Distribution Board Research Articles

(Invited) Quantifying the Distribution of Catalyst Support Carbon Corrosion

Catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes are commonly dispersed on granular carbon supports to maximize performance. The carbon material will rapidly oxidize if exposed to high potential excursions, so PEMFC systems need to minimize these conditions such that lifetime damage is kept low. Diagnostic methods are used to evaluate operating conditions and mitigation strategies. This presentation first reviews several diagnostic approaches to quantify carbon support corrosion (Table). While cross-section electrode thickness is the most reliable indicator of support loss, other methods are desirable for higher sensitivity, greater convenience, or non-destructive sample throughput. However, these alternative methods generally involve greater uncertainty and more convoluting factors. Workarounds for these complications will be discussed, along with the application of a current distribution board for estimating carbon loss across the active area of a cell. The presentation concludes with examples of support corrosion distribution observed in automotive-competitive fuel cells (Figure). Figure 1

Health Beliefs of Nurses in Northern Thailand: A Q-Methodology Study.

Introduction: Northern Thailand has a distinct culture and set of health beliefs. Nurses' beliefs influence approaches to care affecting health care outcomes. This study explored the content, origin, and sociocultural influences on health beliefs of Northern Thai nurses and how they influence clinical practice and education. Method: Q-methodology was used in this study. Data were collected with interviews using Q-cards, Q-sort distribution board, and a semistructured interview guide. Results: Data were collected from 30 clinical nurses and 30 nurses working in academia. Q-factor analysis produced three factors accounting for 48% of variance: personal experience, Thai and Buddhist beliefs, and contemporary beliefs. Discussion: Participants who felt strongly rooted in their culture and beliefs were homogeneous in recognizing the need for evidence-based practice. Nurses aware of the nature and sources of their beliefs and those of patients are well-placed to balance maintenance of cultural traditions with the need to provide evidence-based practice.

Residential Electricity Management and Protection System

The Residential Electricity Monitoring System is an electricity meter connected to the Internet to provide real time data on the power system in your home. The REMS is designed to replace the distribution board allowing it to conduct a series of tests on the quality of the electricity supply to your home/facility and, within your home detect basic wiring faults and allow owners and service providers to identify potential problems with the electrical systems.

Lightning performance analysis of a rooftop grid-connected solar photovoltaic without external lightning protection system.

The Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia (SEDA) regularly receives complaints about damaged components and distribution boards of PV systems due to lightning strikes. Permanent and momentary interruptions of distribution circuits may also occur from the disturbance. In this paper, a solar PV Rooftop system (3.91 kWp) provided by SEDA was modelled in the PSCAD/EMTDC. The Heidler function was used as a lightning current waveform model to analyse the transient current and voltage at two different points susceptible to the influence of lightning events such as different lightning current wave shape, standard lightning current and non-standard lightning current. This study examines the effect on the system components when lightning directly strikes at two different points of the installation. The two points lie between the inverter and the solar PV array and between inverter and grid. Exceptionally high current and voltage due to the direct lightning strike on a certain point of a PV Rooftop system was also studied. The result of this case study is observed with and without the inclusion of surge protective devices (SPDs). The parameters used were 31 kA of peak current, 10 metres cable length and lightning impulse current wave shape of 8/20μs. The high current and voltage at P1 striking point were 31 kA and 2397 kV, respectively. As for the AC part, the current and voltage values were found to be 5.97 kA and 5392 kV, respectively.Therefore, SPDs with suitable rating provided by SEDA were deployed. Results showed that high transient current voltage is expected to clamp sharply at the values of 1.915 kV and 0 A at the P1 striking point. As for the AC part, the current and voltage values were found to be 0 kA and 0.751 V, respectively. Varying lightning impulse current wave shapes at striking point P2 showed that the highest voltage was obtained at waveshape 10/350 μs at 11277 kV followed by wave shapes of 2/70 μs, 8/20 μs and 0.7/6 μs. The high value of transient voltage was clamped at a lower level of 2.029 kV. Different lightning amplitudes were also applied, ranging from 2–200 kA selected based on the CIGRE distribution. It showed that the current and voltage at P1 and P2 were directly proportional. Therefore, the SPD will be designed at an acceptable rating and proper position of SPD installation at solar PV Rooftop will be proposed. The results obtained in this study can then be utilised to appropriately assign a SPD to protect the PV systems that are connected to the grid. Installing SPDs without considering the needs of lightning protection zones would expose the expensive equipment to potential damage even though the proper energy coordination of SPDs is in place. As such, the simulation results provide a basis for controlling the impacts of direct lightning strikes on electrical equipment and power grids and thus justify SPD coordination to ensure the reliability of the system.

Design and implementation of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test-bed for spacecraft attitude control

In this paper, the design and implementation of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test-bed for spacecraft attitude control are presented with respect to the practical consideration. This test-bed includes an air bearing 3-DOF table, Helmholtz coil, sun simulator, orbit simulator, reaction wheels and torqrods as actuators, gyro, GPS, AHRS, magnetometer, and processing board. In addition, online monitoring of attitude and orbit position in LabVIEW and Celestia software, data telemetry, battery package and power distribution board are developed in this case. Using this test-bed, different operational modes are evaluated and verified for satellite attitude control. The experimental results of damping mode show that the capability of decreasing the angular velocity to the desired value (0.3 deg/s). Moreover, a torque simulator to apply the disturbances and test of propulsion scenarios, online telemetry with ground station, near-optimal design of Helmholtz coil are the advantages of this test-bed.

A method for estimating electricity consumption patterns of buildings to implement Energy Management Systems

This paper proposes a method to determine, through mathematical estimations, the electrical load profile and consumption patterns of buildings, which can be applied in Energy Management Systems (EMSs). In the first stage of the method, the architectural and operating information of the building was collected to integrate its real behavior into the proposed model. Such data were gathered via a walk-through visit around the building, an interview about staff's behavior, and the determination of characteristic demand values to identify the electrical loads of the building. The latter were categorized into general and independent loads according to their location, service, and number of users. Subsequently, the estimated load profile was validated with results of on-site measurements of the power consumption recorded in the main distribution board of a building on the campus of a higher education institution. Additionally, the influence of the hourly occupancy level on consumption patterns was determined. The results showed a close relationship between consumption patterns and hourly occupancy. The ranges of maximum and minimum demand of the measured and calculated data exhibited a high level of similarity. Furthermore, the proposed method is useful to identify the percentage of participation of different spaces and electrical loads in the total consumption of the building.

Estimation program and load test for low-voltage main distribution board

Estimation program and load test for low-voltage main distribution board

Coordination of surge protective devices in low voltage AC power installations

The surges protection in low-voltage AC power circuits is commonly realized by Surge Protective Devices (SPDs). These devices divert a large amount of the surge energy to the ground and reduce the surge voltage to the level acceptable for protected device(s). Adequate protection performances are provided by applying multiple-stage protection assuming cascade deployment of SPDs starting from distribution board toward equipment in an installation. Therefore, SPDs coordination, (i.e. selection of SPDs parameters as well as determination of necessary distance between stages) becomes of great importance and the paper deals with this issue. The proper SPDs coordination is significant for both protected equipment and SPDs themselves (their survival during surges). The paper provides an analysis of the SPDs coordination for case of two-stage protection system. The influence of different lengths of cables between protection stages, as well as influence of type and parameters of load on SPDs protection characteristics have been analyzed and discussed with the purpose of determination of requirements for proper surge protection and coordination of applied SPDs.

Identification of the electrical load by C-means from non-intrusive monitoring of electrical signals in non-residential buildings

The combined action of different equipment connected to an electrical installation is capable of causing unexpected changes in the load kinds inside the installation; these load variations are responsible for some electrical failures. In this paper a methodology to classify and to identify the load kinds in industrial environments is presented. Energy power quantities (EPQ) and current values are used to establish indexes in order to use them as features for a C-means algorithm and perform the load classification. The experimentation is done in a healthcare facility gathering electrical data in different electric distribution boards. The results obtained from the classification method show variations in the load behavior along the day. Furthermore, some classes can be used to recognize equipment in the electrical installation for further inspection or failure detection.

An Autonomous Residential Smart Distribution Board: A Panacea for Demand Side Energy Management for Non-Smart Grid Networks

Abstract Despite the benefits of demand response in energy management, the non-existence of its key concepts; dynamic pricing and smart grid, in some countries makes its impracticable in these countries, therefore making energy management unattainable for their consumers. This paper proposed a Smart Distribution Board (SDB) using a priority model for energy management in non-smart grid network. An historical consumption signatures of user’s loads were used to develop a priority model for load units of the SDB. Performance comparison was carried out between the SDB and a conventional Distribution Board which has no level of intelligence. Results obtained indicated that the SDB correctly emulated the energy usage pattern of users, thereby ensuring load preference is maximally satisfied autonomously within a limited budgeted energy and period.

Process Development of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the Manufacturing of Standardized Distribution Boards

Process Development of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the Manufacturing of Standardized Distribution Boards

Adhesive distribution related to mechanical performance of high density wood fibre board

In a full-scale mill experiment two groups of high density wood fibre boards were produced. While one group was bonded with a standard melamine reinforced urea-formaldehyde adhesive, a second group was bonded with a modified adhesive yielding systematically improved board properties at identical amounts of adhesive applied. By means of a novel fluorescence-microscopic method using the dye Acriflavine to colour the cured adhesive after board production, adhesive distribution within the industrial produced boards was evaluated and quantified. Very clear differences in the size distribution of the two adhesives were found, leading to the conclusion that a relationship exists between adhesive distribution and mechanical board performance.

A Study on the Characteristics Assessment and Fabrication of Distribution Board according to KEMC Standards

본 논문에서는 저압용 10회로 분전반을 전기공업협동조합(KEMC) 2102-610 규정에 근거하여 제작하였다. 또한,개발된 10회로 분전반의 특성 평가를 실시하여 안전성을 확보하고자 한다. 개발된 10회로 분전반은 내식성, 절연 재료의 특성, 자외선 복사의 내성, 기계적 충격 등에 적합하도록 설계되었다. 개발된 분전반은 외함의 보호 등급, 감전방지와 보호회로, 개폐 장치와 구성품, 내부 전기 회로와 연결부, 외부 도체의 단자, 절연 특성, 온도 상승 시험, 열저항 등이 적합하도록 제작하였다. 개발된 10회로 분전반은 단상 회로와 3상 회로 등으로 구분되어 있다. 분기된 각각의 차단기 부하측에 센서 모듈을 설치하여 부하의 전선로에서 발생되는 누설전류의 크기를 실시간 측정할 수 있다. 그리고 부하의 용도 및 목적 등에 따라 회로를 증설할 수 있고, 각각의 부하 상태 역시 실시간 부하 관리 및 점검이 가능하다. 개발된 10회로 분전반의 온도 상승 시험을 실시한 곳은 인입 접속부, 주회로 및 분기회로 모선, 모선지지물 등 18개소이다. 온도가 가장 높게 측정된 곳은 분기회로 모선용 MCCB 전원측 접속부의 R-phase으로 65.3℃, 부하측은 T-phase으로 61.6 ℃로 기록되었다. 그리고 내열 실험 장치를 이용하여 MCCB를 180 ℃에서 6시간 동안 열적 스트레스를 인가하였을 때 작동 손잡이의 변형이 확인되었고, 트립 상태로 이동한 것이 확인되었다.This study fabricated a low-voltage 10 circuit distribution board based on the KEMC (Korea Electrical ManufacturersCooperative) 2102-610 standard and performed a characteristics assessment of the developed 10 circuit distribution board tosecure product stability. The developed 10 circuit distribution board is designed to have the characteristics of insulationmaterials, as well as resistance to corrosion ultraviolet radiation and mechanical impact. The developed distribution board isfabricated to have an appropriate protection class of enclosure, electric shock prevention and protection circuits, switchgearand its components, internal electrical circuits and connectors, external conduct terminal, insulation characteristics, temperaturerise test, heat resistance, etc. The developed 10 circuit distribution board consists of a single phase circuit and 3-phase circuits. It is possible to measure in real time the leakage current generated from the load distribution line by installing a sensor moduleat the load side of each of the branched switchgears. In addition, it is possible to increase a circuit according to the use andpurpose of the load and to also manage and check the load in real time. Temperature rise tests were performed on thedeveloped 10 circuit distribution board at 18 places including the inlet connection, main circuit and distribution circuit busbars and bus bar supports, etc. The highest temperature of 65.3 ℃ was measured at the R-Phase of the connection of theMCCB power supply for the branch circuit bus bar and a temperature rise of 61.6 ℃ was measured at the T-Phase of theload side. When applying thermal stress to an MCCB for 6 hours at 180 ℃ using a heat resistant experimental device, itwas found that the actuator lever was transformed and moved in the tripped state.

Experimental investigation of aluminium–copper wire crimping with electromagnetic process: Its advantages over conventional process

Crimping of lugs to wire strands is a crucial part in electrical power transmission process. Improper design increases the resistance of current flow through terminals and causes problems like power loss, spark and heating in the joint. Which affect many industries like shipping, automobile, aerospace, satellite and communication where cable connections are used in large quantities. Electricity distribution boards faces similar problems during generation due to improper connection. To overcome these problems in conventional crimping process a new novel technique for effective wire crimping has been proposed in this paper. A strong pulsed electromagnetic (EM) field is used in wire crimping of aluminium connector terminal with copper wire. Experiments are carried out at different discharge voltages to demonstrates the feasibility of EM wire crimping process and to study the properties. With developed method, positive results were found from EM crimped samples. The gap between aluminium connector terminal and copper wire was reduced by 70% than conventional process. The electrical resistance of EM process was decreased by 34% than conventional one. Its pullout strength is 978N higher. The surface finish is improved as mean roughness value of 0.8μm. The hardness was reached up to 47 HV0.1. X- ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to find the residual stresses in EM and conventional crimped samples. Thermal behavior is improved over conventional crimped process.

On-detector Electronics for the LHCb VELO Upgrade

The LHCb Experiment is designed for precision measurements of CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. The experiment will be upgraded to a trigger-less system reading out the full detector at a 40 MHz event rate with all selection algorithms executed in a CPU farm. The upgraded Vertex Locator will be a hybrid pixel detector read out by the VeloPix ASIC with on-chip zero-suppression. The overview of the system and the design of the VELO on-detector electronics that include the front-end hybrid, the opto-conversion and power distribution boards will be summarised. The results from the evaluation of these prototypes and further enhancement techniques will be discussed.

Power Consumption Analysis of Electrical Installations at Healthcare Facility

This paper presents a methodology for power consumption estimation considering harmonic and interharmonic content and then it is compared to the power consumption estimation commonly done by commercial equipment based on the fundamental frequency, and how they can underestimate the power consumption considering power quality disturbances (PQD). For this purpose, data of electrical activity at the electrical distribution boards in a healthcare facility is acquired for a long time period with proprietary equipment. An analysis in the acquired current and voltage signals is done, in order to compare the power consumption centered in the fundamental frequency with the generalized definition of power consumption. The results obtained from the comparison in the power consumption estimation show differences between 4% and 10% of underestimated power consumption. Thus, it is demonstrated that the presence of harmonic and interharmonic content provokes a significant underestimation of power consumption using only the power consumption centered at the fundamental frequency.

Asterisk(*) Array structure based power reduction power distribution board

Asterisk(*) Array structure based power reduction power distribution board

Aplicación en android para maniobrar una silla de ruedas eléctrica

class="Text">En el presente documento se muestran los resultados del proyecto “Aplicación Android para silla de ruedas, que permita controlarla por comandos de voz, pantalla táctil y programación de ruta”, financiado por la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Se presenta una aplicación en sistema operativo Android que controla una silla de ruedas eléctrica para uso de personas que presenten movilidad reducida con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida y desarrollo en la sociedad. Este aplicativo se desarrolló por medio de la interfaz de Android Studio con el fin de reducir los costos de implementación gracias a su estrategia de Open Source (Código Libre). En este prototipo de silla de ruedas se presenta 4 sensores ultrasónicos para detectar la proximidad de objetos, tacos de protección, un sistema de carga de baterías con un panel solar, un joystick para manipular la silla, una tarjeta de distribución de señales de entrada y salida del prototipo y un dispositivo Arduino, que se encarga de procesar e interpretar los datos provenientes de la aplicación, sean éstos de voz, panel táctil o programación de ruta, a través de un módulo wifi CC3000 de arduino que gestiona el envío de señales a la etapa de potencia. La etapa de potencia emplea un circuito Puente H para el cambio de dirección en los motores.

Experimental Evaluation for the Performance of the old MCCB Installed in Apartment Building Power Distribution Board

Experimental Evaluation for the Performance of the old MCCB Installed in Apartment Building Power Distribution Board

LED 램프의 특성 분석을 통한 전기안전 관리 방안에 관한 연구

In this paper, we analyzed causes of accidents that recently increased in the illegal and defective LED lamps. They were analyzed by the electrical characteristics calculation and reappearance experiments. The causes of the accidents were analyzed from the circuit affected by the variation of voltage, current and power by harmonics. We drew a conclusion for electrical safety in illegal or degraded LED lamps from the analysis result. The management factors for electrical safety in LED lamps were harmonics, reactive power and power factor. It is possible to secure the electrical safety through monitoring of power factor in failure products and available in smart meters or smart distribution boards.