Distillation Range Research Articles

Ethanol and Diesel Fuel Mix the Preparation and Physical and Chemical Properties of Research

To ethanol fuel engine performance and the physical and chemical properties were introduced, and the mixed fuel ethanol diesel phase solublecharacteristic test, hybrid fuel mixture fuel of cold, mixed fuel filter point of viscosity and lubricity, mixed fuel distillation range and hybrid hexadecane value, hybrid density and calorific value and mixed fuel phase separation and stability analysis of numerical calculation.

Distillate‐Range Products from Non‐Oil‐Based Sources by Catalytic Cascade Reactions

An original two-step process efficiently catalyzed by functionalized mesoporous materials is proposed as a potential route for converting light olefins into long-chain hydrocarbons in the distillate range. In the first step, ethylene can be selectively transformed into C₄ -C₁₀ olefins with an even number of carbon atoms, over nickel-exchanged AlMCM-41, at 150 °C. When the nickel-catalyzed oligomerization was assisted by a second acid-catalyzed step over H-MCM-41, olefins with chains longer than 10 carbon atoms were mainly produced with a productivity of 180 g g⁻¹ h⁻¹.

Extension of the TBP Curve of Petroleum Using the Correlation DESTMOL

Abstract The properties of natural petroleum and petroleum products make use of the True Boiling Point (TBP) distillation analysis and it has been proved to be very useful for petroleum characterization and design and operation of refinery units. So, the TBP distillation analysis has contributed to the petroleum science and technology, to the classification of petroleum, to the development of petroleum property correlations and it has been used worldwide. However, when applied to heavy petroleum fractions, difficulties are often encountered. Through petroleum distillation curve (TBP), it is possible to evaluate the yields of the products that will be obtained in the refineries, as well as to establish operational strategies and process optimizations, as the cracking process. The TBP curve is very important for the oil industry and is used to understand the behavior of oil before distillation. For when the oil is subjected to a distillation tower on an industrial scale is already known about the percentage of distillate obtained working at a specific temperature. In the oil refining industry as the distillations follow: Atmospheric Distillation (distillation up to 673 K - ASTM D 2892) and vacuum distillation (distillation to 838K - ASTM D 5236). This work creates the possibility of extending the temperature range of distillation of oil to 973K. The goal of this work is extend the TBP by DESTMOL, the extension of the TBP curve oil reaching approximately 973 K exceeding the curves generated so far that reach only 838 K. The DESTMOL correlation applies pretty good showing continuity and asymptotic profile of the TBP curve. The results help to meet the waste oil and can thus use the waste for more noble ends. As the result of DESTMOL, we can better define the strategiesand operating conditions for oil processing, achieving better economic results in the use of heavy oil, due to its better characterization.

Heavy Petroleum Composition. 2. Progression of the Boduszynski Model to the Limit of Distillation by Ultrahigh-Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

Heavy petroleum fractions are structurally and compositionally complex mixtures that defy characterization by many traditional analytical techniques. Here, we present the detailed characterization of a Middle Eastern heavy crude oil distillation series, in further support of the Boduszynski model, which proposes that petroleum is a continuum with regard to composition, molecular weight, aromaticity, and heteroatom content as a function of the boiling point. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides ultrahigh resolving power and mass accuracy and thereby allows for elemental assignment for each of the tens of thousands of peaks in a single crude oil sample. Part 1 of our five-part series established the validity of the Boduszynski model for the heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) distillation series. Here, we extend our analysis to fractions from a Middle Eastern heavy crude with cut temperatures including and beyond the middle distillate range. Collectively, the detailed com...

Catalytic Cracking of Cottonseed Oil on Fixed-fluidized Bed Reactor: Product Distribution and Analysis of the Gasoline Fraction

Gasoline samples resulting from cottonseed oil catalytic cracking on a fixed-fluidized bed were analyzed to give the carbon number distribution of paraffinic, isoparaffinic, olefinic, naphthenic, and aromatic components using PIONA analysis. Cottonseed oil catalytic cracking was studied on a fixed-fluidized bed reactor under atmospheric pressure in order to analyze temperature influence on the gasoline composition. Cracking temperatures were from 430 to 490°C. Three productions were obtained after reaction condensation: solid (coke), liquid (water and oils), and gas (light hydrocarbons, H2, CO, and CO2). The product distribution and composition were studied as a function of the catalytic cracking parameters. Bio-gasoline composition is similar to FCC gasoline, a diesel-like distillation range almost consistent with petroleum diesel; these can be used as fuel or fuel additives.

Development of a hybrid solar distillator of a basin type distillator and a membrane distillator

A tube-type solar distillator hybridized a conventional basin still with an air-gap membrane distillator using PTFE membrane was numerically and experimentally investigated for drinking water or irrigation. A tube-type basin still is directly combined with a fl at-type membrane distillator through an absorber for solar irradiation within the distillator. Membrane distillation enables water to fl ow under an absorber at the stable state and water vapor to transfer in the downward direction due to support of membrane. Distillate productivity in case of a bilateral water feeding operation at the steady state almost equals to the summation of productivity in case of one-way feeding method independently for basin still and membrane distillator. The numerical simulation revealed that membrane distillation mostly produced distillate water at the range of low solar irradiation and basin distillation contributed to productivity at the high irradiation. Dynamic characteristics of the hybrid distillator were investi...

CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS

In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

Characterization of Athabasca Bitumen Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil Distillation Cuts by Negative/Positive Electrospray Ionization and Automated Liquid Injection Field Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

We have analyzed eight heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) distillation fractions, initial boiling point (IBP)−343, 343−375, 375−400, 400−425, 425−450, 450−475, 475−500, and 500−525 °C, of an Athabasca bitumen by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Acidic, basic, and nonpolar components were detected by negative-ion and positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and automated liquid injection field desorption ionization (LIFDI) positive-ion FT-ICR MS. Ultrahigh mass resolving power (m/Δm50% ≈ 350 000) and high mass accuracy (<500 ppb) facilitate the assignment of a unique elemental composition to each peak in the mass spectrum. Thus, each distillate was characterized by mass, heteroatom class, type (number of rings and double bonds), and carbon number distribution to correlate compositional changes with increased boiling point. Negative-ion ESI FT-ICR MS identifies high relative abundance nonaromatic O2 species that span the entire distillation range. All ionization methods re...

Product Composition of Pyrolyzed Sewage Sludge and Adsorption of Methylene Blue by Porous Material Derived from It

Sewage sludge was pyrolyzed at 500 and 700°C, and the effect of final pyrolyed temperature and heating rate on the gaseous and oil composition were studied. The pyrolyzed residue was activated by KOH to obtain porous material, which was characterized and observed by nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum yield of CH4 was formed at 500°C; C2H6, C3H8, and C3H6 were produced from 300 to 600°C. The content of oil with lower distillation range increased with heating rate. The heavy composition decreased at 400°C with 40 min residence. The porous material with relatively concentrated pore size distribution ranging from 0.6 to 1 nm was prepared by KOH activating at 850°C for 60 min; it could effectively remove methylene blue from aqueous solution.

Low Emission Using Oxidized Diesel

The oxidation of a blend of model molecules (tetralin plus indane in hexadecane) and two deep hydrotreated LCOs was performed by treating the fuel in the presence of air with a CuCr/P(4-PVP) catalyst. The blend was studied at different operating conditions, and the product composition was determined by elemental analysis, and by GC. The hydrotreated LCO were fractionated in cuts, and the naphtheno-aromatic compounds present were characterized by HPLC, GC-MS, and HNMR techniques, as well as elemental analysis, and ASTM methods. These cuts were oxidized in a continuous stirred tank reactor from which samples of product were taken at different residence times and analyzed. In particular, the acid number, storage stability, and cetane number were followed as a function of the oxidation severity. The oxidized products were tested in a diesel engine. Their emissions were compared with those of a biodiesel, a blend, and a hydrotreated product. The results indicated that the oxidation rate and the type of molecules are different in the light, medium, and heavy part of the hydrotreated products, with a different acid number, cetane number storage stability, and emissions in a diesel engine throughout the distillation range. The paper discusses the mechanism of the oxidation reactions, the effects of severity in the hydrotreating, and the effect of oxygenated molecules contained in the light part of the diesel.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for enhanced analysis of naphthas: New column combination involving permethylated cyclodextrin in the second dimension

A new column association using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the detailed molecular analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures is reported in this paper. In order to compare the impact of two different secondary columns, a novel column combination relying on a GC × 2GC system was used. This system is based on a non-polar first column (PONA) combined with both a permethylated β-cyclodextrin (β-Dex 120) stationary phase and a polysilphenylensiloxane (BPX 50) in the second dimension. Compared to BPX 50 stationary phase, the implementation of β-cyclodextrin columns as the second dimension was found to improve the resolution between paraffins and naphthenes in the naphtha range but not in the middle distillate range. Attempts to improve the results and to understand the interaction mechanism remained unsuccessful. Therefore, the benefits of the β-Dex 120-column are only demonstrated on heavy naphtha cut for the quantitation of hydrocarbons.

Studies on Hydrotreating of Diesel Streams from Different Kuwait Crudes for Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Production

One of the parameters that plays a key role in achieving deep desulfurization in gas oil hydrotreaters is the feedstock quality. This paper addresses the preliminary assessment of the deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of the diesel feed (straight run gas oil) produced from a new Kuwaiti heavy crude, namely Lower Fars (LF), compared to that from the conventional Kuwait Export Crude (KEC). The key properties of the two feeds with respect to the sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatic contents, distillation range, and distribution of different types of sulfur compounds were examined. Systematic experiments were conducted to compare the degree of desulfurization of both feeds at different temperatures. The gas oil feed from the heavy crude (GO-LF) that contained higher sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics contents together with a higher concentration of sterically hindered alkyl dibenzothiophenes was more difficult to desulfurize than the gas oil feed (GO-KEC) derived from KEC. The desulfurized diesel fuel produced from the ...

Properties of Synthetic Fuels from H-ZSM-5 Oligomerization of Fischer–Tropsch Type Feed Materials

The effect of feed on the fuel properties produced during H-ZSM-5 oligomerization of Fischer–Tropsch type feed materials has been studied. Under reaction conditions sufficient for equilibration of the carbon number distribution of the product, the isomer distribution was not equilibrated. This made the fuel properties sensitive to feed composition. The pore constraining geometry of ZSM-5 reduced branching, which improved the cetane number of the distillate, but reduced the octane number of the motor-gasoline. The distillate had a CH3/CH2 ratio of 0.6 (compared to >2 for solid phosphoric acid catalyzed oligomerization). Density and viscosity were mainly determined by the distillation range and increased with the final boiling point of the product, with the molecular structure playing a smaller role. Carbonyl compounds in Fischer–Tropsch derived feeds were partly converted to carboxylic acids, resulting in products with higher acid content than the feed.

Determination of the cloud and solid points of diesel fuels on the Fazafot photocolorimeter

A method for determining the cloud and solid points of summer and winter diesel fuels on a Fazafot photocolorimeter is described. The instrument was calibrated with solutions of individual waxes in naphtha to determine the absorption coefficient and calculate the wax content in diesel fuels based on their optical density. The temperature range of clouding of the solution is directly proportional to the distillation range of the waxes in the fuel and the hysteresis between the cooling and heating curves is inversely proportional to the width of the wax cut.

GC/MS Quantitation of Diamondoid Compounds in Crude Oils and Petroleum Products

This study presents a quantitative gas chromotography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the analysis of adamantane, diamantane, and their alkylated homologues in 14 crude oils and 22 petroleum products including light and mid-range distillate fuels, residual fuels, and lubricating oils collected from various sources. The method detection limits for five target diamondoids were in the range of 0.06 to 0.14 μ g/g oil. The total concentration of adamantane and its 16 alkylated homologues commonly range from approximately 40 to 500 μ g/g in most crude oils and from 0.6 to 1,300 μ g/g in refined products, but reaching values of up to 2,000 μ g/g for the south Louisiana crude oil and the Jet A fuel. Diamantanes occur in all crude oils and lighter to middle distillates, and their total concentration was in a range of 5 to 200 μ g/g and with maximum values near 600 μ g/g in weathered diesel fuel, but they were not detected in very light distillates and most lubricating oils. Laboratory distillation of crude oils demonstrated that adamantane series were highly enriched in the diesel distillation range between 180 to 287°C, while diamantanes were largely found in the distillation fraction from 280 to 320°C. The concentrations of five groups of biomarker compounds in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction decrease in the order of sesquiterpanes > terpanes ≥ steranes > adamantanes > diamantanes for most crude oils, while their concentrations in various refined products differ widely. The absolute concentrations of diamondoid compounds and their molecular indices offer potential diagnostic means for oil source identification and oil correlation, particularly for lighter refined products such as jet and diesel fuels in which the high molecular weight biomarkers have been removed during the refining processes.

The release of CO 2 in MSF and ME distillers and its use for the recarbonation of the distillate: a comparison

The knowledge of the CO 2 release from the evaporating brine in multi-stage flash (MSF) and multiple-effect (ME) distillers is very important for the design, the operation, and the cost of desalination distillers as well as for the recarbonation of the distillate. The CO 2 released in MSF plants can be used for the recarbonation of the distillate. The recarbonation method using CO 2 from the vent gases of MSF plants has gained importance, since the post-treatment of potable water can be effected without additional CO 2 production by combustion processes. The paper discusses if this approach may also be applied to ME distillers. The amounts of CO 2 required for the recarbonation are compared with the amounts released. To this end, the CO 2 release rates were calculated on the basis of two previously developed models. One consequence of the differences between MSF and ME systems regarding evaporation mechanisms, fluid flow, operating temperatures, and concentrations is that in MSF distillers the specific phase interface areas are lower and the mass transfer coefficients are higher compared to ME distillers. Consequently, the specific CO 2 release in MSF plants is significantly higher than in ME plants. The total CO 2 release in MSF recycle distillers amounts to about 82 g CO 2 per ton of distillate at a top brine temperature of 100°C. The calculations show that, for the limestone/carbon dioxide method, MSF recycle distillers produce sufficient CO 2 to allow recarbonation of the distillate up to an alkalinity of 187 ppm as CaCO 3 at a top brine temperature of 100°C. The total CO 2 release in ME distillers amounts to about 55 g CO 2 per ton of distillate at a top brine temperature of 64°C. Utilizing the CO 2 for the limestone recarbonation process would result in an alkalinity in the distillate of 124 ppm as CaCO 3. Provided that the alkalinity values aimed at in the distillate range from 50 to 80 ppm as CaCO 3, the calculations suggest that the CO 2 release in ME distillers may be just sufficient in terms of stoichiometric consumption to allow for recarbonation using the limestone method.

Characterization of Azerbaijani and Croatian brown naphthalane

In spite of the fact that noncolored (nonaromatic) naphthalane containing high sterane content has been proved as bioactive and efficient in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, brown naphthalanes, which contain aromatics, are still in use. Thousands of patients, who have been passing through the therapy, deserve thorough and permanent study of brown naphthalanes. For that reason, two frequently used brown naphthalane preparations, one of the Azerbaijani (N1) and the other of the Croatian (N2) origin, were studied. The samples underwent the study by means of GC, OT LC, and normal-phase HPLC, as separation techniques. In addition, some bulk properties, elemental composition, and group composition by 1H NMR were determined. GC-MS served in compound types, especially in sterane detection. Both of the samples were found to be unresolved complex mixtures, relatively poor in n-alkanes. Isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds, in a great variety of isomers and homologs, made the majority of both of the samples. N1 was a dark, viscous, nontransparent fluid with a strong petroleum smell. Aromatics, which made 53% mass by OT LC and 54% mass by 1H NMR were found to be composed of mono-, di-, and tri+ -aromatic compounds. Tri+ -aromatic compounds were three to four times more abundant in N1 than in N2. Beside hydrocarbons, N1 comprised some organic compounds with polar functional groups. Also, some asphaltenes were found in it. N1 contained well-presented steranes, which are thought to be bioactive naphthalane ingredients. N2 was a pale brown liquid, with smell similar to gasoline. It contained somewhat lower percentage of aromatics (46% mass) and comparatively lower percentage of tri+ fused aromatics among which carcinogens might be expected. N2 was almost purely composed of hydrocarbons. It seemed to contain low content of steranes due to relatively low upper temperature of the distillation range applied in N2 preparation.

Recovery of value-added products from the pyrolytic recycling of glass-fibre-reinforced composite plastic waste

A range of fibre-reinforced plastic composites have been pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor and the product yield and oil/wax and gas composition investigated. There are a wide range of composite plastic samples in use and the pyrolysis product gas and oil/wax composition reflect this variety. Detailed examination of a representative composite plastic waste in the form of a mixed polyester/styrene composite was carried out on a larger scale and the properties of the derived products examined for their potential as value-added products. The oil derived from pyrolysis had fuel properties similar to a petroleum-derived gas oil, in terms of viscosity, sulphur content and distillation range. However, the calorific value was lower due mainly to the higher oxygen content of the oil. In addition, the main component of the oil was styrene comprising 26 wt% of the oil. A wax product consisting of approximately 15 wt% of the original plastic composite consisted almost entirely of phthalic anhydride, a useful chemical feedstock. The glass fibre used in the composite formulation was separated from the char and filler of the solid residue and investigated for its strength properties. The potential use of the glass fibre as replacement in new composite products was demonstrated.

Determination of Molecular Weights of Petroleum Products Using Gel Permeation Chromatography

The combustion characteristics of fuel oils are directly related to their chemical composition, which in turn depends on molecular weight distribution in these products. Gel permeation chromatography offers the advantage of short analysis time and provides reliable data on molecular weight distribution and its evaluation. Molecular weight and polydispersity of ten samples from heavy and middle distillate range have been determined. The calibration standards used for evaluating molecular weights have been the normal paraffins (C10–C36) and mono to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Number average molecular weight (M n ) of gas oils vary from 220 to 238, whereas those of lube oils from 314 to 360.

Enhancing The Wash Oil Antifouling Action In A Cracked Gas Ompression (CGC) System

Pure grade samples from operational wash oil (used in cracked gas compression unit), light cycle oil, heavy residue and heavy diesel oil were obtained. Miscible blend samples of ratio 1:1 were also obtained from wash oil/light cycle oil and wash oil/heavy residue. These samples were subjected to characterization and the following quality parameters were measured, namely: aromatic content, specific gravity, gum content and distillation range. The results obtained from Tables 2 and 3 for wash oil/heavy residue blend, sample E, showed 44.10, 0.951, 6.72 and 184.2oC – 223.2oC as aromatic content, specific gravity, gum content and distillation range respectively. These quality parameters were seemingly consistent with the standard for wash oil (Table 3). Enhanced antifouling and dispersing action were observed to be adequate in the wash oil / heavy residue blend, sample E probably due to its high aromatic content. Heavy residue, sample C was therefore seen as most suitable blending solvent for the operational wash oil, sample A. KEY WORDS: Gas Compression, Polymeric Fouling, Antifoulant, Quality Parameters and wash oil. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(1) 2005: 99-105