Distinct Division Research Articles

Design it yourself? Punk’s division of labour

Abstract Punk’s do-it-yourself call to arms led to a widespread adoption of the rhetoric, if not always the practice, of independence from traditional means of production – although it should be acknowledged that do-it-yourself ideals go back a lot further than the punk explosion of the 1970s, from traditional folk music through to the bottleneck rural blues players of the 1930s and 1940s, the 1950s UK skiffle boom and early 1960s US garage bands. The punks may have articulated the do-it-yourself vision most clearly, turning it into a mantra, but they were inheriting a tradition that was established many years earlier. During the early period of punk’s development in the United Kingdom, a distinct division of labour can be seen in the impact of an ‘anyone can do it’ DIY ethos on a range of activities. These range from live performance to the creation and manufacture of punk artefacts (clothes, posters, flyers, fanzines, records). While some of these areas offered new opportunities for amateur producers, within more technical areas of manufacturing, including the physical production of records, do-it-yourself could only have a nominal impact. Many punk groups did not have access to sound recording technologies, and even if they did, they would have to hand over the cutting and pressing of vinyl to a professional outfit. There was certainly a widespread and outspoken desire to take artistic control away from mainstream sources, but in reality the full ownership of the means of production was at best a naive ambition. Similarly, sleeve artwork could be created by untrained designers, but print reproduction was often left to the services of a professional print studio – doing-it-yourself had obvious limitations when it came to large-scale production and distribution.

HBO and the Aristocracy of Contemporary TV Culture: affiliations and legitimatising television culture, post-2007

The premiere US, pay-TV cable company HBO has done more than most to define what ‘original programming’ might mean and look like in the contemporary TV age of international television flow, global media trends and filiations. This article adopts a cultural sociological approach to make sense of the structure of the cultural field in which the company operates, framed between ‘culture’ and the ‘market’, between exclusive, qualitatively distinct television content and corporate intent. It elaborates on the ways in which the company imposes a vision of an elite TV culture on the field, in and through producing distinct divisions ad infinitum, to validate the taste values of those who validate HBO. In creating incessant divisions in genre, authorship and aesthetics, HBO incorporates artistic norms and principles of evaluation and puts them into circulation as a succession of oppositions – oppositions that we will explore throughout this article.

Neglected? Strengthening the Morphological Study of Informal Settlements

Methods of articulating the morphological structure of slums can have considerable potential in better planning for site-specific design or policy responses for these areas in the contemporary city. Although urban morphology traditionally studies landscapes as stratified residues with distinct divisions between lot and boundary, built and unbuilt, the authors find these definitions insufficient to address the complexity of slum morphology. Through this article, the authors’ identify that morphological analysis of informal settlements needs to be sensitive to the dynamics and the absence (or blurring) of physical boundaries. By analyzing the spatial impact of social, economic, and political factors, situational and site factors, building typologies, and configurations of circulation space, an attempt to articulate the morphological structure of slums is made. Aiming to overcome the current polarization in the literature between the formal and informal city, this article adds to the ongoing research on the study of challenges within contemporary cities, by providing new methodologies for studying the morphology of slum urbanization and shaping planning practice.

The distinctive cell division interactome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

BackgroundBacterial cell division is an essential process driven by the formation of a Z-ring structure, as a cytoskeletal scaffold at the mid-cell, followed by the recruitment of various proteins which form the divisome. The cell division interactome reflects the complement of different interactions between all divisome proteins. To date, only two cell division interactomes have been characterized, in Escherichia coli and in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The cell divison proteins encoded by Neisseria gonorrhoeae include FtsZ, FtsA, ZipA, FtsK, FtsQ, FtsI, FtsW, and FtsN. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the cell division interactome of N. gonorrhoeae using several different methods to identify protein-protein interactions. We also characterized the specific subdomains of FtsA implicated in interactions with FtsZ, FtsQ, FtsN and FtsW.ResultsUsing a combination of bacterial two-hybrid (B2H), glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), nine interactions were observed among the eight gonococcal cell division proteins tested. ZipA did not interact with any other cell division proteins. Comparisons of the N. gonorrhoeae cell division interactome with the published interactomes from E. coli and S. pneumoniae indicated that FtsA-FtsZ and FtsZ-FtsK interactions were common to all three species. FtsA-FtsW and FtsK-FtsN interactions were only present in N. gonorrhoeae. The 2A and 2B subdomains of FtsANg were involved in interactions with FtsQ, FtsZ, and FtsN, and the 2A subdomain was involved in interaction with FtsW.ConclusionsResults from this research indicate that N. gonorrhoeae has a distinctive cell division interactome as compared with other microorganisms.

Four major unknown active faults identified, using satellite data, in India and Pakistan portions of NW Himalaya

New mapping through geomorphic analysis of tectonic landforms using a variety of freely available satellite data, including shuttle radar topography and Google Maps, has revealed four major curvilinear ~NW–SE trending faults in NW Himalaya regions of India and Pakistan. From north-west to south-east, these are named as Mawer, Tunda, Gulmarg, and Mughal Road fault zones. Some of these faults show evidence of oblique faulting where thrusting is accompanied by a small component of sinistral strike–slip faulting, and this possibly increases towards south-east. The active nature of deformation on these faults is demonstrated by occurrence of triangular facets, fault rupture scarps, topographic breaks, displaced ridges, shutter ridges, deflected drainages, plus uplift and back tilting of Holocene sedimentary deposits. This is further supported by the fact that these fault traces truncate the previously mapped active structures such as Kashmir basin/Balapore fault and main boundary thrust. The abrupt termination of most of these faults in north-west indicates a strong structural control. These faults are active, and their dimensions and geometrical configurations indicate their potential to host major earthquakes that could be similar or greater than what we witnessed during Kashmir earthquake of 2005. Further, active deformation is also mapped within Udhampur Piggyback basin, which lies within the Riasi fault system in Jammu and Kashmir, NW Himalaya. The emergent thrusting further suggests splay faulting from one of the branches of the Riasi fault system (Mandili-Kishanpur thrust). The structural configuration of the basin indicates a possible structural control on the formation and deformation of the basin. The geomorphic expression of active faulting is manifested in the overall morphology of the oval-shaped basin (similar to Kashmir basin in NW Himalaya). The shape is structurally controlled by faults as the whole of the basin is riding on Riasi fault system. Within the valley, the active faults are only visible on the ~SE portion. This has divided the basin into two distinctive geomorphic divisions: SE and NW domains. These domains are delineated by a structural break that could be ~NE–SW trending fault zone because the mapped faults do not continue beyond this topographic break in the basin. And since the SE tectonic domain is faulted, the streams are deeply incising into the bedrock forming deep canyons. The tributaries are short because their lengths are trimmed by the faults. Thus, the tributaries on the hanging wall have permanently lost their headwater source and are orphaned. Such geomorphic features are not visible in the NW domains, which have not been faulted, and thus, the streams are following the natural slope. All the streams feed the basin merge into a major stream (Tawi River) that cuts through the anticlinal ridge of Suruin–Mastgarh anticline. This river roughly follows the interpreted ~NE–SW trending topographic break, which could mean that it follows a fault. Such an interpretation is backed by the evidence that the anticlinal ridge is only broken at this portion of the ridge.

Environmental management training for micro and small enterprises: the missing link?

PurposeMicro and small enterprises face growing expectations from stakeholders to behave responsibly in respect of environmental management. However, many continue to exhibit patterns of relative disengagement with both environmental management and associated training. The purpose of this paper is to explore the attitudes and experiences that underpin both.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on survey data from 148 owner-managers of micro and small firms in New Zealand’s manufacturing sector. Binary logit regression and non-parametric testing were employed to examine influences on engagement with both environmental management and environmental training.FindingsThere is a lack of knowledge of, and participation in, training related to environmental management. Awareness tends to be from firms already engaged in training; signalling a potential circularity of exposure effect. A distinct division in attitude exists between those who identify with personal responsibility and autonomy as the pathway to responsibility in respect of their firm’s environmental impact and those who cede to the collective actions of other communities to dictate engagement (i.e. industry associations and government).Research limitations/implicationsThe survey is based on the perceptions of the respondents to the survey statements and as such it is a self-assessment.Originality/valueThe paper is one of few that investigate the challenge of securing engagement with training and development in environmental management by micro and small enterprises in the New Zealand context.

Analysis of Surface Growth in the Conifer Shoot Apical Meristem

Premise of research. The structure and organization of the conifer shoot apical meristem was investigated using confocal microscopy of whole-mount shoot apical meristems. This article presents detailed surface and internal patterns that provide an informative and comparative model of meristem growth that is able to account for the diversity and variation of conifer meristem form.Methodology. Confocal microscopy; light microscopy.Pivotal results. On the surface of the meristem, two zones with distinct cell division patterns were recognized. The first is the summit zone that covers the apex of the meristem dome, and the second is the peripheral zone that covers the flanks of the meristem. In the summit zone, successive anticlinal cell divisions are perpendicular to each other and produce isotropic growth. In the peripheral zone, surface cells divide with repetitive transverse divisions to form long axial chains that create packets with anisotropic growth. Only cells in the summit zone divide periclinally to contribute daughter cells to the underlying tissue. Those meristems with a small number of cells in the summit zone have a correspondingly small number of periclinal divisions of apical initial cells. Those meristems with larger summit zones and many wedge-shaped packets have a larger number of apical initials dividing periclinally.Conclusions. Conifer meristems have consistent cell division patterns that define the summit and peripheral zones. Apical initials are transient, and their number varies between meristems, depending on the size of the summit zone.

Design it Yourself? Punk’s Division of Labour

Punk’s do-it-yourself call to arms led to a widespread adoption of the rhetoric, if not always the practice, of independence from traditional means of production. During the early period of punk’s development in the United Kingdom, a distinct division of labour can be seen in the impact of an ‘anyone can do it’ DIY ethos on a range of activities. These range from live performance to the creation and manufacture of punk artifacts (clothes, posters, flyers, fanzines, records). While some of these areas offered new opportunities for amateur producers, within more technical areas of manufacturing, including the physical production of records, do-it-yourself could only have a nominal impact. Many punk groups did not have access to sound recording technologies, and even of they did, they would have to hand over the cutting and pressing of vinyl to a professional outfit. There was certainly a widespread and outspoken desire to take artistic control away from mainstream sources, but in reality the ownership of the means of production was at best a naive ambition. Similarly, sleeve artwork could be created by untrained designers, but print reproduction was often left to the services of a professional print studio – doing-it-yourself had obvious limitations when it came to large-scale production and distribution.

Library and Information Services in Marginalised and Under-Resourced Communities in South Africa: Ecosystem Services and Their Implications

AbstractDaunting backlogs in terms of the library and information resource-provision in communities remain a stumbling block for all people, particularly youths, to have equitable access to information as a commodity to satisfy their dynamic and diverse ever-evolving information needs. In South Africa, the system of ruling called apartheid, also known as separate development, was officially nullified by the first democratic elections in 1994. All people including those in under-served rural communities need equitable access to information in varied formats for personal growth and development however, in the library and information services (LIS) sector, existing divisions, barriers or boundaries impede diverse users with wide-ranging information needs to fulfil them. User groups of libraries are currently divided along the still-prevailing historical divisions, an example being how university libraries are traditionally intended to cater for the information needs of their students, academics and administrative staff. Despite fulfilling their teaching needs, university libraries are also expected to cater for the research needs of students and academics to fulfil research projects, presenting university libraries as existing solely for teaching and research purposes. The key findings of the study are that most LIS are still distinctly divided with regard to their user-groups and ecosystems, with collaborations and partnerships very minimal in the LIS sector in South Africa. The study concludes that these distinct divisions deny multiple users the opportunity to equitably access information resources to meet their information needs daily. The study recommends that, based on the literature review, a holistic interconnected complex network of libraries working and existing as an ecosystem can be a viable solution to provision of LIS in resource-poor rural South African communities where there is inadequate resource-provision. The study also recommends borderless and seamless access to all libraries to enable multiple and diverse users to satisfy their dynamic and ever-changing information needs.

Biocultural Practices during the Transition to History at the Vat Komnou Cemetery, Angkor Borei, Cambodia

Mainland Southeast Asia underwent dramatic changes after the mid-first millennium b.c.e., as its populations embraced new metallurgical and agricultural technologies. Southeast Asians transformed their physical and social environments further through their participation in international maritime trade networks. Early state formation characterized much of the mainland by the mid-first millennium c.e. We examined a protohistoric (200 b.c.e.–200 c.e.) skeletal sample from the Vat Komnou cemetery at Angkor Borei in the Mekong Delta (southern Cambodia) to understand the health impacts of this changing environment. Degenerative joint disease patterns indicate a distinct sexual division of labor. Although intentional dental filing was practiced, its impact on oral-dental health could not be determined. Dental pathologies suggest a mixed diet with more fibrous foods and a lower reliance on soft, processed agricultural foods. A broad-spectrum diet and varied use of the local environment are inferred from the faunal evidence. Stable isotope ratios indicate a relatively greater reliance on fish and estuarine dietary resources than on terrestrial protein. Affinities with other groups in the region are suggested by the cultural practices of the relatively tall, healthy inhabitants from Vat Komnou.

Do husbands and wives pool their incomes? A couple experiment

We propose a simple and direct test of in-couple income pooling and provide a typology of couples that pool resources and those who do not. For this purpose, we performed a five-round experiment with 95 established real-life couples in Germany. In each round, the couples received the same total amount of money, but the relative allocation to the spouses differed and they had to agree on an irreversible private goods consumption pattern. We find that for the majority of the sample, the consumption choices depend on the spouses’ relative resources. While this suggests a rejection of income pooling at the mean, a substantial share of the couples do indeed pool their resources. Pooling behavior is more common among couples in which the spouses’ socioeconomic characteristics are more similar. In particular, traditional couples with distinct work division between the spouses are significantly less likely to pool their individual resources and treat any spouse’s income symmetrically. Conventional variables used to approximate income pooling are only loosely related to the behavior observed in our experiment.

Extraocular motoneuron pools develop along a dorsoventral axis in zebrafish, Danio rerio.

ABSTRACTBoth spatial and temporal cues determine the fate of immature neurons. A major challenge at the interface of developmental and systems neuroscience is to relate this spatiotemporal trajectory of maturation to circuit‐level functional organization. This study examined the development of two extraocular motor nuclei (nIII and nIV), structures in which a motoneuron's identity, or choice of muscle partner, defines its behavioral role. We used retro‐orbital dye fills, in combination with fluorescent markers for motoneuron location and birthdate, to probe spatial and temporal organization of the oculomotor (nIII) and trochlear (nIV) nuclei in the larval zebrafish. We describe a dorsoventral organization of the four nIII motoneuron pools, in which inferior and medial rectus motoneurons occupy dorsal nIII, while inferior oblique and superior rectus motoneurons occupy distinct divisions of ventral nIII. Dorsal nIII motoneurons are, moreover, born before motoneurons of ventral nIII and nIV. The order of neurogenesis can therefore account for the dorsoventral organization of nIII and may play a primary role in determining motoneuron identity. We propose that the temporal development of extraocular motoneurons plays a key role in assembling a functional oculomotor circuit. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:65–78, 2017. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Epigenetic regulation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) controls the division-specific timing of gene expression during B cell differentiation

Abstract The differentiation of B cells to plasma cells is required for the generation of a protective antibody response. Following activation, B cells undergo multiple rounds of cell division that result in progressive differentiation and the acquisition of plasma cell phenotypic traits. However, how the epigenetic program is remodeled to facilitate differentiation, what the cis-regulatory elements that participate in this process are, and the molecular timing of these events during cellular division are poorly understood. To dissect B cell differentiation in vivo, five distinct divisions, representing unique stages of B cell differentiation were isolated by FACS. The changes in chromatin landscape were identified by the Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and the effects on gene expression measured by RNA-seq. In parallel, histone modification profiles in naïve B cells and plasmablasts were defined. Interestingly, the loci with losses and gains in the histone modifications H3K27ac and H3K27me3 were highly correlated with enhancer activity and gene expression changes. To investigate the role of H3K27me3, B cells were differentiated in the presence of GSK343, a small molecule inhibitor of H3K27me3. Plasma cells differentiated at earlier divisions in the absence of H3K27me3 and a three-fold increase total plasma cells was observed. Together these data define the division coupled epigenetic events that regulate B cell differentiation, provide the first map of plasma cell cis-regulatory elements, and identify epigenetic processes that regulate the timing of differentiation during division.

左肺上舌区域間に明瞭な過分葉を伴う肺癌に対し区域切除を施行した2例

左肺上舌区域間に明瞭な過分葉を伴う肺癌に対し区域切除を施行した2例

The Outwash Plain Of The Rospuda River Valley – A Record Of Depositional Environments

Abstract The Rospuda subglacial channel hosts not only deep ribbon lakes and the Rospuda River itself, but also an outwash plain. The paper deals with a lithofacies analysis of deposits from exposures within the Rospuda outwash plain. With the support of geomorphological and geological analyses, it has been found that the outwash plain formed along the Rospuda subglacial channel that was being exposed from under the ice cover. The lithological record of the Rospuda outwash plain shows a distinct division into a proximal and a distal zone. The deposits under study reveal a record of a break in basial sedimentation, when ice-wedge casts developed under conditions of periglacial climate. The development of the Rospuda outwash plain is linked with the ice-marginal zone of the Pomeranian phase, similarly to the Olecko-Rajgród outwash plain that is located to the west.

A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to the Edinger-Westphal nuclei.

The central mesencephalic reticular formation, a region associated with horizontal gaze control, has recently been shown to project to the supraoculomotor area in primates. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is found within the supraoculomotor area. It has two functionally and anatomically distinct divisions: (1) the preganglionic division, which contains motoneurons that control both the actions of the ciliary muscle, which focuses the lens, and the sphincter pupillae muscle, which constricts the iris, and (2) the centrally projecting division, which contains peptidergic neurons that play a role in food and fluid intake, and in stress responses. In this study, we used neuroanatomical tracers in conjunction with immunohistochemistry in Macaca fascicularis monkeys to examine whether either of these Edinger-Westphal divisions receives synaptic input from the central mesencephalic reticular formation. Anterogradely labeled reticular axons were observed making numerous boutonal associations with the cholinergic, preganglionic motoneurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. These associations were confirmed to be synaptic contacts through the use of confocal and electron microscopic analysis. The latter indicated that these terminals generally contained pleomorphic vesicles and displayed symmetric, synaptic densities. Examination of urocortin-1-positive cells in the same cases revealed fewer examples of unambiguous synaptic relationships, suggesting the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus is not the primary target of the projection from the central mesencephalic reticular formation. We conclude from these data that the central mesencephalic reticular formation must play a here-to-for unexpected role in control of the near triad (vergence, lens accommodation and pupillary constriction), which is used to examine objects in near space.

Design and application of intelligent community chronic disease management information system centered on patients

To implement the effective docking and optimization of a new community comprehensive management information system and cardiocerebrovascular disease-related auxiliary system for a community-based information platform for intelligent chronic disease management. The cooperation of community team and a distinct division of labors were enforced according to standard operating procedures. This mode of patient-centered medical home(PCMH) could offer scientific and effective management, promote the rational classification of medical and two-way referral systems and improve service efficiency and management capabilities for the goals of achieving a reasonable allocation of medical resources and saving medical costs. Key words: Disease management, chronic disease; Hospital information systems

Vicariance, long-distance dispersal, and regional extinction-recolonization dynamics explain the disjunct circumpolar distribution of the arctic-alpine plant Silene acaulis.

Many arctic-alpine species have vast geographic ranges, but these may encompass substantial gaps whose origins are poorly understood. Here we address the phylogeographic history of Silene acaulis, a perennial cushion plant with a circumpolar distribution except for a large gap in Siberia. We assessed genetic variation in a range-wide sample of 103 populations using plastid DNA (pDNA) sequences and AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms). We constructed a haplotype network and performed Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on plastid sequences. We visualized AFLP patterns using principal coordinate analysis, identified genetic groups using the program structure, and estimated genetic diversity and rarity indices by geographic region. The history of the main pDNA lineages was estimated to span several glaciations. AFLP data revealed a distinct division between Beringia/North America and Europe/East Greenland. These two regions shared only one of 17 pDNA haplotypes. Populations on opposite sides of the Siberian range gap (Ural Mountains and Chukotka) were genetically distinct and appear to have resulted from postglacial leading-edge colonizations. We inferred two refugia in North America (Beringia and the southern Rocky Mountains) and two in Europe (central-southern Europe and northern Europe/East Greenland). Patterns in the East Atlantic region suggested transoceanic long-distance dispersal events. Silene acaulis has a highly dynamic history characterized by vicariance, regional extinction, and recolonization, with persistence in at least four refugia. Long-distance dispersal explains patterns across the Atlantic Ocean, but we found no evidence of dispersal across the Siberian range gap.

Tri-leaflet mitral valve variant of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Comprehensive assessment with 3-D transesophageal echocardiography

We report 2 cases of tri-leaflet mitral valve incidentally identified with perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during surgical septal myectomy. 3-D TEE in both cases was crucial in confirming the diagnosis. A tri-leaflet mitral valve is an extremely rare finding. It has been associated with other congenital anomalies of the heart and is usually related to an anterior mitral leaflet cleft [1]. To our knowledge, this is the third case report in the literature [2,3] imaged with 3-D TEE illustrating three leaflets, with a distinct division arising at the region of the posterior scallop (P2) in the setting of HOCM. The first case is a 63 year old male patient with HOCM presented with gradual worsening dyspnea on exertion over 10 years. There was history of exercise-related syncope. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed significant LVOT obstruction with gradient of 106 mm Hg at rest and 127 mm Hg on Valsalva manoeuvre. There was moderate mitral regurgitation (grade 2/4 MR) at rest. The pre-pump TEE showed a tricuspid mitral valve with distinct anterior, medial and lateral leaflets. There was also a small partial small cleft at the tip of A2 scallop region. This was appreciated on 3-D imaging as well as from a deep trans-gastric view (see Fig. 1: Videos 1 and 2). The LVOT gradient was 7 mm Hg post-myectomy. There was a reduction in mitral regurgitation post-resection with residual MR arising from the A2 cleft.

Refining the invertivore: diversity and specialisation in fish predation on coral reef crustaceans

Crustaceans are one of the most influential groups in aquatic trophic networks by providing a major connection between primary production and higher consumers. Although coral reefs support a high diversity and abundance of crustaceans and crustacean predators, their trophic interrelationships remain unclear. Using predator gut content analyses, we investigated trophic relationships between Crustacea and adult fishes of the family Labridae, which are one of the most abundant and diverse families of marine crustacean predators. Crustaceans were present within the guts of 93 % of the 30 wrasse genera investigated. We found a distinct division between micro- and macro-crustacean predators: wrasses 90 mm SL displayed a predominantly macro-Crustacea diet. Notably, micro-crustacean predators tended to specialise on certain crustacean taxa, whereas macro-crustacean predators consumed mostly brachyurans. Our findings highlight complex patterns of feeding diversity within crustacean predators that prompt a more nuanced approach to defining the role of crustacean-feeding fishes in coral reef trophodynamics.