Distinct Angles Research Articles

Modelling of electromagnetic wave propagation at free space-human skin interface

The proliferation of the ambient environment with many wireless communication infrastructures has constituted a source of concern, at least from health point of view. Hence, there is a need for the investigation of electromagnetic wave interaction with human tissue. This paper models electromagnetic wave propagation at the free-space-human tissue interface, in an attempt to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with the human skin. Maxwell’s equations were used to derive the governing equations of propagating electromagnetic waves in free space while the solution of the boundary-value problem arising from the incident electromagnetic wave at the free space-human tissue interface was found through the use of appropriate boundary conditions. The solution led to the emergence of four Fresnel equations, a pair each for perpendicular and parallel polarizations of the incident wave, at the boundary. Through the use of the Fresnel equations obtained, components of the incident electromagnetic wave power at the boundary can be quantified. Typical profiles of the normalized reflected and absorbed powers at the free space-human skin interface at 28, 60, and 73 GHz were computed, using measured values of permittivity of human tissue. It is found that the total absorption of the power of the incident wave by the human skin occurs when the angle of incidence is between 690 and 770 for the three frequencies used. This is irrespective of the polarization of the incident wave. Information on such distinct angles of incidence for total absorption of power does not appear to exist in the literature as they represent new, previously unreported facts in the existing body of research. Furthermore, computed profiles of reflected power versus incidence angle displayed here, for perpendicular polarization, demonstrate strong alignments with established literature, thus reinforcing the credibility of the results presented in this paper.

Induced saturation transfer recovery steady states (iSTRESS) for proton exchange rate mapping with CEST MRI, a preliminary study

Proton exchange underpins essential mechanisms in diverse MR imaging contrasts. Omega plots have proven effective in mapping proton exchange rates (kex) in live human brains, enabling the differentiation of MS lesion activities and characterization of ischemic stroke. However, Omega plots require extended saturation durations (typically 5 to 10 s), resulting in high specific absorption rates (SAR) that can hinder clinical feasibility. In this study, we introduce a novel kex mapping approach, named induced Saturation Transfer Recovery Steady-States (iSTRESS). iSTRESS integrates an excitation flip angle pulse prior to chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) saturation, effectively aligning the magnetization with its steady-state value. This innovation reduces saturation times and mitigates SAR concerns. The formula for iSTRESS-based kex quantification was derived theoretically, involving two measurements with distinct excitation flip angles and saturation B1 values. Bloch-McConnell simulations confirmed that iSTRESS-based kex values closely matched input values (R2 > 0.99). An iSTRESS MRI sequence was implemented on a 9.4 T preclinical MRI, imaging protein phantoms with pH values ranging from 6.2 to 7.4 (n = 4). Z-spectra were acquired using excitation flip angles of 30° and 60°, followed by CEST saturation at powers of 30 and 120 Hz respectively, with a total saturation time of <1 s, resulting in two iSTRESS states for kex mapping. kex maps derived from the phantom study exhibited a linear correlation (R2 > 0.99) with Omega plot results. The developed iSTRESS method allows for kex quantification with significantly reduced saturation times, effectively minimizing SAR concerns.

An applied framework to unlocking multi-angular UAV reflectance data: a case study for classification of plant parameters in maize (Zea mays)

AbstractOptical sensors, mounted on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), are typically pointed straight downward to simplify structure-from-motion and image processing. High horizontal and vertical image overlap during UAV missions effectively leads to each object being measured from a range of different view angles, resulting in a rich multi-angular reflectance dataset. We propose a method to extract reflectance data, and their associated distinct view zenith angles (VZA) and view azimuth angles (VAA), from UAV-mounted optical cameras; enhancing plant parameter classification compared to standard orthomosaic reflectance retrieval. A standard (nadir) and a multi-angular, 10-band multispectral dataset was collected for maize using a UAV on two different days. Reflectance data was grouped by VZA and VAA (on average 2594 spectra/plot/day for the multi-angular data and 890 spectra/plot/day for nadir flights only, 13 spectra/plot/day for a standard orthomosaic), serving as predictor variables for leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), leaf area index (LAI), green leaf area index (GLAI), and nitrogen balanced index (NBI) classification. Results consistently showed higher accuracy using grouped VZA/VAA reflectance compared to the standard orthomosaic data. Pooling all reflectance values across viewing directions did not yield satisfactory results. Performing multiple flights to obtain a multi-angular dataset did not improve performance over a multi-angular dataset obtained from a single nadir flight, highlighting its sufficiency. Our openly shared code (https://github.com/ReneHeim/proj_on_uav) facilitates access to reflectance data from pre-defined VZA/VAA groups, benefiting cross-disciplinary and agriculture scientists in harnessing the potential of multi-angular datasets. Graphical abstract

Flow stirred by open turbine: A modal analysis of multiscale flow characteristics

AbstractThe turbulence observed in the stirred tank is a result of the superposition of flows at different scales, each exerting various influences on the operational processes. To understand the flow characteristics associated with stirring, this paper undertakes particle image velocimetry (PIV) experimental research on an unbaffled tank stirred by an open turbine featuring four distinct blade deflection angles. The flow field in the unbaffled tank manifests as a double‐circulation flow pattern; however, it is worth noting that the blade deflection angle exerts a significant impact on the stirring process. Specifically, when the blade deflection angle reached 90°, the flow discharge aligned closely with the radial direction, accompanied by pronounced fluctuations in the high‐velocity region. The Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) formed were subsequently extracted and subjected to finite‐time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) analysis. Notably, a more regular wake pattern emerged in proximity to the blade tip, while a larger scale flow structure persisted along the flow direction. To systematically analyze the flow field stirred by the open turbine, modal analysis was employed. By reconstructing the flow field based on the principle of 50% energy content, the decomposition of flows at different scales was achieved. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) generated by the various scale flows was subsequently calculated, revealing that the high TKE values primarily originate from the large‐scale flow structure. Conversely, the TKE generated by the small‐scale flow exhibits a uniform distribution across different regions. Notably, in regions characterized by higher velocities, the peak TKE associated with the small‐scale flow also manifests; however, it is significantly smaller in magnitude compared to that generated by the original flow or the large‐scale flow.

Exploring the Beam Squint Effects on Reflectarray Performance: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Specular and Scattered Reflection of the Unit Cell.

In this article, the phenomena of beam deviation in reflectarray is discussed. The radiation pattern of the unit cell, which plays a vital role in shaping the beam of the reflectarray, is analyzed by considering undesired specular and scattered reflections. These unwanted reflections adversely affect the pattern of the single unit cell, thereby reducing the overall performance of the reflectarray. To conduct our investigations, three cases of reflectarray-i.e., (i) a center-fed with broadside beam (Case-I), (ii) a center-fed with the beam at 30° (Case-II), and (iii) off-center-fed with the beam at 30° reciprocal to feed position with reference to the broadside direction (Case-III)-are simulated. Different degrees of beam deviation are analyzed in each reflectarray by assessing the radiation pattern of a single element. The simulation results shows that maximum of 0°, 3.4°, and 0.54° beam squint across the bandwidth found in Case-I, Case-II, and Case-III, respectively; this leads to aperture efficiencies of 31.2%, 11.9%, and 31.2%, respectively. The significance of specular reflections is further confirmed by half (left half and right half) aperture analysis of Case-II. This involves simulating the half-plane aperture illuminated by horn antenna, resulting in a distinct beam angle at the same frequency. However, deviations of -4.71 to +4.1 for the left half aperture and -1.82 to +1.1 for the right half aperture are noticed. Although the analysis specifically focuses on the three cases of the reflectarray, the proposed methodology is applicable to any type of reflectarray. The study presented in this work provides an important insight into the practical aspects of reflectarray operation, particularly in terms of quantifying undesirable effects that are normally overlooked in the design of this class of arrays. To achieve a good performance, a new design of the dielectric loaded horn feed is proposed. This design approach is both simple and applicable to any reflectarray, with the added benefit of maintaining a low profile for the RA. Moreover, this work holds significant potential for remote sensing satellite systems as beam deviation can adversely impact data collection accuracy and compromise observation precision, resulting in distorted images, reduced data quality, and overall hindrance to the system's performance in capturing reliable information.

A Comparative Investigation of the Reliability of Biodegradable Components Produced through Additive Manufacturing Technology.

Using the linear elastic finite element method, we investigated how defects significantly influence the integrity of 3D-printed parts made from biodegradable material by experimental techniques and numerical simulations. A defective flaw was incorporated into the tensile test dog-bone sample using Computer-Aided Design and processed by slicing software. Three distinct raster angles examine two sets of samples, one featuring intact specimens and the other with the introduced defects. An open-source 3D printer was used to fabricate both sets of samples, utilizing biodegradable PLA material. In finite element analysis, we employed a highly detailed model that precisely accounted for the geometry and dimensions of the extruded 3D-printed filament, accurately replicating the actual configuration of the 3D-printed samples to an extent. Our study involved a thorough comparative analysis between the experimental results and the FEA simulations. Our findings uncovered a consistent trend for the intact and defective samples under tensile load. Specifically, in the intact case, the samples with a zero-degree raster orientation presented the highest resistance to failure and displayed minimal elongation. Remarkably, these conclusions paralleled our observations of the defective samples as well. Finite element analysis revealed that the stresses, including Principal, Max shear, and Von Mises, were remarkably higher at the 3D-printed samples' outer surface than the inner layers, reflecting that the failure starts at the outer surface since they exceeded the theoretical values, indicating a significant discrepancy between the simulated and anticipated values.

A Novel Approach for Position Verification and Dose Calculation through Local MVCT Reconstruction.

Traditional positioning verification using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) may incur errors due to potential misalignments between the isocenter of CBCT and the treatment beams in radiotherapy. This study introduces an innovative method for verifying patient positioning in radiotherapy. Initially, the transmission images from an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) are acquired from 10 distinct angles. Utilizing the ART-TV algorithm, a sparse reconstruction of local megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) is performed. Subsequently, this MVCT is aligned with the planning CT via a three-dimensional mutual information registration technique, pinpointing any patient-positioning discrepancies and facilitating corrective adjustments to the treatment setup. Notably, this approach employs the same radiation source as used in treatment to obtain three-dimensional images, thereby circumventing errors stemming from misalignment between the isocenter of CBCT and the accelerator. The registration process requires only 10 EPID images, and the dose absorbed during this process is included in the total dose calculation. The results show that our method's reconstructed MVCT images fulfill the requirements for registration, and the registration algorithm accurately detects positioning errors, thus allowing for adjustments in the patient's treatment position and precise calculation of the absorbed dose.

The impact of informatization on agri-income of China's rural farmers: ways for digital farming

Informatization, a vital element in economic development, plays a pivotal role in shaping rural areas by promoting efficient resource allocation and fostering the prosperity of high-income rural farmers. This research delves into the intricate relationship between informatization and the enhancement of farmers' income, revealing a variety of perspectives on the matter. The research explores three distinct angles that highlight the complexities of the relationship between informatization and the growth of income in rural areas. Through rigorous analysis, the study aims to provide insights into the interplay between informatization and farmers' income growth. It identifies challenges and opportunities in the process of rural digitalization, such as the incomplete industrial chain of agricultural digitalization and the need for enhanced agricultural market information platforms. The study also underscores the importance of increasing farmers' digital literacy as a means to broaden income growth avenues. In doing so, the research strives to contribute to a more balanced and equitable rural society in China. This investigation employs various research methodologies, including panel analysis and threshold effect analysis, to explore the multifaceted relationships between informatization and farmers' income growth. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the ongoing development of rural areas and in ensuring the equitable distribution of wealth in China.

Cathodoluminescence and tip-plasmon resonance of Bi2Te3 triangular nanostructures.

Bi2Te3, as a topological insulator, is able to support plasmonic emission in the visible spectral range. Thin Bi2Te3 flakes can be exfoliated directly from a Bi2Te3 crystal, and the shape of Bi2Te3 flakes can be further modified by focused ion beam milling. Therefore, we have designed a Bi2Te3 triangular antenna with distinct tip angles for the application of plasmonic resonance. The plasmonic emission of the Bi2Te3 triangular antenna is excited and investigated by cathodoluminescence in the scanning electron microscope. Enhanced tip plasmons have been observed from distinct tips with angles of 20º, 36º, 54º, 70º, and 90º, respectively. Due to the confinement of geometric boundaries for oscillating charges, the resonant peak position of tip plasmon with a smaller angle has a blue shift. Moreover, the dependence of plasmonic behavior on the excitation position has been discovered as well. This research provides a unique approach to fabricate Bi2Te3 nanostructures and manipulate the corresponding plasmonic properties.

Ancient solutions and translators of Lagrangian mean curvature flow

AbstractSuppose that ℳ is an almost calibrated, exact, ancient solution of Lagrangian mean curvature flow in $\mathbf {C} ^{n}$ C n . We show that if ℳ has a blow-down given by the static union of two Lagrangian subspaces with distinct Lagrangian angles that intersect along a line, then ℳ is a translator. In particular in $\mathbf {C} ^{2}$ C 2 , all almost calibrated, exact, ancient solutions of Lagrangian mean curvature flow with entropy less than 3 are special Lagrangian, a union of planes, or translators.

Review on errors and transmission characteristics of the planetary roller screw mechanism

The planetary roller screw mechanism, a novel high-performance electromechanical servo drive component, holds a central position in leading-edge equipment, attracting significant attention within the engineering community. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of current research and recent breakthroughs in the analysis of errors and transmission characteristics associated with the planetary roller screw mechanism. Drawing on the unique attributes of this mechanism, the analysis of errors is undertaken from two distinct angles: motion errors and machining errors. A foundational examination of the bearing characteristics of this mechanism serves as the cornerstone for assessing its transmission properties. The report delves into the impact on transmission performance from the perspectives of both accuracy and efficiency. In this study, each model and related literature are exhaustively described and examined in detail. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the key discoveries emanating from various models and numerical simulations, shedding light on potential future directions in the realm of errors and transmission characteristics of the planetary roller screw mechanism.

A transmission-type terahertz beam reconfigurable metasurface based on a multilayer annular structure.

To achieve flexible control over terahertz beams, vanadium dioxide (VO2) with phase transition temperatures of 60 °C and 72 °C is selected. The effects of VO2 in its two states-insulator (before phase transition) and metallic (after phase transition)-on the amplitude and phase of the unit structure are analyzed. A terahertz beam reconfigurable phase gradient metasurface based on VO2 with different phase transition temperatures is designed. By adjusting the surrounding temperature, the metasurface demonstrated the capability to produce distinct beam deflection angles corresponding to different thermal conditions. Specifically, at a frequency of 1.35 THz, the beam deflection angle was measured at 0° for temperatures below 60 °C, 67.6° for temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 72 °C, and 27.5° for temperatures exceeding 72 °C. This VO2-based terahertz phase gradient metasurface with different phase transition temperatures provides a novel approach for the flexible control of terahertz beams, showing significant potential applications in terahertz transmission, imaging, and wireless communication.

Sunflower solar tree vs. flat PV module: A comprehensive analysis of performance, efficiency, and land savings in urban solar integration

Solar energy, a prominent form of renewable energy, can be efficiently harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) technology, which has witnessed significant advancements over the past two decades. Solar tree technology has emerged as a solution to several technical challenges associated with PV systems, including land footprint concerns, aesthetic integration, and efficiency optimization. This experimental study compares a traditional flat PV module and a solar tree modeled after a sunflower. The comparative framework encompasses assessments across three distinct tilt angles to evaluate the impact of inclination on energy output. Empirical findings reveal that the sunflower-shaped module can generate 16–23 % more energy than its flat counterpart. Furthermore, temperature assessments indicate that the flat PV module reached a peak temperature of 51 °C, in contrast to the sunflower's maximum of 41 °C. An examination of the ground footprint revealed that the sunflower PV module afforded 85 % land savings relative to the flat PV module. Additionally, the research noted an average temperature reduction of 3 °C in areas shaded by solar trees, offering potential benefits for agricultural applications.

Analytical modeling of 2D groundwater flow in a semi-infinite heterogeneous domain with variable lateral sources

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;In nature, aquifers are usually composed of distinct kinds of media, i.e., heterogeneous domains rather than homogeneous domains. Groundwater level and flow changes in such domains are more complicated than those in homogeneous domains; thus, building a mathematical model for addressing groundwater flow in heterogeneous aquifers is the present research goal. In conventional research on similar topics, many one-dimensional (1D) analytical models have been presented, but it is challenging to simulate real-world scenarios. This study develops a two-dimensional (2D) analytical model for modeling groundwater flow in a conceptual sloping heterogeneous domain imposed by variable recharge. This model can consider distinct slope angles, medium heterogeneity, and any type of lateral recharge for a semi-infinite domain. The results indicate that groundwater level and flow discharge are greatly affected by the abovementioned factors. The recharge intensity significantly affects the peak of the groundwater level. For example, when the recharge rate increases by 30%, the peak water level increases by 50% as the groundwater flows from the sandy loam zone to the loam zone. The loops delineating the relationship between discharge and groundwater level for different bottom slopes cannot become close for heterogeneous aquifers. The presented 2D analytical model can simulate and better predict results of groundwater changes than previous 1D analytical models. Further, this model can simultaneously consider the effect of varying recharge over time and space on groundwater level change.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Kinematics and dynamics of non-developable origami

Non-developable origami is a unique type of origami structures that cannot be unfolded into a flat sheet without stretching. In this work, we study the kinematics and dynamics of such origami, theoretically, numerically and experimentally, considering rigid panels and stretchable creases. Unlike developable origami, we find that non-developable origami exhibits distinct folding angle relationships, leading to several separate branches in its kinematic configuration space with snap-through and locking behaviours. By modelling the creases as stretchable torsional springs, we derive a dynamic model to analyse the deployment of non-developable origami structures, from single-vertex origami to origami chains. Our dynamic model unveils the snap-through behaviour between the two kinematics branches of the single-vertex non-developable origami structure, which is further validated by experiments with excellent agreement. We believe that our kinematic and dynamic framework of non-developable origami will greatly expand the current design space of origami structures and guide the design of novel origami actuators.

Numerical Analysis of Process Parameters and Tool Geometry in Friction Stir Back Extrusion of Pure Aluminum

Friction Stir Back Extrusion (FSBE) is an innovative process that offers efficient aluminum waste recycling and wire production. This process boasts economic and environmental advantages, as it requires minimal energy compared to traditional recycling casting methods. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of process parameters using a Finite Element Method (FEM) model based on thermo-mechanical 3D Lagrangian. The study focuses on an AA1080 aluminum alloy and employs different geometric tools, including hole extrusion diameters of 4 mm and 8 mm, as well as a shoulder with two distinct angles of 10° and 15°. Furthermore, variations in several process parameters, such as a constant axial feed rate of 0.5 and 1 mm/min and a constant rotational speed of the die set at 100, 300, and 500 rpm, are considered. The simulation plan encompasses a total of 24 combinations of these parameters to identify the optimal conditions for chips extrusion. Subsequently, the obtained results were analyzed using Design of Experiments (DoE) analysis to assess the influence of each parameter on peak force, torque, and temperature during the process.

Genetic mapping of dynamic control of leaf angle across multiple canopy levels in maize.

Optimizing leaf angle and other canopy architecture traits has helped modern maize (Zea mays L.) become adapted to higher planting densities over the last 60 years. Traditional investigations into genetic control of leaf angle have focused on one leaf or the average of multiple leaves; as a result, our understanding of genetic control across multiple canopy levels is still limited. To address this, genetic mapping across four canopy levels was conducted in the present study to investigate the genetic control of leaf angle across the canopy. We developed two populations of doubled haploid lines derived from three inbreds with distinct leaf angle phenotypes. These populations were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotyped for leaf angle at four different canopy levels over multiple years. To understand how leaf angle changes across the canopy, the four measurements were used to derive three additional traits. Composite interval mapping was conducted with the leaf-specific measurements and the derived traits. A set of 59 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were uncovered for seven traits, and two genomic regions were consistently detected across multiple canopy levels. Additionally, seven genomic regions were found to contain consistent QTLs with either relatively stable or dynamic effects at different canopy levels. Prioritizing the selection of QTLs with dynamic effects across the canopy will aid breeders in selecting maize hybrids with the ideal canopy architecture that continues to maximize yield on a per area basis under increasing planting densities.

Coupled effects of solar illumination and phenology on vegetation index determination: an analysis over the Amazonian forests using the SuperDove satellite constellation

ABSTRACTDespite the importance of the Amazonian rainforests in the global carbon cycle, their phenological responses measured by large field-of-view satellite sensors are still not completely understood. In this scenario, close-to-nadir observations at high spatial and temporal resolutions made by satellite constellations may contribute to improve this knowledge. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of five vegetation indices (VIs) to canopy shadows over 15 protected forests of the Amazon, and the possible existence of coupled effects of solar illumination and vegetation phenology on the VI determination. The VIs are the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Green-Red Normalized Difference (GRND), Modified Photochemical Reflectance Index (MPRI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and RedEdge Normalized Difference (REND). They were calculated from 432 images obtained in 2022 by the Planet’s eight-band SuperDove instrument. Few daily images acquired on the same day with distinct Solar Zenith Angle (SZA) were used to disentangle the effects of solar illumination from those of vegetation phenology. The results showed the presence of coupled effects of solar illumination and vegetation phenology on the EVI determination regardless of the site location, especially over dense forests. Such effects were not observed significantly in the GRND, MPRI, NDVI, and REND data. When the vegetation phenology was kept fixed in the analysis, solar illumination generated pseudo-greening effects from the EVI, even for small differences in SZA between daily observations. As the most sensitive VI to illumination conditions, the EVI increased from the beginning to the end of the dry season tracking solar angles and shade fractions. This dry-season trend was not observed for GRND, MPRI, NDVI, and REND, which presented low correlations with SZA and shade fractions. These four VIs were correlated with each other over most sites, which explained the agreement observed between their seasonal profiles. From the analysis of 15 sites distributed throughout the Amazon, our findings did not confirm patterns of large-scale greening at the end of the dry season. Local changes in greening (vegetation productivity) and browning were captured by the VIs over a few sites but in different periods of the dry season (June to September). At the high spatial scale of SuperDove observations, our results highlight the necessity of correcting solar and, in some cases, terrain illumination effects on the EVI before retrieving phenological metrics over the Amazon.

CFD and radiation field modeling of the NETmix milli-photocatalytic reactor: Evaluation of illumination systems composed of LEDs with distinct view angles

The coupling of ray tracing and computational fluid dynamics simulations was explored for the NETmix milli-photoreactor. Three LEDs plates composed of 15 inline LEDs were simulated and the LEDs-to-reactor distance varied. The radiation field obtained through ray tracing was incorporated into CFD simulations to elucidate the impact of LEDs light distribution patterns on the reactor performance. The employed LEDs emitted the same amount of power with the same light spectrum in all cases. The evaluated LEDs present a 48∘, 63∘ and 120∘ view angle. The impact of the distinct radiation fields on the photocatalytic oxidation of the n-decane over a thin TiO2 catalyst film was elucidated. Power absorption efficiency, homogeneity index, global illumination efficiency and the pollutant conversion were evaluated for each of the proposed illumination systems. The registered irradiance values varied from 154 W m−2 to 331 W m−2 with homogeneity indexes between 28.4% and 73.1%. Simulations have shown the dependency of the photocatalytic process on the homogeneity of the radiation field and how LED source selection is an important step in the modeling of photoreactors. The characteristics of the LEDs lamps had a significant impact on the pollutant degradation results.

Comparing The Abrasion Resistance of Conventional Concrete and Green Concrete Samples

Significant volumes of non-biodegradable solid waste are related to industrial activity in Iraq, with waste plastic being one of the most notable. 24 samples were used in this study to test the effectiveness of recycling waste plastic to make concrete. Four different ratios of waste plastic from both green and conventional concrete were used as a partial replacement for gravel: 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100%. All of the concrete combinations were tested at room temperature. These tests include compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The compressive strength was determined by molding 36 cubes. In this study, concrete mixes were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days. The apparatus created in the Construction Laboratory of the Civil Engineering department at Wasit University was used to measure the rate of concrete erosion by directing a high-velocity jet of a water and sand combination at concrete samples. A determination was also made on the impact of the impingement angle. Using two distinct angles (45 and 90) with the horizon, experimental estimations were performed. The results of the experimental studies showed that the flow inclination angle of 45 with the horizon can achieve the highest rate of erosion, while the flow inclination angle of 90 with the horizon can achieve the lowest rate. Additionally, the results showed that erosion decreased as the plastic percentage increased with age. This study confirms that recycling waste plastic as a gravel substitute in concrete offers a promising solution to lower material costs and address some of the issues with solid waste that plastic presents.