Distinct Discipline Research Articles

OK for Sound? The Reception of the Talkies in Britain, 1928–32

The arrival of the talkies in Britain evoked mixed responses. While popular audiences enthusiastically embraced Hollywood musicals like the Al Jolson hit The Singing Fool (1928), the literati were often scathing of ‘mechanical’ music and dialogue. Hollywood dictated the speed of change and economics and public demand soon forced the British film industry to convert to sound, but critics, intellectuals, educators, artists, literary figures and musicians were openly hostile to the new art form, opening a chasm between popular taste and intellectual response. The cacophony of dissenting voices was joined by various official reports from bodies like the Trades Union Congress and the Federation of British Industries who predicted the deleterious effect of the talkies on everything from British jobs in manufacturing to diminishing Britain's influence across its colonies and dominions. This article will map these discourses and examine attitudes to the introduction of the talkies in Britain between 1929 and 1932 as the new technology gathered momentum across the UK and film criticism developed as a distinct discipline.

Is Integration Within Anatomical Sciences Important? Assessing Medical Student Learning of Histology and Embryology via Interdisciplinary Causal Mechanisms

Curriculum integration is increasingly recognized as a critical component of undergraduate medical education. One approach to curricular integration is through the use of causal mechanisms, which are links that guide students in making purposeful connections between two distinct disciplines. Woods et al. have shown that integrating basic science with clinical content in various contexts using causal mechanisms results in improved diagnostic performance in learners. It remains unknown whether utilizing a similar integrated approach during instruction of different basic sciences, such as embryology and histology, results in better understanding and application of those disciplines. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of integrating histology and embryology using causal mechanisms on medical students’ immediate and delayed (1‐week) recall and application. Second‐year medical students at Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (n=52) participated in this study and were randomized to either an experimental (n=27) or control group (n=25). The experimental group watched a video about pituitary histology and embryology that explicitly integrated these disciplines through causal mechanisms. The control group watched a video covering the same content, but lacked interdisciplinary causal mechanisms. Counterbalanced immediate and delayed post‐tests assessed recall and application of the content (Blooming Anatomy Tool level 1 and 3 questions, respectively). No significant differences (2‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction) were observed between the groups on immediate or delayed tests in terms of overall score (p=0.48), histology subscore (p=0.42), embryology subscore (p=0.78), recall subscore (p=0.64), and application subscore (p=0.61). The lack of significant differences between the two learning groups may be due to the close proximity (temporal integration) of embryology and histology instruction afforded to all participants, despite the control group not receiving instruction with causal mechanisms. It is possible that the explicit integration of causal mechanisms does not provide added value when simultaneously learning embryology and histology. Further research is warranted to identify the effect of temporal integration on medical students’ learning of distinct disciplines within the anatomical sciences.Support or Funding InformationOUWB Fellowship in Medical Education

Love the way you're teaching us': A purpose-developed clinical communication workshop for first year midwifery students

Preparing students for communication in clinical healthcare settings can be challenging, particularly given it may be the first time they have considered how and why they communicate. The challenge is to find an effective process for the development of clinical communication skills in a highly content-driven curriculum. The objective of this study was to empower first-year midwifery students to reflect on their experiences of communication to inform and expand their clinical communication by drawing on two distinct disciplines - midwifery and linguistics. This paper reports on the findings of a study that examined the implementation of innovative, preparatory workshops for first-year midwifery students. Data from quantitative and qualitative surveys were collected pre- and post-workshop, and post-clinical placement, and analysed using linguistic mapping and thematic analysis. Perceptible shifts in self-evaluation of competence were noted post the workshop and clinical placement. Students developed and used metalanguage appropriately to describe and evaluate communication while demonstrating increased awareness of the complexity of professional communication. They were able to find a balance between the vital technical information, and the interpersonal aspects of communication. This impacted positively on their perception of women as partners.

Material Culture and Social Practice: Archaeology and History in Understanding Europe’s ‘Celtic Fringe’

In recent years there has been a rapprochement between history and archaeology in Britain and Ireland. Two formerly quite distinct disciplines have learned to appreciate how documents and artefacts together can enrich our understanding of everyday life. Always important to understandings of classical, Dark Age, and medieval society, archaeology has also opened up new horizons for appreciating domestic and industrial buildings, burial patterns, urban morphology, land use and environment, and the consumption of both food and objects in the early modern period. I look at some recent research that has enhanced our knowledge of local, regional, national and transnational identities in a sometimes poorly understood ‘fringe’ area of Europe.

The real purpose of the program: a case study in James M. Buchanan’s efforts at academic entrepreneurship to “save the books” in economics

Using archival material from the Thomas Jefferson Center for the Study of Political Economy and first-person recollections from relevant figures, we reconstruct James M. Buchanan’s mission (in partnership with G. Warren Nutter) to “save the books” in the related but distinct disciplines of economics and political economy. From his graduate days at the University of Chicago in the late 1940s, Buchanan was worried about dominant trends in mainstream economics which would carry the field away from its core. In particular, Buchanan was worried that political economy was becoming unmoored from the types of philosophic and institutional analysis which were previously central to the field. In its flight from reality, Buchanan feared economics was in danger of abandoning social-philosophic issues for exclusively technical questions. More than this, Buchanan feared that economists were asserting their authority as benevolent social planners. In response to these fears, Buchanan sought to (re)create an economics which would balance the science of economics and the art of political economy—an economics which began with an explicit commitment to democracy and would integrate philosophy, institutional thinking, and technical, price-theoretic economics, into a coherent working paradigm for research and graduate education.

The Luminosity Lab—An Interdisciplinary Model of Discovery and Innovation for the 21st Century

Historically, higher education institutions have been designed with a focus on developing mastery and furthering the body of knowledge within distinct academic disciplines. Unfortunately, this intended design has resulted in a lack of collaboration between academic units and has stifled interdisciplinary research between students and faculty across domains. The Luminosity Lab, located at Arizona State University, is an archetype for a new model of collaborative interdisciplinary research teams. Exceptional students are hand-selected from all areas of the university and come together to fuse youthful spirit, academic prowess, and business acumen—the makings of a 'great group.' Students work together to produce system-level projects that are capable of having a large-scale societal impact. Building upon concepts from systems engineering, the lab employs the use of a view model to analyze current and future systems from various viewpoints (e.g., enterprise, functional, computational, engineering, technology, services, standards). By leveraging the strengths of systems thinking, strategic design, and agile methodologies, our interdisciplinary team is positioned to tackle systemic challenges in domains such as healthcare, energy, education, and global climate. This model of interdisciplinary research was tested at Arizona State University across three academic years with participation from over 100 students, who represented more than 20 academic disciplines. The results have shown successful integration of interdisciplinary expertise to identify unmet needs, design innovative concepts, and develop research-informed solutions. By adopting this approach, higher education institutions can begin to break down the walls that exist between academic units and start to use a holistic view of research and innovation for solving global issues.

Designs and methods for implementation research: Advancing the mission of the CTSA program.

The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program in response to the challenges of translating biomedical and behavioral interventions from discovery to real-world use. To address the challenge of translating evidence-based interventions (EBIs) into practice, the field of implementation science has emerged as a distinct discipline. With the distinction between EBI effectiveness research and implementation research comes differences in study design and methodology, shifting focus from clinical outcomes to the systems that support adoption and delivery of EBIs with fidelity. Implementation research designs share many of the foundational elements and assumptions of efficacy/effectiveness research. Designs and methods that are currently applied in implementation research include experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, hybrid effectiveness-implementation, simulation modeling, and configurational comparative methods. Examples of specific research designs and methods illustrate their use in implementation science. We propose that the CTSA program takes advantage of the momentum of the field's capacity building in three ways: 1) integrate state-of-the-science implementation methods and designs into its existing body of research; 2) position itself at the forefront of advancing the science of implementation science by collaborating with other NIH institutes that share the goal of advancing implementation science; and 3) provide adequate training in implementation science. As implementation methodologies mature, both implementation science and the CTSA program would greatly benefit from cross-fertilizing expertise and shared infrastructures that aim to advance healthcare in the USA and around the world.

Growing interreligious and intercultural competence in the classroom

AbstractBuilding on various models for intercultural and interreligious competence (IC/IR competence), this essay argues that classroom learning about religious and cultural diversity will engage students' “sociological imaginations” and lead to increased IC/IR competence. The current strategy for increasing intercultural competence (attitude, skills and knowledge, to be developed in that order) does not reflect best practices for educating about social difference. Instead, knowledge acquisition about other cultures and religions is the “front line” task for increasing alterity competence, and the liberal arts classroom can represent a “safe space” for learning about cultural and religious differences in a depersonalized, sociological manner. Supporting this argument are self‐assessments of IC/IR competence collected from primarily European and white American students enrolled in “Religions of the World” or “Intercultural Communications,” allowing an analysis of IC/IR competence in light of the two distinct disciplines and contributing valuable data toward a broader theory of IC/IR pedagogy.

The Practice of Child Neuropsychology in Spanish-speaking Countries: What We’ve Learned and Where to Go from Here

ABSTRACT The characteristics and current situation of pediatric neuropsychologists across Spanish-speaking countries was examined. A total of 409 self-identified professionals working in child neuropsychology from 12 Latin American countries and Spain completed an online survey between June and October 2018. Results revealed that pediatric neuropsychology as a related but distinct discipline within neuropsychology presents with a series of unique challenges to practitioners in Spanish-speaking countries. Efforts and initiatives are required to increase awareness of the field, define the core competencies, foster more opportunities for training, and conduct research to understand sociocultural characteristics and develop culturally specific tools.

Research Priorities for Achieving Healthy Marine Ecosystems and Human Communities in a Changing Climate

The health of coastal human communities and marine ecosystems are at risk from a host of anthropogenic stressors, in particular, climate change. Because ecological health and human well-being are inextricably connected, effective and positive responses to current risks require multidisciplinary solutions. Yet, the complexity of coupled social–ecological systems has left many potential solutions unidentified or insufficiently explored. The urgent need to achieve positive social and ecological outcomes across local and global scales necessitates rapid and targeted multidisciplinary research to identify solutions that have the greatest chance of promoting benefits for both people and nature. To address these challenges, we conducted a forecasting exercise with a diverse, multidisciplinary team to identify priority research questions needed to promote sustainable and just marine social–ecological systems now and into the future, within the context of climate change and population growth. In contrast to the traditional reactive cycle of science and management, we aimed to generate questions that focus on what we need to know, before we need to know it. Participants were presented with the question, “If we were managing oceans in 2050 and looking back, what research, primary or synthetic, would wish we had invested in today?” We first identified major social and ecological events over the past 60 years that shaped current human relationships with coasts and oceans. We then used a modified Delphi approach to identify nine priority research areas and 46 questions focused on increasing sustainability and well-being in marine social–ecological systems. The research areas we identified include relationships between ecological and human health, access to resources, equity, governance, economics, resilience, and technology. Most questions require increased collaboration across traditionally distinct disciplines and sectors for successful study and implementation. By identifying these questions, we hope to facilitate the discourse, research, and policies needed to rapidly promote healthy marine ecosystems and the human communities that depend upon them. © Copyright © 2020 Friedman, Halpern, McLeod, Beck, Duarte, Kappel, Levine, Sluka, Adler, O’Hara, Sterling, Tapia-Lewin, Losada, McClanahan, Pendleton, Spring, Toomey, Weiss, Possingham and Montambault.

Evolution of Ethical Principles in the Practice of Pharmaceutical Medicine From a UK Perspective.

Pharmaceutical medicine has evolved to be a distinct medical scientific discipline over time. Pharmaceutical medicine has distinctive features related to complex innovative medicines development activities in an often commercially focused competitive environment. This sometimes uneasy mix of professionalism and commercialisation demands of its medical and scientific researchers alike, a focus on strict adherence to ethical standards, guidelines, practices and behaviors in the interest of delivering new, effective, high-quality lifesaving and life-enhancing medicines quickly and reliably to patients in need. To support the speciality, codes of ethical standards and practices have been developed, with several being recently updated. These various codes are outlined in this paper along with relevant historical perspectives and interrelationship with concepts of professionalism. Reflecting the longer history of pharmaceutical medicine as a speciality in the UK and experience of the authors, there is a focus on the UK for the historical perspectives.

Protecting consumers from fraudulent health claims: A taxonomy of psychological drivers, interventions, barriers, and treatments.

Fraudulent health claims-false or misleading claims used to promote health remedies that are untested, ineffective, and often harmful-cause extensive and persistent harm to consumers. To address this problem, novel interventions are needed that address the underlying cognitive mechanisms that render consumers susceptible to fraudulent health claims. However, there is currently no single framework of relevant psychological insights to design interventions for this purpose. The current review aims to address this gap. An integrative theoretical review was conducted across several relevant disciplines including criminology; behavioural economics; and cognitive, health, and social psychology. The current review presents a novel taxonomy that aims to serve as an agenda for future research to systematically design and compare interventions based on empirical evidence. Specifically, this taxonomy identifies (i) the psychological drivers that make consumers susceptible to fraudulent health claims, (ii) the psychological barriers that may prevent successful application of interventions, and (iii) proposes evidence-informed treatments to overcome those barriers. The resulting framework integrates behavioural insights from several hitherto distinct disciplines and structures promising interventions according to five underlying psychological drivers: Visceral influence, Affect, Nescience, Misinformation, and Norms (VANMaN). The taxonomy presents an integrative and accessible theoretical framework for designing evidence-informed interventions to protect consumers from fraudulent health claims. This review has broad implications for numerous topical issues including the design and evaluation of anti-fraud campaigns, efforts to address the growing problem of health-related misinformation, and for countering the polarisation of politically sensitive health issues.

Economics and Politics: editorial note

One can talk about the relationship between Economics and Politics in two distinct, and at the same time, intermingled framework; classic and modern relationship. The first one emerges from the dawning of economic science itself. Due to that natural relationship between economics and politics, economics was called “Political Economy”. The second relationship between economics and politics is much more novel one. This is analyzing politics by using economic methodology. Nevertheless, both the above approaches are in the context of famous expression that is “Political Economy”. By benefiting from the interdisciplinary method, this article is highlighting the potential relationships between economics and politics. Meanwhile, one of the key mission of this note is concentrating on some substantive relationships between these two distinct disciplines and their interdisciplinary dimensions.

Howard T. Odum and wetland ecology

Howard Thomas Odum (1924-2003) was an important transitional figure in the development of wetland ecology in the United States. Although he was educated before wetland ecology became a recognized subdiscipline of ecology, his research during the first half of his academic career (ca. 1950 to 1975) was focused primarily on wetlands. By the early 1970s, he was self-identifying as a wetland ecologist, e.g., by establishing the Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida. Although Odum was interested in much more than wetlands, especially during the last half of his lengthy career, he contributed significantly to increasing the visibility of wetlands and to the development of wetland ecology in four principal ways: (1) his innovative and influential research on the trophic structure of Silver Springs, a riverine wetland; (2) his highly visible research on the use of Cypress Domes to treat waste water; (3) his establishment of a major academic, wetland research institute, the Center for Wetlands; and (4) his many graduate students who obtained influential jobs in academia, government agencies and private companies. When Odum started his academic career wetland ecology did not exist. Halfway through it, wetland ecology began to arise as a distinct discipline and Odum was one of the major reason why this happened.

Chapter 13 - Interdisciplinary assessment

Interdisciplinary assessment (IA) is defined as the integration of clinical contributions by healthcare professionals from distinct disciplines into a comprehensive diagnostic and prognostic evaluation. This process requires the professionals to independently and simultaneously consider and gage clinical information collected via a variety of methods and from a variety of informants. A shared perception of the clinical situation is progressively achieved via team meetings. IA helps clinicians to overcome the many challenges posed in today's context for assessment and treatment planning in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders. Most national and international guidelines recommend the inclusion of IA in the diagnostic workup for complex cases (e.g., autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Hence, IA should always be part of the neurodevelopmental disorder diagnostic process in children in general and preterm infants in particular.

Nicander of Colophon’s Theriaca. A Literary Commentary. By Floris Overduin.

As a critical journal for all classical studies, the GNOMON fosters the links between the distinct classical disciplines. It has thus an exceptional position among the classical review journals and allows familiarization with research and publications in neighbouring disciplines. The reviews address an international readership from all fields in classical studies. The GNOMON publishes reviews in German, English, French, Italian and Latin.

As aulas de craftivismo: aproximações corpóreas ao CESL com Bordeamos por la paz

This article is a reflection on the potential of craftivist pedagogies to disrupt the neoliberal university model and work towards building international solidarity networks. It offers a case study centered on the incorporation of the craftivist collective Bordeamos por la Paz into two distinct US-based classrooms and disciplines: Art History and Latin American Studies. Part of a nationwide, yet grassroots movement in Mexico, Bordeamos works to memorialize victims of disappearance and violence through the collective creation of hand embroidered panels. Reflecting on the shared experience of crafting a community-engaged service-learning (CESL) curriculum with Bordeamos, we advocate for the ways these courses enabled a space of civic responsibility rooted in embodied knowledge and “being with” in order to resist replicating problematic power dynamics.

Krešimir Matijeviç: Die lex sacra von Selinunt. Totenmanipulation in der Archaik und Klassik.

As a critical journal for all classical studies, the GNOMON fosters the links between the distinct classical disciplines. It has thus an exceptional position among the classical review journals and allows familiarization with research and publications in neighbouring disciplines. The reviews address an international readership from all fields in classical studies. The GNOMON publishes reviews in German, English, French, Italian and Latin.

COVID-19: Pandemic surgery guidance

Based on high quality surgery and scientific data, scientists and surgeons are committed to protecting patients as well as healthcare staff and hereby provide this Guidance to address the special issues circumstances related to the exponential spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during this pandemic. As a basis, the authors used the British Intercollegiate General Surgery Guidance as well as recommendations from the USA, Asia, and Italy. The aim is to take responsibility and to provide guidance for surgery during the COVID-19 crisis in a simplified way addressing the practice of surgery, healthcare staff and patient safety and care. It is the responsibility of scientists and the surgical team to specify what is needed for the protection of patients and the affiliated healthcare team. During crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the responsibility and duty to provide the necessary resources such as filters, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) consisting of gloves, fluid resistant (Type IIR) surgical face masks (FRSM), filtering face pieces, class 3 (FFP3 masks), face shields and gowns (plastic ponchos), is typically left up to the hospital administration and government. Various scientists and clinicians from disparate specialties provided a Pandemic Surgery Guidance for surgical procedures by distinct surgical disciplines such as numerous cancer surgery disciplines, cardiothoracic surgery, ENT, eye, dermatology, emergency, endocrine surgery, general surgery, gynecology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, pediatric surgery, reconstructive and plastic surgery, surgical critical care, transplantation surgery, trauma surgery and urology, performing different surgeries, as well as laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and endoscopy. Any suggestions and corrections from colleagues will be very welcome as we are all involved and locked in a rapidly evolving process on increasing COVID-19 knowledge.

Advocacy to act - Family medicine in health policy: A decade-long journey of the academy of family physicians of India.

The 'Academy of Family Physicians of India (AFPI)', is a non-profit organisation registered in New Delhi with a membership base, spread over all India. AFPI is working towards the establishment of a distinct academic discipline 'family medicine' for doctors pursuing primary care vocation within the mainstream medical education system in India. AFPI adopted a multi-pronged approach engaging political leadership, bureaucracy, higher judiciary and other stakeholders. In 2018, a public interest litigation was filed in the Supreme Court of India. In pursuance to the Supreme Court of India order, AFPI approached the ministry as well as the Medical Council of India. In 2018 we had received written assurance from the Prime Minister's Office - PMO that the family medicine discipline will be addressed in the NMC bill. Earlier family medicine was mentioned only as part of the National Health Policies (NHP 2002 and NHP 2017) and finally, it has become part of the act, the National Medical Commission Act 2019.