and improving emergency vehicle detection. Furthermore, this dataset contributes to broader efforts in road safety and the development of AI systems capable of handling specialized vehicle identification in real-world applications.

Optimizing a multimodal hub and spoke network for vaccine distribution using regional vulnerability index during healthcare emergencies

Purpose A vaccination strategy to cover the susceptible population is key to containing the spread of any virus during a healthcare emergency. This study quantifies the susceptibility of a region based on initial infection rates to prioritize optimal vaccine distribution strategies. The authors propose a metric, the regional vulnerability index (RVI), that identifies the degree of susceptibility/vulnerability of a region to virus infections for strategically locating hubs for vaccine storage and distribution. Design/methodology/approach A two-phase methodology is used to address this problem. Phase 1 uses a modified Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model, ModSIR, to estimate the RVI. Phase 2 leverages this index to model a P-Center problem, prioritizing vulnerable regions through a Mixed Integer Quadratically Constrained Programming model, along with three variations that incorporate the RVI. Findings Results indicate a weighting scheme based on the population-to-RVI ratio fosters fair distribution and equitable coverage of vulnerable regions. Comparisons with the public distribution strategy outlined by the Government of India reveal similar zonal segregations. Additionally, the network generated by our model outperforms the actual distribution network, corroborated by network metrics such as degree centrality, weighted degree centrality and closeness centrality. Originality/value This research presents a novel approach to prioritizing vaccine distribution during pandemics by applying epidemiological predictions to an integer-programming framework, optimizing COVID-19 vaccine allocation based on historical infection data. The study highlights the importance of strategic planning in public health response to effectively manage resources in emergencies.

Takwa: Landasan Spiritual dalam Menghadapi Ketimpangan Ekonomi dan Mewujudkan Keadilan Sosial

This research examines the role of piety in promoting social justice, with a particular focus on the growing economic inequality in society. Piety, defined as moral and spiritual awareness of responsibility to God, is expected to motivate individuals and communities to act justly and contribute to the improvement of social welfare. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study integrates the concept of piety with the theory of social justice proposed by John Rawls, which emphasizes the importance of fair and equitable distribution of resources. The results show that piety has great potential as a driver of inclusive and equitable social policies, encouraging individuals to care more about others. However, challenges in its implementation, including ambiguity in understanding and misuse of piety values to justify injustice, remain to be overcome for piety to truly become a tool for change. The findings are expected to make a significant contribution to the development of more just and equitable public policies, and inspire concrete actions in a more prosperous society.

Assessing the Equitable Renewable Energy Access and Environmental Justice for Sustainable Development in China

ABSTRACTThe pursuit of sustainable development in China necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy access and environmental justice. As China experiences rapid economic growth and shifts towards cleaner energy sources, it is crucial to examine the fairness of renewable energy distribution and the equitable allocation of environmental benefits and burdens. This study explores the complexities involved in balancing renewable energy, social equity, and environmental factors. A twofold methodological approach was employed such as the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was first used to systematically assess the equity of renewable energy distribution, identifying six key factors and 24 sub‐factors that influence renewable energy access and environmental justice. The results from fuzzy AHP show that the distribution of environmental burdens and socio‐economic equity are the most critical factors shaping renewable energy access and environmental justice. To further refine strategic insights, the fuzzy complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method was applied, ranking six strategic approaches for advancing renewable energy access and environmental justice. The top‐ranked strategy was expanding renewable energy infrastructure in underserved regions which emerged as the most impactful, emphasising the importance of addressing geographic disparities. Following closely were strategies aimed at strengthening financial mechanisms for low‐income households and promoting community‐led renewable energy projects, emphasising the importance of economic support and local empowerment in achieving energy justice.

Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis for Manufacturing Firms, Service Providers and Consumers in Collaborative Innovation Systems

With global economic growth and intensifying market competition, Chinese manufacturing firms are under pressure to enhance product competitiveness and adapt to changing consumer demands, requiring continuous product innovation and upgrading. This study introduces a tripartite evolutionary game model involving manufacturing firms, service providers and consumers to analyze the strategic stability and the impact of various factors on decision-making within this system. The results indicate that the decisions of these actors are interdependent, with a fair distribution of innovation benefits and costs being key to stimulating innovation enthusiasm and participation. The presence of free-riding behavior affects strategic choices, and a robust system of rewards and penalties can mitigate this problem. The cost of obtaining market information also influences service providers’ participation in innovation, with high costs potentially suppressing their involvement. This research provides insights to guide collaborative innovation efforts during industrial transformation, highlighting the direct impact of service providers and consumers on the success of manufacturing upgrades.

Legal issues of the use of geostationary orbit: between national interests and international space law

The article is devoted to the study of legal issues of the use of geostationary orbit (GSO) in the context of national interests and international space law. GSO is a scarce natural resource, which is extremely important for the placement of telecommunication, metrological, navigational spacecraft, as well as for solving scientific and military tasks. Due to the limitations of geostationary positions, the use of the orbit is a subject of international competition, which requires effective legal regulation to ensure fair access to it and eliminate potential interstate conflicts. The law-making activity of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is responsible for the distribution of geostationary segments necessary for the functioning of space vehicles, was noted. The mechanism of distribution of limited natural resources between states provides for the application of such additional criteria as the type and geospatial relationship of the territory of a certain state. The legal consequences of the adopted Bogotá Declaration are outlined, according to which GSO is considered a natural resource that is not part of outer space. Special attention is paid to the norms of the constitutional law of Colombia and Ecuador, which provide for the realization of the absolute and exclusive sovereignty of these states regarding the segments of the geostationary satellite orbit that correspond to their territories. It has been established that the regulation of geostationary relations at the domestic level gives rise to a number of legal issues regarding the balance of national interests and international obligations of states in the field of using orbital resources. It was determined that the constitutional and legal recognition of the segments of the GSO as part of the territory of individual equatorial states demonstrates significant deviations from the established norms and principles of international space law. The need to modernize international space law is emphasized - the formation of new international legal structures aimed at improving the tools that ensure a fair and effective distribution of the components of the orbit of geostationary satellites.

REIMAGINING DEMOCRACY AND ECONOMY: THE VISION OF DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR

Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar, a visionary leader and social reformer, was a staunch advocate of democracy and economic equality. This research paper examines the democratic framework of Dr Ambedkar, with a particular focus on its economic structure and underlying principles. It explores how the political ideology of Ambedkar was shaped by his commitment to social justice, equality, and economic freedom. The study delves into his belief that political democracy is incomplete without economic democracy and highlights his emphasis on equal opportunities, fair resource distribution, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination. The paper also analyses Ambedkar’s critique of hereditary systems, the role of functional opposition in parliamentary democracy, and the significance of free and fair elections in ensuring transparency and accountability. By contextualising the vision of Ambedkar within the broader framework of democratic governance, this research underscores the relevance of his vision in addressing contemporary issues of inequality, social exclusion, and economic injustice. KEYWORDS: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar; Democratic Framework; Economic Structure; Parliamentary Democracy; Social Justice; Caste and Discrimination; Inclusive Governance.

Restoring Dilapidated Buildings Using Grey Cooperative Games and the fair Distribution of Costs Between the Participating Companies

This paper shows that grey cooperative game theory can help us determine a fair cost between local and international companies to support the problem of restoration, maintenance or even reconstruction of dilapidated housing by using facility location games under uncertainty. Restoration, maintenance, or even reconstruction of dilapidated housing may be a means that must be accomplished before a disaster occurs as pre-emptive planning in order to contribute to better reconstruction and recovery, as well as insuring the lives of residents. In our study, we relied on the old and dilapidated residential quarters in Al-Bayda city. As an example, in our paper, we chose two residential quarter: Red Buildings quarter and White Buildings quarter, as these two quarters are exposed to a disaster that could happen at any moment, God forbid. Some photographs of these dwellings were taken, and they clearly show their deterioration and that they may be on the verge of collapse at any moment (See section 4). Therefore, we will help in restoring and maintaining them through this paper, and two companies will be chosen, one local and the other foreign, for the work for Maintenance and restoration. We will use cooperative grey game theory to help us to restore dilapidated buildings using grey cooperative games and the fair distribution of costs between the participating companies to support this problem using facility location games under uncertainty.

Teacher Academic Training Systems in Greece and Serbia

This study examines the teacher preparation paradigms of Serbia and Greece, two countries with similar histories and religions but different educational ideologies influenced by their social and cultural backgrounds. The study aims to determine the effect of various settings on teacher preparation, with a particular emphasis on pedagogical approaches and curriculum designs. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses how each system affects student results and teacher effectiveness by combining quantitative data from educational tests like PISA with qualitative views from educators and policymakers. Concerns have been raised regarding the influence of Greece’s reliance on a centralized curriculum on developing critical thinking and practical application abilities in aspiring teachers. On the other hand, Serbia’s adaptable strategy incorporates contemporary teaching approaches, boosting students’ capacity for analysis and practical problem-solving. The report emphasizes the value of stakeholder participation, highlighting Serbia’s successful interactions with parents and educational institutions, which help create a climate conducive to educational change. The study emphasizes the integration of cutting-edge pedagogical approaches and standardized assessments, underscoring the necessity for systemic transformation in teacher training processes to satisfy contemporary educational demands. It also asks for fair resource distribution and sufficient funding to enable enhanced teaching approaches that comply with European standards. Ultimately, our research aims to promote international understanding and cooperation, increase teacher preparation programs, and raise education standards globally.

Technology usage and glycaemic outcomes in a single tertiary centre with an ethnically diverse and socioeconomically deprived cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The UK National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA) data reports disparities in Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels among children and young people (CYP) with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), with higher levels in those of Black ethnic background and lower socioeconomic status who have less access to technology. We investigate HbA1c differences in a T1D cohort with higher than national average technology uptake where > 60% come from an ethnic minority and/or socioeconomically deprived population. Retrospective cross-sectional study investigating the influence of demographic factors, technology use, and socioeconomic status (SES) on glycaemic outcomes. The study population was 222 CYP with T1D who attended the diabetes clinic in 2022 at a single tertiary paediatric diabetes centre. Among 222 CYP, 60% were of ethnic minority (Asian, Black, Mixed and Other were 32%, 12%, 6% and 10% respectively) and 40% of white heritage. 94% used Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and 60% used Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) via open or closed loop. 6% used Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) and Multiple Daily Injections (MDI), 34% used CGM and MDI, 38% used CGM and CSII and 22% used Hybrid Closed-Loop (HCL) systems. Significant differences in HbA1c across therapy groups (p < 0.001) was noted with lowest HbA1c in HCL group (55 mmol/mol; p <0.001). Despite adjusting for therapy type, the Black group had higher HbA1c than their white and Asian counterparts (p<0.001). CYP from the most deprived tertile had significantly higher HbA1c levels (p < 0.001) but the difference was not sustained after adjusting for therapy type. Advanced diabetes technologies improve glycaemic control. Whilst equalising technology access mitigates socioeconomic disparities in HbA1c, CYP from Black ethnic background continue to display a higher HbA1c. The study underscores the necessity of fair technology distribution and further research into elevated HbA1c levels among Black CYP using advanced diabetes technology.

Multi-Objective Optimization for Resource Allocation in Space–Air–Ground Network with Diverse IoT Devices

As the Internet of Things (IoT) expands globally, the challenge of signal transmission in remote regions without traditional communication infrastructure becomes prominent. An effective solution involves integrating aerial, terrestrial, and space components to form a Space–Air–Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN). This paper discusses an uplink signal scenario in which various types of data collection sensors as IoT devices use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as relays to forward signals to low-Earth-orbit satellites. Considering the fairness of resource allocation among IoT devices of the same category, our goal is to maximize the minimum uplink channel capacity for each category of IoT devices, which is a multi-objective optimization problem. Specifically, the variables include the deployment locations of UAVs, bandwidth allocation ratios, and the association between UAVs and IoT devices. To address this problem, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that ensures fair resource distribution among multiple parties. The algorithm is validated in eight different scenario settings and compared with various traditional multi-objective optimization algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher-quality Pareto fronts (PFs) and better convergence, indicating more equitable resource allocation and improved algorithmic effectiveness in addressing this issue. Moreover, these pre-prepared, high-quality solutions from PFs provide adaptability to varying requirements in signal collection scenarios.

Measuring Accessibility of Green Spaces for the Health and Wellbeing of Inhabitants of the Milan Metropolitan Area

Several studies have recognised the importance of urban green spaces (UGSs) in modern cities. However, the distribution and accessibility of green spaces represent a challenge for the sustainable development of territories in terms of fair distribution, reducing inequalities, and mitigating the effects of climate change, such as urban heat islands and runoff. This research identifies every UGS capable of contributing to people’s physical and mental wellbeing in the Milan metropolitan area (MMA), one of the most densely populated areas in Europe. The method allows for the various UGSs to be identified and classified using a comparative approach that considers both formal and informal green spaces through a qualitative territorial analysis and the support of open access databases (satellite and thematic maps). Based on this classification, this contribution establishes an ‘accessibility map’ of the metropolitan area that determines the actual pedestrian accessibility of a UGS within 300 m. The results show that only 37% of the residential surface of the metropolitan area offers access to a UGS within a five-minute walk. This research aims to identify the most fragile segment of the MMA, which is pivotal for the tree-planting activities sponsored by the Forestami project.

The Orange of Discord? Collectively Transforming a Neighbor Dispute Through Participatory Theater

By pairing Galtung’s creative conflict transformation lens and Allen’s pedagogy for nonviolence with participatory theater, this work delves into analysis of the spontaneous nonviolent impulses that emerge from collaborative processes with a group of eight individuals in migration, from the Roseraie integration center, in Geneva, Switzerland. Notably, it assesses how conditions of nonviolence are collectively created and experimented. To do so, it discusses the spontaneous transformation of a fictional conflict over the fair distribution of orange fruits between two neighbors. By enacting the same discord differently, participants develop the confidence to contest, negotiate and embody their own suggestions, thereby experimenting with a social world that is susceptible to change. Ultimately, this work demonstrates that circumstances of nonviolence, understood as alternative interpretations and aspirations for harmonizing existing social structures, arise from processes that bind individuals to each other and the world, such as conscious embodiment, subversion and enchantment.

Navigating ethical dimensions in algorithmic radiology: A call for action to ensure representation of low-resource contexts

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised medicine, particularly radiology, transforming our ability to interpret complex imaging data. While traditional methods rely on subjective visual assessments, AI excels at recognising intricate patterns and providing quantitative and automated evaluations. In this commentary, I delve into the various ethical considerations in algorithmic radiology, beyond the conventional concerns. Focusing on utilitarianism, patient understanding, virtue ethics, and social contract theory, the paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the ethical landscape surrounding AI technologies. The challenges in the use of algorithmic AI in radiology underscore the significance of the ethics of care, responsiveness to context, and the role of human emotion, whether pertaining to the practitioner, the patient, or both. The social contract theory guides the responsibilities of healthcare professionals, urging action to address biases in AI algorithms and ensuring equitable representation of various ethnic and racial populations. Diversity in data must be prioritised to avoid disparities in administering healthcare and uphold patient rights in the adoption of AI. In terms of virtue ethics, professionalism and responsibility are crucial for radiologists adopting AI. Also, an absence of explicit guidelines on the use of AI in healthcare poses challenges, necessitating further discourse. Finally, a utilitarian perspective on public health mandates a fair distribution of imaging technologies to address prevalent health issues in a given population. In conclusion, this paper advocates for an ethical approach to AI integration, which aligns technology with human values and wellbeing, as we shape the future of healthcare.

Navigating ethical dimensions in algorithmic radiology: A call for action to ensure representation of low-resource contexts

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised medicine, particularly radiology, transforming our ability to interpret complex imaging data. While traditional methods rely on subjective visual assessments, AI excels at recognising intricate patterns and providing quantitative and automated evaluations. In this commentary, I delve into the various ethical considerations in algorithmic radiology, beyond the conventional concerns. Focusing on utilitarianism, patient understanding, virtue ethics, and social contract theory, the paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the ethical landscape surrounding AI technologies. The challenges in the use of algorithmic AI in radiology underscore the significance of the ethics of care, responsiveness to context, and the role of human emotion, whether pertaining to the practitioner, the patient, or both. The social contract theory guides the responsibilities of healthcare professionals, urging action to address biases in AI algorithms and ensuring equitable representation of various ethnic and racial populations. Diversity in data must be prioritised to avoid disparities in administering healthcare and uphold patient rights in the adoption of AI. In terms of virtue ethics, professionalism and responsibility are crucial for radiologists adopting AI. Also, an absence of explicit guidelines on the use of AI in healthcare poses challenges, necessitating further discourse. Finally, a utilitarian perspective on public health mandates a fair distribution of imaging technologies to address prevalent health issues in a given population. In conclusion, this paper advocates for an ethical approach to AI integration, which aligns technology with human values and wellbeing, as we shape the future of healthcare.

The Nexus between Sharia Principles and Banking: Why Islamic Values Matter in Islamic Banking?

Purpose: This study aims to examine how Islamic principles and values serve as essential pillars in Islamic banking, distinguishing it from conventional practices. By analyzing the rationale behind prohibitions in Islamic banking, this research provides insights into their impact on stakeholders, clients, the Islamic banking industry, and society at large. Research Methodology: This study uses qualitative library research to explore the integration of Shariah principle in Islamic banking. Primary Islamic texts and secondary scholarly sources are reviewed systematically, and inductive thematic analysis highlights the ethical rationale behind prohibitions on interest (riba) and unethical investments, underscoring Shariah adherence as a foundational framework in Islamic finance. Results/Findings: Findings indicate that the adherence to Sharia principles within Islamic banks drives efficiency, risk protection, socio-economic benefits, such as wealth distribution, fair income distribution, sustainable growth, and social welfare. This provides a rational foundation for eliminating prohibited elements, emphasizing the broader social mission of Islamic banking. Limitations: This study focuses on the rationale behind prohibitions in Islamic banking broadly and does not empirically test the impact of each prohibition. Contribution: The study contributes to the field by rationalizing the importance of Sharia values in banking practices, illustrating how these principles create an ethical banking system that fosters mutual benefit rather than exploitation. This insight adds a nuanced perspective on the socio-economic benefits of non-interest-based banking models, which prioritize fairness and community welfare.

Balancing contributions and rewards: a DEA approach for fair carbon emission abatement allocation

Fairness is imperative in implementing carbon emission abatement (CEA) allocation schemes. This study introduces a new data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology for the fair distribution of CEA among decision-making units (DMUs), taking into account their individual fairness. First, we establish a model to determine the maximum CEA potential for each DMU. Subsequently, an environmental efficiency evaluation model is presented to estimate a DMU’s maximum potential desirable output increment (referred to as individual reward) based on its CEA level (defined as individual contribution). The individual fairness index is then defined as the ratio of individual reward to individual contribution. A convergence of individual fairness indexes among DMUs indicates higher perceived fairness in the CEA allocation. To promote fairness, we propose a centralized CEA allocation model that maximizes the minimum individual fairness index among DMUs, aiming to minimize disparities. Our contribution lies in formulating the concept of individual fairness within the DEA-based CEA allocation paradigm and introducing an approach to generate a CEA allocation result that embodies fairness. Lastly, the proposed approach is applied to a case study involving 38 OECD countries, demonstrating its superiority in achieving equitable CEA allocation results.

Smart blockchain-powered natural resource asset management and ecological governance countermeasures.

In response to the challenges of significant governance difficulties, low regulatory efficiency, and high enforcement difficulty in the ecological governance system of Qinghai Province, this study proposes an innovative solution aimed at remarkably enhancing the ecological governance system and capabilities nationwide. Through an in-depth analysis of the core advantages of blockchain technology (BT), this study customizes a set of blockchain-based ecological governance strategies for Qinghai Province, while also providing valuable references for the ecological governance of other resource-based cities. The innovation of this study lies in the application of BT to the field of ecological governance, particularly in the management of ecological environments in resource-based cities. Firstly, the necessity and feasibility of blockchain empowering resource-based urban ecological governance are analyzed, demonstrating its unique potential in addressing traditional governance challenges through decentralization, transparency, and tamper resistance. Secondly, a framework for natural resource management services based on blockchain is constructed, offering new technological support for ecological governance. An in-depth analysis of the current status of ecological environmental governance in Qinghai Province reveals that although the ecological environment quality (including water and air quality) in Qinghai Province improved in 2021 compared to 2020, there is still room for improvement in ecological enforcement and compensation systems. Therefore, this study proposes a development strategy for ecological governance based on BT. By introducing core blockchain functionalities such as smart contracts and distributed ledgers, the automation and transparency of ecological enforcement are achieved. Meanwhile, the ecological compensation mechanism is optimized to ensure fair resource distribution and sustainable ecological development. This study's contribution lies in providing new ideas and methods for ecological governance in Qinghai Province and other resource-based cities. By integrating BT, not only can the efficiency and effectiveness of ecological governance be enhanced, but it can also promote ecological civilization and social sustainability. This study recommends that relevant departments and institutions increase investment and support for the application of BT in ecological governance, and promote the research and application of related technologies. Simultaneously, it is necessary to strengthen policy guidance and legal framework construction to furnish robust guarantees for the application of BT in ecological governance. Furthermore, enhanced inter-departmental and inter-regional cooperation and communication are needed to jointly promote the improvement and progress of the ecological governance system.

Modeling regional private income and its embedded carbon emissions: sources, flows and inequalities.

Composing regional total income jointly with government income, private income represents levels of development and affluence from the household perspective. Considering the need for fair carbon emission reduction responsibility distributions among regions with divergent income levels, private income-embedded emission (PIEE) and the inter-regional inequalities remain to be explored. Combining input-output analysis and the Gini coefficient, this study traces the sources and disposals of regional private income in China, as well as their embedded carbon emission flow, and quantifies the distribution and inequality of PIEE across industrial sectors and provincial regions. Results indicate that the sectors of power and heat, smelting and pressing of metals, and manufacture of non-metallic mineral products contribute the most to PIEE. Hebei and Inner Mongolia have larger PIEE, while emissions embedded in private income disposals are primarily driven by consumption of products from agriculture, light industry, and services. Regions clustering at the beginning (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin) of the C-Lorenz curve of PIEE account for 19.3% of private income, while 8.2% in PIEE, with the percentages for those clustering at the end (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang) as 10.0% and 28.5%. The findings provide insights into strategizing emission reduction along the entire value flow and coordinating carbon emissions, income and emission reduction responsibility.