Distribution Characteristics Of Elements Research Articles

Effects of Soil Trace Elements on Longevity Population in China

Based on background concentrations of elements in soils and the sixth population census data of China, this study discussed the distribution characteristics of soil elements and longevity population at province level in China. Percentages of the aging population are high in Southwest China and the eastern coastal region but low in western and northwestern regions. Provinces in South and Southwest China gain a high level of longevity, while the northern part of China has a low level of longevity. The background concentration of Se in soil has a significant positive correlation with longevity index, while Ba and Ni have a significant negative correlation with longevity indexes. By regression analysis, longevity index C/100,000 can be expressed as C/100,000 = 1.679-0.205 Ni + 0.413 Co + 0.006 Se (with R (2) = 0.402 and p < 0.01), C/65+ can be expressed as C/65+=3.425-0.262 Ni + 0.435 Co + 0.006 Se (with R (2) = 0.369 and p < 0.01).

Accumulation and distribution characteristics of platinum group elements in roadside dusts in Beijing, China

The concentrations, distribution, and accumulation of platinum group elements (PGEs) were investigated in roadside dusts collected in four different foundational areas in Beijing during February to May 2010. The results showed that PGE levels in all samples were above the average upper crust values, with mean concentrations of 57.5 ng · g(-1) Pd, 28.2 ng · g(-1) Pt, and 9.8 ng · g(-1) Rh, respectively. Palladium concentration has increased rapidly in recent years. The rank of PGE levels in four different functional regions for roadside dusts was: heavy density traffic area > residential area > educational area > tourism area. Palladium, Pt, and Rh concentrations in dusts showed strong positive correlations, indicating a common traffic-related source of these metals. Meanwhile, PGEs in these samples were not correlated with other traffic-related metals except for Cr. The average PGE ratios of road dusts from Beijing were consistent with those in Germany and Western Australia, but lower than those in the United States and Mexico, indicating that various catalyst productions were used in different countries. In addition, grain-size partitioning of PGEs in dusts indicated that concentrations of PGEs differed from one particle size to another. The coarse fraction had higher PGE concentrations than the fine fraction in roadside dusts. These results showed that autocatalyst PGE contamination estimates in the environment would be significantly underestimated if only a fine-grain size fraction (<0.063 mm) is analyzed.

Distribution characteristics of minerals and elements in chromite ore processing residue

In this paper, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is applied to characterizing the mineral and element distribution of chromite ore processing residue (COPR). The test results show that Cr-bearing brownmillerite occurs in the rim of COPR particle, while hydroandradite with Cr(VI) in its structure presents inside the COPR particle. Periclase and calcite occur in the interstitial area. Element analyses show that Ca, Fe and Al are distributed throughout the COPR particle, and Mg exists mostly in the interstitial area or on the particle surface. A lower content of Cr is evenly distributed in the COPR particle, while slightly higher concentration of Cr occurs inside the particle. It is suggested that it will take a relatively longer time for Cr to migrate out of COPR, especially for hexavalent chromium, so the leaching time and the particle size may be two important factors to affect the release of Cr(VI).

不同潮汐和盐度下红树植物幼苗秋茄的化学计量特征

Kandelia candel is one of major mangrove species for coastal conservation and restoration in China.Understanding the stoichiometry of nutrient elements of K.candel growing in complicated living environment can help characterize plant growth status and guide ecological restoration in different biogeochemical environments.In this study,the influences of two hydrologic factors(waterlogging time and salinity) on stoichiometry characteristics of K.candel in the different organs(leaf,stem and root,respectively) were studied using the automatic tidal-simulation device in sand culture of greenhouse.The contents of nutrient elements including N,P,K,Na,Ca,Cl,Mg,Al,Fe,Zn,Cu,B,Mn,Ni,S,Pb and Cr were determined in the waterlogging and salinity treatments,respectively. The result of the waterlogging treatment showed waterlogging had an significant effect on the distribution characteristics of elements in different organs of K.candel.The contents of N,P,K,Ca,Mg and Zn in leaf were higher than those in stem and root.In contrast,the contents of Cl,Al and Fe in root were higher than those in leaf and stem.The stoichiometry characteristics of seedling of K.candel,however,showed different patterns under salinity and waterlogging treatments.The content of B,N,K,Ca,Cl,Mg,Na,Zn,Cu differed significantly in seedlings when hydrological stress varied. The result of salinity treatment showed the contents of Na,Cl increased,K,Ca,Mg decreased in all organs when the salinity increased.However,the difference of salt content(Na,Cl,K,Ca,Mg) among three organs decreased when the salinity increased,which showed convergent effect in organs.The total content of salt(K,Ca,Cl,Mg,Na)displayed no obvious variation with the extending waterlogging time,except in leaf where the salt content(except K) increased.When the salinity increased,the content of Zn decreased,Mn increased in leaf and Fe increased in both leaf and root.With the extending waterlogging time,Fe increased in leaf,Cu decreased first,then increased in all three organs. The element ratios were also determined in waterlogging and salinity treatments,respectively.The N ∶P ratio was 3—11 in waterlogging treatment and the N ∶P ratio was 6—15 in salinity treatment,which were lower than the results of previous research that demonstrated N limited the growth of seedlings and P had no limit growth of seedlings.Our result showed N limitation enhanced in seedlings when salinity stress enhanced.The N limitation was obvious in salinity treatment than that in waterlogging treatment. Significant correlations between waterlogging time and the contents of nutrient elements in three organs(leaf,stem and root) were observed in K.candel,respectively.In leaf,the order of significant positive correlation between waterlogging time and the contents of nutrient elements was Fe Na Cl Mg= B P N while the order of significant negative correlation was K K ∶Cl.In stem,the order of significant positive correlation between waterlogging time and the contents of nutrient elements was K Fe.In root,the order of significant positive correlation between waterlogging time and the contents of nutrient elements was K ∶Cl K N. Significant correlations between salinity and the contents of nutrient elements in three organs(leaf,stem and root) were also observed in K.candel,respectively.In leaf,the order of significant positive correlation between salinity and the contents of nutrient elements was Ca=Na Cl while the order of significant negative correlation was K ∶Cl=Zn=CaK Mg Cr.In stem,the order of significant positive correlation between salinity and the contents of nutrient elements was Cl Na Mn Mg.In root,the order of significant positive correlation between salinity and the contents of nutrient elements was Cl Na P Mn while the order of significant negative correlation was K ∶Cl= K Ca.

Study on content and distribution characteristics of mineral elements from cultivated and wild Prunella vulgaris

The contents of mineral elements in soil and each organ from cultivated and wild Prunella vulgaris were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis for exploitation and protection of wild resources and GAP study. The contents of mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) in soil and each organ from cultivated and wild P. vulgaris were determined by ICP-AES, and the results were analyzed by correlation analysis. The contents of mineral elements in soil and different organs of P. vulgaris were significant different between cultivated and wild species; the contents of P and Cu ranked in the order of spica > leaf > stem, the order of Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, Al from high to low was leaf > spica > stem, the concentrations of K, Na were mainly distributed in leaf and stem, less in spica. A distinctly positive correlation between soil and spica for Fe content, and the relationship between soil and leaf, stem were significant positive correlation, the concentrations of Zn in spica, leaf, stem were positively related to soil, K contents in soil and stem were significant positive correlation. The different organs of cultivated and wild P. vulgaris had a strong tendency to accumulate P. There was no direct relationship between the concentrations of mineral elements in P. vulgaris, and their corresponding soil P. vulgaris adjusts the concentration of mineral elements mainly by active absorption.

The Assessment on Heavy Metals Pollution of the Sediments in Tonghuihe River

Species Distribution Characteristics of heavy metal elements, like copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), in the sediment of the Tonghuihe River were studied. The results reveal that there are much difference for each heavy metal, wherein the zinc and lead exists mainly in residual form; copper exist in FeMnOx and carbonates; cadmium mainly exists as exchangeable and carbonates forms, while its residual form content is much less. And the potential pollution risks resulted from heavy metal in the sediments were evaluated respectively by Index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo) and the Potential Ecological Index (RI). It is concluded that the degree of contamination evaluated using the Igeo method is Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Cd&gt;Pb; and the results assessed by RI reveal that the potential contamination risk is Cd&gt;Cu&gt;Pb&gt;Zn.

경주 주변지역 대기오염물질의 보건.환경 위해성 평가(I)

경주 주변지역 시민들의 건강을 보호하고 보건 환경위해성 평가의 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 기상학적 요소의 분포특성을 조사하고 RAMS 모델을 이용한 대기 유동장 수치모의를 수행하였다. 또한 대기오염물질 측정 및 분석과 ISC-AERMOD view를 이용한 대기오염물질의 거동을 예측하였으며 대기오염물질 관리를 통한 보건학적 피해 및 재산상의 피해를 예방하기 위한 보건 환경위해성 영향지역을 구분하였다. 경주 및 주변지역의 대기오염도를 조사한 결과 연평균 대기환경기준물질의 농도는 포항, 울산지역에 비해 약간 낮았으나 경주역 광장과 경주 용강사거리의 경우 미세먼지와 이산화질소 농도가 포항 및 울산지역 평균농도보다 높게 나타나는 경우도 발생하였다. 시민들의 건강에 영향을 미치는 대기오염물질의 이동 및 확산에 관한 모델링을 수행한 결과, 포항 철강공단지역은 POSCO와 함께 1공단과 2공단 및 3공단과 4공단 일부 지역이 미세먼지와 아황산가스 영향지역에 포함되었으며, 포항남구 해도동, 상대동, 제철동, 장흥동 등은 철강공업 및 대규모의 산업시설이 밀집되어 있어 다량의 대기오염물질이 배출되어 국지적인 대기환경질을 악화시키고 있는 것으로 나타났다. To protect the citizens' health of Gyeongju and to secure basic data for the assessment of health and environmental risk, distribution characteristics of meteorological elements were investigated and numerical simulation of wind field using RAMS model was carried out. In addition, measurement and analysis of air pollutants, forecasting the behavior air pollutants using ISC-AEROMOD view, and health and environmental risk-influenced zones were defined through managing air polluting materials to prevent health damage and property damage. According to the survey results of air pollution in Gyeongju and surroundings, average annual concentration of air pollutants in Gyeongju was slightly lower than that in Pohang and Ulsan areas, but concentration of particulate matters and nitrogen dioxide at Gyeongju Station Square and Yonggang Crossing were sometimes higher than that in Pohang and Ulsan areas. Results of the modeling of moving and diffusion of air pollutants that affect citizens' health showed that parts of the 1st through 4th industrial complexes together with POSCO were included in particulate matters and sulfur dioxide influenced areas in Pohang Steel Complex area, and that Haedo-dong, Sangdae-dong, Jecheol-dong and Jangheung-dong in Pohangnam-gu represented locally worsened air quality due to a quantity of air pollutant emission from dense steel industries and large scale industrial facilities.

Distribution characteristics of mineral elements in tree Species from two contrasting secondary forests in Ghana

Tree species in two contrasting forests were evaluated on three plots of 0-19 ha (0.57 ha) in each secondary forest. Tree species populations were 44 in Akyaakrom (AS), 29 in Dopiri (DS), and families were 18 in AS and 16 in DS. Tree densities were 121 and 99 in AS and DS, respectively, in 0.57 ha. In terms of tree species population, diversity and density, AS was superior to DS. The distribution of major mineral elements in the leaves showed mean concentrations in decreasing order of K > Ca > Mg > P > N in AS and Ca > K > Mg > P > N for DS. The bark samples showed concentrations in decreasing order of Ca > K > Mg > N > P in both forests. Generally, concentrations of Ca in the tree species bark samples of both forests were about three times higher than they were in the leaves. Soil nutrients showed that Ca, Mg and N concentrations were higher in the DS than in AS within 0-60 cm soil depths. However, at 30-45 cm depth, Ca, Mg, K and N concentrations were higher in AS than in DS. The nutrient element concentrations were high at 0-15 cm than further down the soil depths for the two forests. The land quality indexes of the principal nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg were higher in AS than in DS. Thus, eight tree families in AS and five in DS, and tree species numbers 23 and 12 were peculiar to each site. This may suggest the higher tree population and diversity recorded for AS than for DS.

Distribution characteristics of common syndrome types and syndrome elements extracted by experts' experience in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

To compare the distribution characteristics of common syndrome types and syndrome elements of menopause syndrome in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women on the basis of standardized syndrome differentiation extracted by experts' experiences. A total of 1 582 outpatients with menopause syndrome who met with the diagnosis and inclusion criteria in seven grade 3 hospitals from October 2006 to June 2007 were included. A clinical epidemiological survey in the patients was carried out. The syndrome elements of disease location and characteristics were extracted and analyzed statistically by standardizing the syndrome differentiation of experts' experience in traditional Chinese medicine. There were 105 syndrome types after initial standardization, and the common syndrome types were kidney yin deficiency, deficiency of liver and kidney yin, stagnation of liver qi, and deficiency of both kidney yin and yang. Six syndrome elements of the disease location were extracted, among which the common elements were kidney, liver, spleen and heart. Seventeen syndrome elements of the disease characteristics were extracted, among which the common elements were yin deficiency, qi stagnation, qi deficiency, yang deficiency and deficiency. Syndrome types of stagnation of liver qi, deficiency of spleen and kidney, and qi stagnation were more frequently diagnosed during perimenopausal period, while the syndrome type of kidney yin deficiency was more frequently diagnosed during postmenopausal period, and the kidney was the main disease location. The distribution characteristics of the other syndrome types and elements were similar during the two periods. The syndrome type distribution in women with menopause syndrome is complex, while the syndrome element distribution is simple. Generally, the syndrome type and syndrome element distributions during perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods are similar, but there are significant differences in some syndrome types and syndrome elements between the two periods. All of these can give support for revealing the distribution rule of the common syndrome types and syndrome elements and give a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of menopause syndrome.

RESEARCH ON RELEASE OF TRACE ELEMENTS AT RETORTING OF HUADIAN OIL SHALE

Oil shale is abundant in the world. Today, the industry of oil shale retorting for producing shale oil is developing owing to high price of crude oil in the world. In order to study migratory behavior of trace elements in oil shale at retorting, tests were performed in laboratory with oil shale of the Huadian deposit of China at different temperatures from 360 to 560 °C. Trace elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Y present in oil shale and shale char were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Hg and As were determined by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). By comparing the content of trace elements in oil shale and shale char, distribution characteristics of trace elements at retorting were studied. The analysis of trace elements indicates that in comparison with the earth crust averages, oil shale samples are richer in some elements, including Mn (more than 30×), P (more than 6×), and Ti (more than 5×). The amounts of Ti, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, and V are increased in shale char at retorting. Pb and Hg start to volatilize at 410 °C. Shale char is enriched with arsenic by about 50% at temperatures from 360 °C to 560 °C. Reducing atmosphere promotes the release of trace elements. The effect of heating rate on different elements was also studied in these experiments. For most of the elements, their release from oil shale can be promoted by higher heating rate and nitrogen atmosphere.

Distribution features of elements in core sediments and their relationship with grain size in Lake Chen Co, southern Tibet

对藏南沉错CC1孔216个沉积物样品进行了15种金属元素含量的测试,研究金属元素含量的分布特征,以及与粒度参数的变化关系.结果显示:金属元素的分布特征可分为三组,K、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Ba、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V等12种元素具有较为相似的变化趋势;Ca和Sr变化趋势相同;而Mn与其他任何一种元素都不相似.元素分布与粒度参数的相关分析结果表明,Ca、Ti、Pb的变化与沉积物粒度没有明显的关系;K、Na、Al、Ba、Cu、Fe、Cr、V等8种元素与沉积物粘土含量(<4μm)呈正相关关系;Mg、Zn、Mn与粉砂含量(4-63μm)呈正相关关系;而Sr与砂含量(>63μm)呈正相关关系.本研究中大部分元素的粒度效应与其他湖泊、海洋等水体沉积物中元素的粒度效应具有一致的结果.与本岩芯已有的过去1400年来的环境重建资料对比可以发现,在不同的环境变化阶段,元素组合特征都与湖区环境状况具有较好的对应性.其中大部分元素的含量变化受物源条件即流域风化侵蚀程度的影响,而Ca含量不受沉积物粒度变化影响,且与沉积物中碳酸盐含量、Sr/Ba具有很好的相关性,说明其变化受物源条件影响小,而主要与湖水理化性质、蒸发强度以及湖泊沉积过程有关.;Altogether 15 metal elements concentration of 216 lake sediment samples from CC1 core in Chen Co, southern Tibet were measured. Distribution features of all the metal elements and their relationship with grain size parameters was studied. The results showed that all the 15 elements could be divided into three groups according to their distribution features, i.e., 12 elements of K, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, Ba, Cu, Zn,Fe, Pb, Cr and V present similar variation trend against depth;Ca and Sr had very similar variation trend while Mn was not similar with any other element. The correlation analysis between elements concentration and grain size parameters indicate that the variation of Ca, Ti and Pb were not influenced by grain size distribution;8 elements (K, Na, Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Cr, V) show positive correlation with clay content (<4μm) of the sediment;Mg, Zn and Mn have positive correlation with silt content (4-63μm) while Sr had good correlation with sand content (>63μm). The grain size effects of most elements in this study were coherent with other studies of elements grain size effects in lake sediments and marine sediments. Compared with reconstructed environmental information for the past ca.1400 years from this core, it could be found that the distribution characteristics of elements show rather good correspondence with environmental conditions during different stages. Variations of most elements show influences from sources of materials that is intensity of weathering and erosion in the drainage. However, Ca concentration was not affected by grain size of lake sediments, and performs very good correlation with carbonate content and Sr/Ba of sediments, indicating that influence from sources of materials was not the main controlling factor of Ca concentration, while physicochemical features of lake water, evaporation intensity and sedimentary process would probably the major influencing causations.

Species Transformation of Trace Elements and Their Distribution Prediction in Dyestuff Residue Incineration

The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of increasing concern. The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are considered to be a complex problem of mechanism. The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication. Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. The results show that Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals (Hg, As, and Se) subjected to volatilization. The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800°C and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals. These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements. Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements, cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.

柳川市の水郷景観保全のための計画区域に関する基礎的研究

Yanagawa City is known as a district, with waterways developed into the city landscape and the waterside framing the city. However, there has been no formal strategy for waterway conservation, therefore waterways are currently facing a crisis that threatens their disappearance. This study aims to implement basic planning districts to conserve the riverside district landscape. Practically, the basic unit area used in the census is used as unit of this investigation. Distribution characteristics of frame landscape elements and individual landscape elements were understood by each unit of investigation. Conservation level was set from each unit of investigation according to priority degree, with basic planning districts set for conservation of the riverside district landscape.

Distribution Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Children's Scalp Hair from a Rare Earths Mining Area in Southern China

In order to demonstrate the validity of using scalp hair rare earth elements (REEs) content as a biomarker of human REEs exposure, data were collected on REEs exposure levels from children aged 11–15 years old and living in an ion-adsorptive type light REEs (LREEs) mining and surrounding areas in southern China. Sixty scalp hair samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for 16 REEs (La–Lu, Y and Sc). Sixteen REEs contents in the samples from the mining area (e.g., range: La: 0.14–6.93 µg/g; Nd: 0.09–5.27 µg/g; Gd: 12.2–645.6 ng/g; Lu: 0.2–13.3 ng/g; Y: 0.03–1.27 µg/g; Sc: 0.05–0.30 µg/g) were significantly higher than those from the reference area (range: La: 0.04–0.40 µg/g; Nd: 0.04–0.32 µg/g; Gd: 8.3–64.6 ng/g; Lu: 0.4–3.3 ng/g; Y: 0.03–0.29 µg/g; Sc: 0.11–0.36 µg/g) and even much higher than those published in the literature. The distribution pattern of REEs in scalp hair from the mining area was very similar to that of REEs in the mine and the atmosphere shrouding that area. In conclusion, the scalp hair REEs contents may indicate not only quantitatively but also qualitatively (distribution pattern) the absorption of REEs from environmental exposure into human body. The children living in this mining area should be regarded as a high-risk group with REEs (especially LREEs) exposure, and their health status should be examined from a REEs health risk assessment perspective.

Distribution Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Children's Scalp Hair from a Rare Earths Mining Area in Southern China

Abstract In order to demonstrate the validity of using scalp hair rare earth elements (REEs) content as a biomarker of human REEs exposure, data were collected on REEs exposure levels from children aged 11–15 years old and living in an ion-adsorptive type light REEs (LREEs) mining and surrounding areas in southern China. Sixty scalp hair samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for 16 REEs (La–Lu, Y and Sc). Sixteen REEs contents in the samples from the mining area (e.g., range: La: 0.14–6.93 µg/g; Nd: 0.09–5.27 µg/g; Gd: 12.2–645.6 ng/g; Lu: 0.2–13.3 ng/g; Y: 0.03–1.27 µg/g; Sc: 0.05–0.30 µg/g) were significantly higher than those from the reference area (range: La: 0.04–0.40 µg/g; Nd: 0.04–0.32 µg/g; Gd: 8.3–64.6 ng/g; Lu: 0.4–3.3 ng/g; Y: 0.03–0.29 µg/g; Sc: 0.11–0.36 µg/g) and even much higher than those published in the literature. The distribution pattern of REEs in scalp hair from the mining area was very similar to that of REEs in the mine and the atmosphere shrouding that area. In conclusion, the scalp hair REEs contents may indicate not only quantitatively but also qualitatively (distribution pattern) the absorption of REEs from environmental exposure into human body. The children living in this mining area should be regarded as a high-risk group with REEs (especially LREEs) exposure, and their health status should be examined from a REEs health risk assessment perspective.

Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in plants from a rare earth ore area

The contents of eight rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) in various plant species taken from a rare earth ore area were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. For a given plant, the REE patterns in root, leaf and host soil are different from each other. The REE distribution characteristics in roots of various species are very similar and resemble those in the surface water. The results of this study suggest that there is no significant fractionation between the REEs during their uptake by the plant roots from soil solution. However, the variation of the relative abundance of individual REE occurs in the process of transportation and deposition of REEs in plants.

Determination of the Contents and Distribution Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Solanum lycocarpum from Tropical Ecosystems in Brazil by INAA

We have determined the concentrations of eight REE elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu) in plant leaves of the species Solanum lycocarpum, a typical Brazilian "cerrado" plant widely distributed around the country, and in the soils in which they grow. Three different ecosystems were studied. Very similar chondrite normalized patterns were observed in the soil and in the plant, presenting an enrichment of the light REE, indicating a typical absorption of these elements by this species.

The distribution of trace elements in granitoids in the Nanling Region of China

Granitoids are widely spread in the Nanling Region of China. Four rockbodies in the region have been studied for their REE, Rb, Sr, Ba and Sc distributions. The four rockbodies occurred in different locations and are characterized as being different in age and type. The rock types are presented as follows: Qinghu monzonite, Guangxi; Fuxi granodiorite, Guangdong: Jiufeng monzonitic granite, Hunan; Zudong K-feldspar granite, Jiangxi. From the major and trace element distributions in these granitoids it is dearly shown that Rb/Sr ratios in the rocks tend to increase with increasing SiO2, content and differentiation index (DI), but LREE/HREE, La/Yb and K/Rb ratios tend to decrease, suggesting a correlation between trace element distribution and major element composition for the granitoids. The distribution characteristics of trace elements in each of the rockbodies are described in detail. From the comparative analysis of the Qinghu monzonite and Fuxi granodiorite it is evidenced that the REE distribution is closely related to the sequence of crystallization for the minerals, and also to the petrochemical types of these granitoids in addition to their crystal chemistry.

Immunocytochemical staining of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the insular lobe of the monkey: a light microscopic study

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been detected immunocytochemically in cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter of the primate frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Because little is known about NPY in the primate insular lobe and because peptides play an important role in normal neuronal functioning and alterations in brain peptides are associated with certain neurological diseases, we studied the presence, distribution, and structural characteristics of NPY-immunostained elements at the light microscopic level in the insula of Macaca fascicularis. We used free-floating sections, rabbit anti-porcine NPY serum, and the avidin and biotinylated peroxidase complex technique. Neuropeptide Y-immunostained neurons were demonstrated in layers II, III, and V/VI, and in the adjoining subcortical white matter. Immunostaining was localized to neuronal somata, neuronal processes, and a delicate plexus in the neuropil. The majority of NPY-immunostained neurons were non-pyramidal, had round somata 10–20 μm in major transverse diameter, and two or three neuronal processes. Computer-aided quantitative analysis of the length, breadth, and area of NPY-stained neurons was performed. Our findings are consistent with observations by others on the presence, laminar distribution, and structural characteristics of NPY-immunostained elements at the light microscoscopic level in other cerebral lobes of non-human primates.

Distribution characteristics of gold and other trace elements in the Proterozoic Lengjiaxi Group, northeastern Hunan Province

Systematic geochemical studies of the Proterozoic Lengjiaxi Group in northeastern Hunan Province suggest that the Lengjiaxi Group is a Au-As-Sb-W association-type Au-bearing turbidite formation. The contents of Au, As, Sb, W, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn in the turbidite formation are more than two times as high as the average contents of trace elements in the upper continental crust. The low abundance of Ag and the close correlation between Au and As are two important characteristic features. In the Au-bearing turbidite formation the enrichment of gold is due to the extensive occurrence of Au-bearing pyrites. Higher contents of Au, W, Sb and Ag in the graywacke indicate that they also exist in the form of heavy minerals. Au, Ag, As, Sb, W and REE in the Au-bearing turbidite formation have a close genetic relation with the chemistry of the gold deposits.