Distinct Lobes Research Articles

A new fish species of genus Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Nagaland, India

A species of the genus Garra is described from the Langlung River, Brahmaputra basin, Nagaland, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having weakly-developed unilobed proboscis, a distinct transverse lobe with 8–12 small sized unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, 30–32 lateral line scales, and 13–15 circumpeduncular scales.

Anatomy of the Liver of Mizoram Local Pig (Zovawk)

Background: The present study was aimed for the promotion and advancement of the anatomical knowledge at the gross, light microscopic and electron microscopic level in Zovawk (mizo local pig). Methods: The current investigation was done at the Instructional livestock farm, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, Meghalaya. Six liver samples were collected from six apparently healthy Zovawk animal of either sex and gross morphological observations were done directly after collection. Thereafter tissue samples were collected as such and were preserved in neutral buffer formalin (NBF) and in Karnovsky’s fixative for routine histology and transmission electron microscopic examination, respectively.Result: Zovawk liver shows four distinct borders, i.e. medial, lateral, dorsal and ventral border, two surfaces, i.e. parietal surface or diaphragmatic surface and caudal or visceral surface and six distinct lobes. The average weight of Zovawk liver was 1.402 kg. Weight of the liver was highly correlated with body weight of animal. Histologically, Zovawk liver was characterized with thick Glisson’s capsule and thick connective tissue septa emerging from it, which gives the hepatic lobules its hexagonal shape. Sinusoids of adjacent hepatocytes were lined by stellate shaped Kupffer cells. The ultra-structural examination of liver shows that, the hepatocytes were rich in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen granules. Free ribosome and well developed rER and dense lysosomal granules were common in those hepatocyte.

Toraks Bilgisayarlı Tomografisinde Tesadüfen Saptanan Nadir Bir Anatomik Varyasyon: Azigos Lobu

Aim: An azygos lobe is an unusual anatomical variation of the upper lobe of the right lung. During the formation of the lungs, the right azygos lobe develops as the precursor of the azygos vein, moving along the pleural surface rather than arcing forward above the origin of the lung to reach the upper vena cava, enters the apex of the right lung in the upper thoracic region. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of the right azygos lobe in a sample of the Turkish population.Methods: This study was conducted from February to October 2020. Each computed tomography (CT) scan was checked for the presence of a right azygos lobe and a fissure on the axial plane. The azygos lobe was described as the convex line in the paramediastinal portion of the upper right lung on the CT scan. Our exclusion criteria were previous thoracic surgery in the right lung or parenchymal distortion on CT examinations.Results: One thousand nine hundred and sixty-five thorax CT scans were evalu¬ated retrospectively. Nine hundred and forty-five of them were from men and the remainder were from women. A total of 15 right azygos lobe variations were detected (six females, nine males). The mean age of the patients was 52.87 ± 14.604 years (30–77). The azygos lobe frequency was 0.76%.Conclusion: The azygos lobe is typically an uncommon variation of the right lung and is not really a distinct lobe. It is a very important variation that should be known about as it can mimic pathological conditions such as cysts, abscesses, or lung le¬sions. Since the azygos lobe is usually an incidental finding, radiologists and sur¬geons should be aware of this this potential anomaly during the imaging and inter¬ventional procedures.

Morphological changes during ontogeny of the male first and second gonopods of Mithraculus forceps A. Milne-Edwards, 1875 (Brachyura: Majoidea: Mithracidae)

ABSTRACT In brachyuran crabs, the complexity of the copulatory system provides important information about the systematics of the group. Here we used scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to provide information about the morphological changes during the gonopods ontogeny in the spider crab Mithraculus forceps. For this, a series of specimens were analysed and grouped in size classes of cephalothorax width (CW). The smaller males (first and second size classes) presented the first gonopod without a formed ejaculatory aperture and with an indistinct apical plate. The ejaculatory canal aperture is fully formed in size class 5 with 8.8 to 9.9 mm (CW). In adult males, the apical plate is divided in two lobes: a rounded mesial lobe and a distinct tapering lateral lobe with a large ejaculatory canal aperture. Throughout growth, there was an increment in number and/or size of the secondary cuticle structures, such as setae, spines, and sensilla. Morphological changes in the second gonopod are not abrupt during the ontogenetic development, with the girdle in the apical region and the median process becoming more prominent and tapered. Although to clearly determine the sexual maturity, information on the gonadal development (physiological sexual maturation) is needed, we observed that the gonopods morphology could provide important information to determine the sexual maturation. In our analyses, the morphological maturity occurred in line with the physiological maturity, both diagnosed in the size class 5.

Stygobromus bakeri, a new species of groundwater amphipod (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) associated with the Trinity and Edwards aquifers of central Texas, USA

A new stygobitic groundwater amphipod species, Stygobromus bakerisp. nov., is described from 4 central Texas limestone karst springs; John Knox Spring (Comal County), Jacob’s Well (Hays County), Mormon Spring (Travis County) and Salado Springs (Bell County). This species belongs to the predominately western Nearctic hubbsi species group of Stygobromus and differs from other species in the group by gnathopod 1 with row of 4 to 5 setae posterior to the defining angle, pereopods 6 and 7 with broadly expanded bases and distinct distoposterior lobes, gnathopods 1 and 2 with 2 rows of 3 singly inserted setae on the inner palm, and uropod 3 with single, slightly distal peduncular seta. Habitat, sympatric groundwater species, and conservation issues are discussed.

Internal structure of the Paleoarchean Mt Edgar dome, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

The Paleoarchean East Pilbara Terrane of Western Australia is a dome-and-keel terrane that is often highlighted as recording a vertically convective tectonic regime in the early Earth. In this model, termed 'partial convective overturn', granitic domes diapirically rose through a dense, foundering mafic supracrustal sequence. The applicability of partial convective overturn to the East Pilbara Terrane and to other Archean dome-and-keel terranes is widely debated and has significant implications for early Earth geodynamics. A critical data gap in the East Pilbara Terrane is the internal structure of the granitic domes. We present field-based, microstructural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data collected within the Mt Edgar dome to understand its internal structure and assess its compatibility with existing dome formation models. Field and microstructural observations suggest that most fabric development occurred under submagmatic and high-temperature solid-state conditions. The AMS results reveal a coherent, dome-wide structural pattern: 1) Sub-vertical lineations plunge radially inward towards the center of the dome and foliations across much of the dome consistently strike northwest; 2) Shallowly plunging lineations define an arch that extends from the center of the dome to the southwest margin; and 3) Migmatitic gneisses, which represent the oldest granitic component of the dome, are folded and flattened against the margin of the dome in two distinct lobes. The structural relationships between rocks of different ages indicate that units of different crystallization ages deformed synchronously during the last major pulse of granitic magmatism. These data are broadly consistent with a vertical tectonics model, and we synthesize our structural results to propose a three-stage diapiric evolution of the Mt Edgar dome. The critical stage of dome development was between 3.3 and 3.2 Ga, when widespread, melt-assisted flow of the deep crust led to the formation of a steep-walled, composite dome. These data suggest that diapiric processes were important for the formation of dome-and-keel terranes in the Paleoarchean.

Ambrosia trifida L. - trolisna ambrozija

Ambrosia trifida L. (AMBTR, fam. Asteraceae/Compositae) is native to North America. It was introduced accidentally to Europe at the end of the 19th century, with contaminated animal feed and seeds for planting. Today A. trifida is present in ruderal and agricultural habitats of many European countries (France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Spain, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.). Giant ragweed was detected for the first time in 1981 in Serbia (site Čoka). Over the following period it disappeared from this site, but was recorded again in 2006 in another site (central Bačka: Despotovo, Kucura, Savino Selo, Ravno Selo, Ruski Krstur). Currently in Serbia it has the status of an alien naturalized weed species. This summer annual plant can grow up to 6 m in height and exhibits a high degree of morphological and reproductive plasticity in response to encroachment by neighboring plants. It is present in disturbed habitats, such as agriculture fields, where it plays the role of the dominant species throughout the entire growing season. In most cases, leaves are opposite and always simple and generally have 3 distinct lobes but can also have as many as 5. It is a diploid (2n = 24), meso-hygrophilic species, preferring wet habitatse and can tolerate a wide variety of soil types. Also, this is a monoecious plant, where male and female flowers are separated on the same individual. A. trifida can hybridise with A. artemisiifolia (A. x helenae Rouleau, with 2n= 27 and 2n= 33), but this hybrid has been described as sterile. Compared to other summer annual species, A. trifida is among the first to emerge in early spring, at optimal temperatures from 10-24°C. Under optimal environmental conditions, giant ragweed produces around 1,800 (max 5,100) seeds plant-1. It flowers and bears fruit from July to September (October).The pollen of this species has allergenic potential. Additionally, in the USA and Canada giant ragweed populations have developed resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides and glyphosate. Giant ragweed can be a problematic weed in row crops (corn, soybean, sunflower, sugerbeet) and vegetables. In A. trifida the control measures should prevent further spread, and existing populations should be controlled by integrated weed management practices. Furthermore, A. trifida has a relatively low fecundity, a transient soil seedbank and a high percentage of non-viable or low-survivorship seeds, which are features that may have constrained its establishment and spread in the current environmental conditions in Serbia.

Saxiloba: a new genus of placodioid lichens from the Caribbean and Hawaii shakes up the Porinaceae tree (lichenized Ascomycota: Gyalectales)

The new genus Saxiloba is described with the two species S. firmula from the Caribbean and S. hawaiiensis from Hawaii. Saxiloba is characterized by a unique, placodioid thallus forming distinct lobes, growing on rock in shaded to exposed situations with a trentepohlioid photobiont and a fenestrate thallus anatomy with distinct surface lines. The material is often sterile, but Porina-like perithecia and ascospores had previously been described for the Caribbean taxon and were here confirmed for both species. Molecular sequence data also confirmed placement of this lineage in Porinaceae. Its position within that family supports the notion that Porinaceae should be subdivided into a larger number of genera than proposed in previous classification attempts. Compared to other Porinaceae, Saxiloba exhibits a unique morphology and anatomy that recalls taxa in the related family Graphidaceae and it substantially expands the known phenotypic variation within Porinaceae. The two recognized species are similar in overall morphology but, apart from their disjunct distribution and different substrate ecology, differ in lobe configuration, color and disposition of the crystal clusters and resulting surface patterns.

Calmodulin binds to Drosophila TRP with an unexpected mode

Drosophila TRP is a calcium-permeable cation channel essential for fly visual signal transduction. During phototransduction, Ca2+ mediates both positive and negative feedback regulation on TRP channel activity, possibly via binding to calmodulin (CaM). However, the molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ modulated CaM/TRP interaction is poorly understood. Here, we discover an unexpected, Ca2+-dependent binding mode between CaM and TRP. The TRP tail contains two CaM binding sites (CBS1 and CBS2) separated by an ∼70-residue linker. CBS1 binds to the CaM N-lobe and CBS2 recognizes the CaM C-lobe. Structural studies reveal the lobe-specific binding of CaM to CBS1&2. Mutations introduced in both CBS1 and CBS2 eliminated CaM binding in full-length TRP, but surprisingly had no effect on the response to light under physiological conditions, suggesting alternative mechanisms governing Ca2+-mediated feedback on the channel activity. Finally, we discover that TRPC4, the closest mammalian paralog of Drosophila TRP, adopts a similar CaM binding mode.

Destabilization mechanism of (W1+W2)/O reverse Janus emulsions

HypothesisReverse Janus emulsion, with droplets composed by “two rooms” of water phases, is a novel multiple emulsion attributed to excellent integration capability and biocompatibility. However, significant instability compared with normal Janus emulsions renders the stability issue of great importance. Moreover, the ultra-low aqueous-aqueous inner interfacial tension, the anisotropic nature of the droplets with distinct lobe composition, and the random orientation in the continuous phase endow the complicated and various demulsification mechanisms. ExperimentsReverse Janus emulsion of (W1+W2)/O, employing typical salt-alcohol aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) as inner phases, is prepared in batch scale by conventional one-step vortex mixing. The demulsification process is detected by multiple light scattering technique, which provides real-time, in-situ, and quantitative information of emulsion evolution. Moreover, the fusion pattern of the anisotropic droplets is illustrated by the combination with light microscopy and size distribution measurement. FindingsCoalescence and sedimentation are found to be two main demulsification processes. Two salt “body” lobes of the “snowman” shaped Janus droplets combine first resulting in an intermediate Cerberus topology with two alcohol “heads” on one salt “body”. Subsequently, two “head” lobes coalesce resulting in a larger Janus droplet. Ultimately, the Gibbs free energy leads to a final state with three separated liquids. In addition, the variation in lobe viscosity, density, and properties of interfacial film greatly affect the demulsification rate and fusion pattern. A critical alcohol/surfactant mass ratio of 2 is found, beyond which a completely different fusion pattern occurs. Two alcohol “body” lobes combine first resulting in an intermediate Cerberus topology with two salt “heads” on one alcohol “body”. Subsequently, two “head” lobes coalesce resulting in a larger Janus droplet. The findings are instructive in the stability of aqueous based multiple emulsions with advanced morphologies and meanwhile, promote the future application of this novel emulsion in food science, pharmacy, and biomimetic compartmentalization.

Framed by depletion.

Colloidal structures and lattices made of patchy particles with chemically distinct lobes are formed by exploring site-specific depletion forces. This approach introduces a simple route to assemble colloidal superlattices.

Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Customized Chiral Colloids.

This contribution describes a synthetic strategy for the fabrication of multicomponent colloidal "molecules" with controllable complex morphologies and compositionally distinct lobes. Using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) as the building block, the methodology enables a scalable bulk synthesis of customized chiral colloidal particles with geometric and compositional chirality by a sequential seeded growth method. The synthetic protocol presents a versatile platform for constructing colloidal molecules with multiple components having customized shapes and functionalities, with the potential to impact the design of chromatic patchy particles, colloidal swimmers, and chiral optical materials, as well as informing programmable assembly.

Description of two new species of Paraonidae (Annelida) from the Gulf of Thailand, Western Pacific.

Two new species of Aricidea Webster, 1879 (Paraonidae), Aricidea (Acmira) anusakdiisp. nov. and Aricidea (Aricidea) thammapinanaesp. nov. were collected from 10–26.5 m depth, in soft bottoms with mud mixed with sand and shells at Songkhla Sea, the Gulf of Thailand between 2011–2018. Aricidea (Acmira) anusakdiisp. nov. is clearly distinguished from other species of the subgenus Acmira by having a rounded bilobed prostomium divided by a slight notch on the anterior margin; red pigments on the subdistal to the tip of each branchia (new character); two prebranchial chaetigers; 48–68 pairs of branchiae; and modified neurochaetae as strong curved spines with blunt shafts surrounded by pubescence from chaetigers 19–44. On the other hand, Aricidea (Aricidea) thammapinanaesp. nov. can be separated from other members of the subgenus Aricidea by the presence of a biarticulated median antenna; distinctive notopodial lobes as broad triangular with short distal protuberances on chaetiger 3, 4–8 pairs of branchiae; and modified neurochaetae as bidentate neurochaetae with a long pubescent subterminal arista on the concave side. All data have been archived and are freely available from the Dryad Digital Repository (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1cn).

Mimicry in Cretaceous Bugs.

SummaryMimicry is ubiquitous in nature, yet understanding its origin and evolution is complicated by the scarcity of exceptional fossils that enable behavioral inferences about extinct animals. Here we report bizarre true bugs (Hemiptera) that closely resemble beetles (Coleoptera) from mid-Cretaceous amber. The unusual fossil bugs are described as Bersta vampirica gen. et sp. nov. and Bersta coleopteromorpha gen. et sp. nov. and are placed into a new family, Berstidae fam. nov. The specialized mouthparts of berstids indicate that they were predaceous on small arthropods. Their striking beetle-like appearance implies that they were either involved in defensive mimicry or mimicked beetles to attack unsuspecting prey. The latter would represent the first case of aggressive mimicry in the invertebrate fossil record. These findings enrich our understanding of the paleoecological associations and extinct behavioral strategies of Mesozoic insects.

Frontal Aureole Deposit on Acheron Fossae ridge as evidence for landslide-generated tsunami on Mars

The recurrent failures of the 8 to 10-km high basal scarp of the Olympus Mons volcano on Mars has resulted in enormous landslides merging into a composite deposit known as the aureole. The largest of these landslides, the western (W) aureole, appears as a hummocky and extensive tongue reaching the distance of 700 ​km from the present Olympus Mons edge. Totalizing a volume of 106 Km3, the W aureole was created by a single, 100°-wide sector collapse of the Olympus Mons flank between north and west directions. Whereas the western segment of the landslide fell onto the flat area of Amazonis Planitia, the northern section came across the gently sloping ridge of Acheron Fossae after 550 ​km of travel, and subsequently rose against slope for some additional 50–80 ​km.Analysis of imagery on Acheron Fossae ridge beyond the front of the landslide shows a peculiar deposit and associated morphologies. Termed here Frontal Aureole Deposits (FAD), it occurs in two units: a smooth, uniform deposit immediately beyond the aureole terminus, followed in the distal part by distinct lobes directed against slope. These deposits are interpreted as the remnants of debris-rich sandy and muddy waves thrust by the W aureole landslide that inundated the Acheron Fossae ridge. Numerical and analytical calculations set up to study the dynamics of inundation show that the length of the deposits was in the reach of water thrust by a fast-travelling landslide. A possible explanation for the presence of water is that the front was travelling across an outlet of the ancient Martian ocean which, consequently, must have persisted when the landslide event took place. According to this hypothesis, FAD represents the remnant of a giant tsunami deposit similar, albeit at a much larger scale, to those that occur on Earth.

Near bank turbulence of a river bend with self similar morphological structures

The shapes of a meandering river at the different stages of its evolution forming meander loops result from the interaction of the turbulent flow structures and channel planform. Based on field investigations and analysis of Google Earth (aerial) images, series of self-similar lobed-shaped patterns of different scales evolving in both space and time were observed at the outer curved bank of large rivers such as Hooghly River (India), Yamuna River (India), Madhumati River (Bangladesh) and in the White Nile (Africa). The present study attempts to develop insight into the turbulence characteristics of the flow leading to the formation, growth and migration of these self-similar lobed-shaped patterns. Measurements of turbulent flow characteristics were carried out at five different locations within a distinct dynamic lobe of an outer bend of the River Hooghly. Results show that the outer bank of a curved channel is under the action of strong secondary currents, turbulent burst-sweep cycles, flow separation and strong intermittent turbulent shear stress at different scales leading to enhanced bank erosion activity. The results from the present study form the basis for a conceptual representation of the bankline retreatment process through the formation, growth and evolution of dynamic lobed-shaped erosive patterns.

A remarkable new species of Cavichiana (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from southeastern Brazil

CavichianaMejdalani et al., 2014 was a formerly monotypic Cicadellinae genus exclusively found in bromeliads from southeastern Brazil. Here a new species is described, diagnosed, and illustrated from Itatiaia National Park, municipality of Itamonte, state of Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira mountain range); specimens were collected on Vriesea spp. (Bromeliaceae). Cavichiana alpina sp. nov. (male holotype in DZRJ) can be recognized by the following combination of features: (1) forewing clavus with basal portion and area along commissural margin orange, remainder of claval area blue (except dark brown apex); (2) corium with large blue area adjacent to claval sulcus, connected to blue area of clavus; (3) distal portion of female and male pygofer not sclerotized; (4) aedeagus with distinct basidorsal lobe and with apex narrowly rounded, not bearing crown of spines; and (5) female sternite VII with deep V-shaped posterior emargination. Notes on the distribution of the genus are provided and C. bromelicolaMejdalani et al., 2014 is newly recorded from southern Brazil.

A new rare nematode Nothocriconemoides hangzhouensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Hangzhou, China

The Family Criconematidae is commonly referred as ring nematodes that include some members with economic importance as plant parasites. During a recent nematode inventory survey at Zhejiang Province, China, a new species of genus Nothocriconemoides was detected in the rhizosphere of elm tree. Nothocriconemoides hangzhouensis n. sp. can be characterized by the female body having annuli with fine longitudinal striations and 2 to 3 anastomoses at the posterior half of the body. The first cephalic annulus is rounded and expanded enclosing the lip region, and the second annulus is narrow, offset, collar like. En face view shows a central elevated labial disk bearing four distinct equal-sized submedian lobes and “I” shaped oral aperture. Excretory pore is located 3–4 annuli posterior to esophageal bulb. Vagina is straight and vulva closed. The ventral side of postvulval annuli is inverted, in majority of individuals. Anus is indistinct and located on the next annuli posterior to vulva. Tail is short, conoid, with forked or branched terminus. Juveniles are devoid of collar-shaped annuli in the lip region. The cephalic region has two rounded annuli where the first annulus shows slight depression in the middle. Body annuli are finely crenated. Anus is indistinct and located 3 to 4 annuli from tail terminus. Tail is short ending in a single lobed terminus. Phylogenetic studies based on analysis of the D2–D3 expansion segments of the 28 S rRNA, ITS rRNA, partial 18 S rRNA, and coxI gene revealed that the new species formed a separate clade from other criconematid species, thereby supporting its status as a new species of the genus. The new species showed close relationships with Discocriconemella sinensis. Additionally, this is the first record of genus Nothocriconemoides from China.

Abstract 3935: PLK4 inhibition as a strategy for non-small cell lung cancer radiosensitization

Abstract Background/Purpose: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death. Concurrent chemoradiation is the standard of care for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite advancements in treatment, local control remains an issue and survival is suboptimal, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a serine/threonine kinase that controls centriole duplication. PLK4 is highly expressed in multiple malignancies including lung cancer. CFI-400945 is a specific PLK4 inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trial evaluation. As radiation causes cell death primarily via a mitotic death, we hypothesized that disruption of the mitotic machinery by inhibition of PLK4 would enhance the effects of radiation. Methods: The effects of CFI-400945 on cell survival and radiation sensitivity were examined using the clonogenic survival assay in two KRAS-mutant lung cancer cell lines (H460 and A549). Confocal microscopy was utilized to determine the effects of PLK4 inhibition on radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe (defined as the presence of 2 or more distinct nuclear lobes within a single cell). Cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry was determined after treatment with CFI-400945 and radiation. Results: Exposure of H460 and A549 lung cancer cell lines to 10nM CFI-400945 for 48h reduced clonogenic survival to 63.9% and 83.1% respectively. CFI-400945 treatment of H460 and A549 cells resulted in radiosensitization of both cell lines with dose enhancement factors (DEF) of 1.60 and 1.31. To understand the mechanism of enhanced radiosensitivity with CFI-400945 treatment the effects on radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe were determined. In both H460 and A549 cells the combination of radiation and PLK4 inhibition enhanced the proportion of cells undergoing mitotic catastrophe. The combination of CFI-400945 and radiation resulted in increased G2/M arrest and appearance of >4N populations by flow cytometric analysis when compared to drug or radiation treatment alone. Conclusion: PLK4 inhibition with CFI-400945 enhances the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cell lines via mitotic catastrophe and G2/M arrest and these data support additional pre-clinical testing. Citation Format: Thomas J. Hayman, Mark R. Bray, Jacqueline M. Mason, Tak W. Mak, Joseph N. Contessa. PLK4 inhibition as a strategy for non-small cell lung cancer radiosensitization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3935.