Distinct Meanings Research Articles

Compound Words In Suwawa Language

This study examines compound words in the Suwawa language, which involve the combination of two words to create new meanings and are commonly used in Suwawa conversations. The research focuses on two key aspects: (1) the forms of compound words in Suwawa and (2) the meaning of compound words in Suwawa. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the study aims to elucidate the forms and meanings of compound words in Suwawa. Data were collected from Suwawa language speakers residing in Tingkohubu Timur village, Suwawa Subdistrict, utilizing data collection tables and employing interview, documentation, listening, and recording techniques. The data analysis involved presenting, reducing, and verifying the data to draw comprehensive conclusions. The findings reveal two significant outcomes. Firstly, the Suwawa language exhibits three forms of compound words: substantive subordinative, attributive subordinative, and coordinative compound words. Secondly, compound words in Suwawa convey three distinct meanings: noun, verb, and adjective compound words. This research sheds light on the structure and semantic aspects of compound words in the Suwawa language, contributing to a deeper understanding of Suwawa linguistics.

Is Australia weird? A cross-continental comparison of biological, geological and climatological features

Australia’s distinctive biogeography means that it is sometimes considered an ecologically unique continent with biological and abiotic features that are not comparable to those observed in the rest of the world. This leaves some researchers unclear as to whether findings from Australia apply to systems elsewhere (or vice-versa), which has consequences for the development of ecological theory and the application of ecological management principles. We analyzed 594,612 observations spanning 85 variables describing global climate, soil, geochemistry, plants, animals, and ecosystem function to test if Australia is broadly different to the other continents and compare how different each continent is from the global mean. We found significant differences between Australian and global means for none of 15 climate variables, only seven of 25 geochemistry variables, three of 16 soil variables, five of 12 plant trait variables, four of 11 animal variables, and one of five ecosystem function variables. Seven of these differences remained significant when we adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing: high soil pH, high soil concentrations of sodium and strontium, a high proportion of nitrogen-fixing plants, low plant leaf nitrogen concentration, low annual production rate to birth in mammals, and low marine productivity. Our analyses reveal numerous similarities between Australia and Africa and highlight dissimilarities between continents in the northern vs. southern hemispheres. Australia ranked the most distinctive continent for 26 variables, more often than Europe (15 variables), Africa (13 variables), Asia (12 variables each), South America (11 variables) or North America (8 variables). Australia was distinctive in a range of soil conditions and plant traits, and a few bird and mammal traits, tending to sit at a more extreme end of variation for some variables related to resource availability. However, combined analyses revealed that, overall, Australia is not significantly more different to the global mean than Africa, South America, or Europe. In conclusion, while Australia does have some unique and distinctive features, this is also true for each of the other continents, and the data do not support the idea that Australia is an overall outlier in its biotic or abiotic characteristics.

ECM stiffness-regulated exosomal thrombospondin-1 promotes tunneling nanotubes-based cellular networking in breast cancer cells

Intercellular communication is pivotal in various stages of cancer progression. For smart and effective communication, cancer cells employ diverse modes of messaging that may be further fine-tuned by the microenvironmental changes. Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening due to excess deposition and crosslinking of collagen is one of the crucial tumor-microenvironmental changes that influence a plethora of cellular processes, including cell-cell communication. We herein studied the crosstalk between exosomes and tunneling nanotubes (TNT), the two distinct means of cell-cell communication under varying ECM-stiffness conditions. We show that exosomes promote the formation of tunneling nanotubes in breast cancer cells, which results in cellular internet. Interestingly, exosomes drastically increased the fraction of cells connected by TNT; however, they elicited no effect on the number of TNTs per pair of connected cells or the length of TNT. The observed pro-TNT effects of exosomes were found to be ECM-stiffness dependent. ECM-stiffness tuned exosomes were found to promote TNT formation predominantly via the ‘cell dislodgment model’. At the molecular level, exosomal thrombospondin-1 was identified as a critical pro-TNT factor. These findings underline the influence of ECM stiffening on two diverse modes of cell communication and their interdependence, which may have significant implications in cancer biomedical research.

Language and face in interactions: emotion perception, social meanings, and communicative intentions.

Human emotions can be complex to interpret as they have multiple sources and are often times ambiguous, for example, when the signals sent by different channels of communication are inconsistent. Our study investigates the interaction of linguistic and facial expressions of emotions. In two experiments, participants read short scenarios in German containing a direct utterance with positive or negative emotive markers, in combination with different facial expressions as still images of the speaker (i.e., the protagonist in the story). They answered questions about their perception regarding the intensity of the emotions (e.g., happiness, sadness), the properties of the expresser (e.g., honesty, warmth, likeability) and their relation to the addressee (e.g., closeness), as well as the expresser intention (e.g., irony, joke). The findings suggest that facial expressions have a more dominant role in the emotion perception in comparison to emotive markers. Furthermore, consistent and inconsistent combinations of emotive markers and facial expressions convey distinct social meanings and communicative intentions. This research points to the importance to consider emotive markers in the emotional context that they occur in.

Establishing a Distinct Identity, Meaning, and Scope of the Domains of Responsible Consumption: An Extensive Review

Responsible consumption is a form of consumption that positively impacts the environment, society, and individuals’ well-being. Despite its importance in the changing dynamic environment, the basic understanding, and the definition of responsible consumption are still unclear. The current research identifies various domains that exist under the umbrella term of responsible consumption and observes the overlapping nature between these domains. For this, the study adopts a systematic review and uses Venn diagram representation to map the similarities and differences between the domains and identifies their distinct nature and meaning, and delimit their scope. The study’s findings would open opportunities to academicians, marketers, and practitioners for future research into specific domains of responsible consumption and develop domain-specific instrument scales, and hence identify and target responsible consumers.

Rescuing reconciliation: finding its role in peace research and practice

A rich and complex literature on reconciliation has emerged in response to political transitions since the 1990s, yet reconciliation’s value as a concept within peace studies is unclear. Definitions are contested, impressionistic or overlap with other concepts, while ‘reconciliation’ remains politically contested in many conflict-affected societies. This article considers the four leading understandings of reconciliation: reconciliation as peacebuilding, reconciliation as transitional justice, reconciliation as forgiveness, and reconciliation as identity change. Each is assessed according to whether it is (1) conceptually coherent, and (2) likely to be credible to people in conflict. The article argues that by restricting reconciliation’s meaning to a modified version of the fourth understanding – reconciliation as transformed social identity – the term can hold a distinct meaning in the peace studies field and direct a clear research agenda, as well as attract much less political criticism and misunderstanding.

Fine-grained biomedical knowledge negation detection via contrastive learning

Negation is a common and complex phenomenon in natural language, which will reverse the truth value of knowledge extracted from sentences and make knowledge validation indispensable. Negation detection at the granularity of knowledge triples is still a challenging and minimally explored task, especially in the biomedical domain where multiple knowledge triples frequently exist in one sentence and the same triple can express quite distinct meanings under different contexts. In this paper, we illustrate and define the label conflict problem in biomedical negation detection and propose CL-GSAN, a novel Contrastive Learning-based Gated Structured Attention Network for identifying the negated knowledge triples from the biomedical text. CL-GSAN jointly performs fine-grained knowledge-context modeling within a sentence via a gating mechanism and learns the target triple’s context representations by considering the semantic divergence of claims via contrastive learning. Experimental results demonstrate that CL-GSAN obtains promising performance on three biomedical corpora, including the Chinese Medical Knowledge Negation (CMKN) corpus constructed by us to facilitate fine-grained, i.e., triple-level, knowledge negation detection.

Friends, peers and safeguarding

Friends, peers and safeguarding

Primary charge separation in native and plant pheophytin a-modified reaction centers of Chloroflexus aurantiacus: Ultrafast transient absorption measurements at low temperature

Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy was used to study electron transfer (ET) at 100 K in native (as isolated) reaction centers (RCs) of the green filamentous photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus (Cfl.) aurantiacus. The rise and decay of the 1028 nm anion absorption band of the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll a molecule at the BA binding site were monitored as indicators of the formation and decay of the P+BA− state, respectively (P is the primary electron donor, a dimer of bacteriochlorophyll a molecules). Global analysis of the TA data indicated the presence of at least two populations of the P⁎ excited state, which decay by distinct means, forming the state P+HA− (HA is a photochemically active bacteriopheophytin a molecule). In one population (~65 %), P⁎ decays in ~2 ps with the formation of P+HA− via a short-lived P+BA− intermediate in a two-step ET process P⁎ → P+BA−→ P+HA−. In another population (~35 %), P⁎ decays in ~20 ps to form P+HA− via a superexchange mechanism without producing measurable amounts of P+BA−. Similar TA measurements performed on chemically modified RCs of Cfl. aurantiacus containing plant pheophytin a at the HA binding site also showed the presence of two P⁎ populations (~2 and ~20 ps), with P⁎ decaying through P+BA− only in the ~2 ps population. At 100 K, the quantum yield of primary charge separation in native RCs is determined to be close to unity. The results are discussed in terms of involving a one-step P⁎ → P+HA− superexchange process as an alternative highly efficient ET pathway in Cfl. aurantiacus RCs.

Within-Mice Comparison of Microdialysis and Fiber Photometry-Recorded Dopamine Biosensor during Amphetamine Response.

A fundamental concept in neuroscience is the transmission of information between neurons via neurotransmitters, -modulators, and -peptides. For the past decades, the gold standard for measuring neurochemicals in awake animals has been microdialysis (MD). The emergence of genetically encoded fluorescence-based biosensors, as well as in vivo optical techniques such as fiber photometry (FP), has introduced technologically distinct means of measuring neurotransmission. To directly compare MD and FP, we performed concurrent within-animal recordings of extracellular dopamine (DA) in the dorsal striatum (DS) before and after administration of amphetamine in awake, freely behaving mice expressing the dopamine sensor dLight1.3b. We show that despite temporal differences, MD- and FP-based readouts of DA correlate well within mice. Down-sampling of FP data showed temporal correlation to MD data, with less variance observed using FP. We also present evidence that DA fluctuations periodically reach low levels, and naïve animals have rapid, predrug DA dynamics measured with FP that correlate to the subsequent pharmacodynamics of amphetamine as measured with MD and FP.

Different Trajectories of Heritage Language Identity Development through Short-Term Study Abroad Programs: The Case of Chinese Heritage Learners

Learners of heritage languages (HLs) comprise a heterogeneous population. Because of their diverse backgrounds, the ways in which their HL identity develops in a study abroad (SA) context may vary. This paper presents a case study of Chinese heritage language learners (CHLLs) from a university in Australia who participated in a short-term SA program in China. To achieve a holistic understanding of the learners’ identity development, this study adopted a three-dimensional framework of HL identity development, applied a narrative approach and focused on individual differences. Data were collected from 34 post-program journal reflections from CHLLs. The learners’ narratives indicated that they assigned different degrees of importance and distinct meanings to the SA experience with respect to their HL identity development. While some actively explored their HL identities, others took a more outsider stance and did not develop much in terms of HL identity. We identified several possible statuses of CHLLs’ identification, which were conceptualised as focused explorer, balanced explorer, partial explorer, meanderer and outsider. Future intervention could provide personalised feedback, comments and guidance on students’ post-program reflective journals, either in a more specific or holistic manner, and acknowledge each HL learner’s advantages and limitations in their reflections.

타부키의 ‘데자쏘세구(desassossego)’ 연구: ‘내적 불안(inquietudine)’과 비교하여

In Tabucchi’s texts, inquietudine refers to feelings, emotions, or sentiments that reflect the identity of an era, as well as political and social implications; however, it has a distinct meaning in Tabucchi’s philosophy. In other words, Tabucchi deals with a more subtle version of the universal theme of ‘anxiety’ in modern literature. Tabucchi elaborates on this concept by distinguishing it from inquietudine, desassossego, nostalgia, and saudade. This paper focuses on the comparison of desassossego with other terms. Desassossego and inquietudine arose from the anxiety brought on by the arrival of modernity. Whereas Pessoa’s pseudonym Soares linked anxiety to the era, Tabucchi gave anxiety flesh, and inquietudine revealed the universal anxiety of modern man. Tabucchi views the two inflection points separating desassossego and inquietudine as the point at which the anxiety of not being able to exist transforms into the dread that humanity may become extinct, and the point at which Freud’s concept of anxiety is systematized. While desassossego and inquietudine share a common thread of incapacity and otherness, they are manifested in different ways: desassossego deconstructs the notion of the subject and removes the direction of power, whereas inquietudine redefines boundaries and extends them to infinity, a state of alienation into which everything slips, a state of constant anxiety. In other words, inquietudine is a concept in Tabucchi’s text that simultaneously entails and retrogresses notions of simultaneity, transcendence, and non-temporality that connect earlier and later generations. Tabucchi emphasizes the function of literature and the author in perpetuating this inquietudine.

Barongsai Form and Color at the Cap Go Meh Festival in Singkawang City

The aim of this study is to identify the significance of the visual elements of the Barongsai In Singkawang City, West Kalimantan during the Cap Go Meh festival. Qualitative methodologies were used to perform research on the Barongsai visual aspects. Observation, interviews, and documentation are used to acquire data. Due to the predominantly Chinese population, Singkawang City is also known as Amoy City. One of the inherited legacies of art and culture in Singkawang City that is still being preserved today is the Barongsai Dancing Art, which can be seen at the annual Chinese New Year celebrations planned by the Chinese community. According to research, the Barongsai is a mythical animal from Chinese mythology that resembles a lion and comes in two forms: the North Lion and the South Lion. Each form has a distinct meaning based on the visual elements it has. The findings of this study can help comprehend how each Lion Dance performed at the Cap Go Meh festival differs from one another in order to show respect for one of Indonesia's cultural traditions. This study was conducted in the hopes that it will be useful to researchers who study lion dances in the future. It can be concluded that the visual components of the lion dance are created by paying attention to their beauty as well as considering every meaning that will be associated with them.

Translation of Polysemous Meanings of the Word “Qadha” (قضى) in the Holy Qur’an: An Analytical Semantic Study

Objectives: The main focus of this study is to translate the polysemous word "Qadha" / قضى in the Holy Qur'an. Additionally, it aims to explore and analyze the various meanings of the word "Qadha" /قضى as translated by different interpretations of the Holy Qur'an.
 Methods: In order to achieve the objective of this study, three well-known translations of the Holy Qur'an were utilized to examine the polysemous meanings conveyed in the selected verses. Furthermore, ten different polysemous meanings were identified and analyzed using three respected Qur'an-related exegeses.
 Results: The study indicates that the word "Qadha" /قضى possesses several distinct polysemous meanings in the discussed verses. The findings of the study reveal that the context and collocation in which the word is used play a significant role in translating Qur'anic polysemy.
 Conclusions: The study also demonstrates that the translation of the word "Qadha" /قضى in some verses is inaccurate, which can be attributed to the literal translation strategy employed by translators. Another possible reason for literal translation could be the style and form of the verse. Finally, the study recommends further research to be conducted on Qur'anic polysemy in order to examine the accuracy of translating the meanings of the Holy Qur'an.

"Mental maps": Between memorial transcription and symbolic projection.

"The mental map" is a concept that has been used and defined in numerous ways. The cognitive map, and the concept map-also known as the "heuristic" or "mind" map-are the two distinct contextual meanings covered by the term mental map in the present article. In the mental map domain, the first major field of study is geography, spatial cognition, and neurophysiology and it aims to understand how the route taken by a subject (or a set of subjects) in space leads to memorization and internal representation(s). In general, the externalization of these representations takes the form of drawings, positioning in a graph, or oral/textual narratives, but it is primarily reflected as a behavior in space that can be recorded as tracking items. A second field of study, one which is geared more toward exploratory and combinatorial uses, is the concept (also heuristic or mind) map which consists in organizing notions, concepts, and information in the form of tree graphs or graphs that can be used to produce diagrams and flowcharts. The aim is projective, for clarification and discovery purposes or for data organization and visualization. To date, very few studies in the literature have examined the similar, overlapping and oppositional features in what is broadly referred to as "representation(s) of space" and "space(s) of representation." How can we better apprehend the complex notion of "mental map?" The question of memorial transcription? Of "symbolic projection?" Can we identify meeting points between these two polarities and, if possible, a continuum? Through the notion of cognitive graph, recent advances in the understanding of brain mechanisms enable us to approach the distinctions between cognitive map and conceptual map as an articulated and continuous whole.

Queer Aging: Older Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults' Visions of Late Life.

Diversity in aging has received increased attention in recent years in the field of gerontology. However, older lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people have largely been missing from these conversations. In this study, I examine older LGB people's subjective views on the aging process, focusing specifically on visions of late life. Life story interviews were conducted with 60 LGB individuals over the age of 55 who reside in the Southeastern and Midwestern portions of the United States. Inductive coding (e.g., line-by-line, focused) and analyses were conducted. Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) financial distress linked to past events of homophobic discrimination, (2) anxieties regarding staying in paid care settings, (3) desires to age in place or "in community" with other lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people, and (4) a prioritization of quality of life over longevity via plans to pursue assisted suicide. The findings of this study suggest that views of aging and visions of late life are tied to social group membership, highlighting the need for gerontologists to further consider cumulative inequality processes. The study also offers evidence of queer aging, wherein queer culture, history, and experience produce distinct meanings of aging.

Contextual Adversarial Representation Learning for Multiword Expressions

Word composition is a promising method to learn the representations of long text. Unfortunately, word composition falls short when inferring representations for non-compositional multiword expressions, such as “go banana.” Presently, many methods treat multiword expressions as single words and learn their representations in a manner similar to individual word representations. However, numerous multiword expressions exhibit ambiguity, expressing distinct meanings, whether literal or idiomatic, depending on the context. In response to these challenges, our paper proposes an adversarial context-aware representation learning method for multiword expressions, which generates representations based on the contexts of their occurrences. An adversarial training framework is introduced to further enhance the representation learning method. Experimental results confirm the benefits of sense disambiguation for multiword expressions in representation learning. Moreover, our proposed method demonstrates competitive performance on idiom token classification and compositionality prediction tasks.

The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19 Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

The WHO announced that COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic that threatens world health. Besides the implementation of public health protocols as preventive, curative of positive patients through isolation has also created polemics. Isolation is reported to cause psychological problems for survivors, such as loneliness and depression due to limited social contact. One form of constructive social relations that supports psychological well-being in isolated situations is friendship. The absence of restrictions on using cyberspace during isolation provides an opportunity for survivors to stay connected to get friendly support for healing. This phenomenological study aims to review the meaning of virtual friendship by involving three survivors of COVID-19 who undergo isolation in Yogyakarta. The results found that virtual friendship can reduce various problems during isolation. This friendship is interpreted as providing instrumental, informational, and emotional support, and giving rise to a distinctive meaning in the form of awareness of transcendence.

Multiplex polymerase spiral reaction for simultaneous detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are common food-borne pahogens that cause food poisoning in humans. In this study, we developed a method for the simultaneous determination of S. typhimurium and S. aureus based on multiplex polymerase spiral reaction (m-PSR) and melting curve analysis. Two pairs of primers were designed specifically to target the conserved invA gene of S. typhimurium and nuc gene of S. aureus, and the nucleic acid amplification reaction was achieved under isothermal conditions in the same reaction tube for 40 min at 61 °C, melting curve analysis of the amplification product was carried out. The distinct mean melting temperature allowed simultaneous differentiation of the two target bacteria in the m-PSR assay. The limit of detection of S. typhimurium and S. aureus that could be detected simultaneously was 4.1 × 10−4 ng genomic DNA and 2 × 101 CFU/mL pure bacterial culture. Based on this method, analysis of artificially contaminated samples showed excellent sensitivity and specificity consistent with those of pure bacterial cultures. This method is rapid, simultaneous and promises to be a useful tool for the detection of food-borne pathogens in the food industry.

Understanding Populism.

The diversity of features attributed to populism - and, as a result, the variety of critiques leveled at it - are remarkable. It sometimes seems as though people are using the same terms to address very different phenomena. Is there any distinctive meaning to populism? Is populism inherently anti-democratic or, on the contrary, is it the epitome of democratic practice? What should an engagement with populist movements mean for the theory and practice of democracy? This paper seeks to map the discursive ecosystem that populism determines. It canvasses the phenomena often associated with populism, proposes an interrelated set of concerns that is distinctive to populism, suggests how populism intersects with propensities and affinities with which it is often associated, emphasises the role of growing economic inequality, and suggests responses to populist movements that are grounded in a truly democratic constitutionalism.