Fractional Distillation Research Articles

Production of hydroprocessed renewable diesel from Jatropha oil and evaluation of its properties

Alternative fuel research is primarily motivated by the expeditious depletion in fossil fuel supplies and the need to fulfill rigorous emission regulations, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for modern diesel engines. Hydroprocessed (or Hydrogenated) renewable diesel (HRD) is seen takes the one’s place with possible option for replacement of fuels for Diesel engines in the hunt for a substitute to fossils based petroleum diesel from diverse sustainable feedstocks such as vegetable oils from non-edible seeds, animal fats or algae oil. Because when we compare cetane number for HRD and petro diesel, it is higher for HRD than the other, which is seen as a probable drop in alternate fuels for compression ignition engines. During production of renewable diesel Hydro-deoxygenation is done first with the help of a catalyst and hydrogen gas, which may be used to upgrade bio-oil instead of hydro-desulfurization (removing of sulphur derivatives from the crude vegetable oil). A sulfided Nickel Molybdenum (NiMo) or Cobalt Molybdenum (CoMo) catalyst based on gamma alumina is utilised as a reference catalyst for HDO in the generation of renewable diesel and is used as a standard catalyst for a hydro-desulfurization process in refineries. Jatropha oil may be thoroughly transformed into paraffins in the diesel range at a pressure of 40 to 90 bar. The obtained product includes gases and different products therefore, it is then transferred for fractional distillation which gets separated at different boiling temperatures. The Physicochemical properties of a hydroprocessed renewable paraffinic fuel were assessed and compared to Biodiesel and traditional petro diesel. The major properties of hydroprocessed renewable diesel like cetane number, flash point and pour point were higher compared that of petroleum diesel, whereas kinematic viscosity and thermal stability was almost similar for both HRD and diesel.

Characterization and separation of wood tar by full temperature range fractional distillation

Wood tar has been regarded as the most undesirable by-product of biomass carbonization. Fractional distillation of the wood tar at the full temperature range from the initial evaporating point to the coking point (110∼300 °C), was investigated. Characterization of the six typical distillates in the wood tar in terms of moisture content, elemental and chemical compositions was precisely analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the distillation process in separating the components. A life cycle assessment based on biomass converting to wood tar and further into distilled-oils was constructed to estimate the CO2 emission. Results showed high yields (∼15.4 wt%) of the heavy distillates (b.p. 250∼300 °C) and a significant reduction in water content (∼4.5 %) while high heating value (∼30 MJ/kg). The majority of the compounds presented in each fraction is phenolic, aromatic and oxygenated compounds especially phenols and their alkyl and methoxy derivatives. Phenolic compounds perform various distillation properties due to different functional groups and the hydrogen-bond interaction. LCA indicated that the distillation exerted advantages in reducing carbon emission and that it has a potential for future development of these processes for commercial and industrial use.

Expanding the calibration range of compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis by the preparation of a 37 Cl-enriched tetrachloroethylene.

The recent development of reliable GC/qMS methods for δ37 Cl compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) paves the way for dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated ethenes and thus allows deeper insights into underlying transformation processes/mechanisms. A two-point calibration is indispensable for the precise and correct conversion of raw data to the international δ37 ClSMOC scale. The currently available calibration standards for tetrachloroethylene (PCE) span only a very narrow range from -2.52‰ (EIL2) to +0.29‰ (EIL1), which is considerably smaller than observed δ37 Cl isotope enrichment in (bio-)transformation studies (up to 12‰). We describe the preparation and evaluation of a new 37 Cl-enriched PCE standard to avoid bias in δ37 Cl CSIA arising from extrapolation beyond the calibration range. The preparation comprised: (i) partial PCE reduction by zero-valent zinc in a system of PCE, ethanol (initial volume ratio 3/5) and trace amounts of water followed by (ii) liquid-liquid extraction and (iii) a subsequent fractional distillation to purify the 37 Cl-enriched PCE. The obtained PCE (PCEenriched ) showed a purity of 98.8% (mole fraction) and a δ37 ClSMOC value of +10.8±0.5‰. The evaluation of an experimental dataset with and without extrapolation showed no significant variation. The new PCE standard (PCEenriched ) expands the calibration range to 13.3‰ (previously 2.8‰) and thus prevents potential bias introduced by extrapolation beyond the calibration range.

Ethanol to high-octane hydrocarbons using HZSM-5 as catalyst

Dehydration and oligomerization of ethanol to hydrocarbons was studied using a packed-bed reactor over HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3=280 mol/mol) zeolite as catalyst. Nine experiments were performed at different temperature and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) conditions. The experiments were conducted in three levels for both variables (T: 300, 350, and 410 °C) and (WHSV: 1.3, 3.7, and 7.9 h–1). For all the experiments, ethanol was dehydrated to ethylene; however, oligomerization only occurred at WHSV=1.3 h-1, where the yields to liquid hydrocarbons were 15, 25, and 10% at 300, 350, and 410 °C, respectively. The liquid hydrocarbon products were analyzed by copper metal corrosion, gum content, octane number, Reid vapor pressure, gas chromatography, and fractional distillation. The octane number was about 95 in all cases, higher than Ecuador premium gasoline octane number (92). These laboratory-scale findings provide good insights on the ethanol-to-gasoline approach that could be scaled up to the industry.

Bioethanol Production from Waste Paper: An Alternative Energy Source

Bioethanol is one of the best alternative form of energy source in place of fossil fuels. In this study, bioethanol was produced from waste paper following a pre-treatment. The isolates used were isolated from fresh palm wine and characterized via standard microbiological methods. The pre-treatment was done using 5%, 10% and 50% concentrations of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide respectively. Results obtained showed that the concentration of glucose from the substrates ranged between 0.2-0.8 ppm with 10% sulphuric acid giving the highest glucose yield. The fermentation of the sugar was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of bioethanol, which was recovered by fractional distillation. From this study, the production of bioethanol from waste paper is a veritable means of shoring up energy deficit especially in the developing countries.

Energy saving in distillation by combining vortex contact device and thermal effects

• Energy efficiency assessment of the thermal distillation in the column apparatuses is presented. • Heat extra removed from the upper tray of the column leads to a decrease in heat flows by 9–12%. • Vortex contact devices provide an increase in the mole fraction of the light-volatile component in the liquid by 5.61%. Thermal effects are proposed to improve the efficiency of heat and mass transfer phenomena in distillation columns. The new design of the vortex contact device is developed. The paper investigates a combined use of the vortex devices that act as the contact stages of the distillation column and heat removal from the upper contact stage. Theoretical results on the distribution of vapor and liquid flows on each tray of the vortex device are obtained. The mass flow rate of the liquid phase as a result of the partial condensation of vapors is determined based on the amount of heat removed and the location of the tray with additional heat removal. A reduction in the mass flow rate of reflux during thermal distillation is experimentally established. The dependence of the average Murphree tray efficiency of the vortex contact stage is obtained depending on the reflux ratio at thermal distillation, which is confirmed experimentally. Experimental study shows an increase in the average efficiency of the stage by 10.6% compared to the adiabatic column without heat removal. A distillate mass fraction of 0.884 in the liquid phase is achieved at the outlet of the column when using 10 vortex contact stages and the working reflux ratio of 1.83. The comparative analysis of the use of the developed vortex contact devices in the thermal distillation process is performed in terms of the separation quality of the ethanol–water mixture, energy costs for the supply, and removal of heat.

New approach for bio-jet fuels production by hydrodeoxygenation of higher alcohols derived from C-C coupling of bio-ethanol

A new approach for the synthesis of jet fuel hydrocarbon from bio-ethanol was developed, the integrated catalytic process of ethanol C-C coupling and heavy alcohols hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) was reported. The initial bio-ethanol C-C coupling process was fulfilled directly in aqueous environment over Na/Ni@C catalyst. The obtained high-carbon alcohols can be separated into C4-C7 and C8-C16 alcohols respectively through convenient fractional distillation. The obtained C8-C16 alcohols mainly consist of β-branched primary alcohol, which are desired precursors for jet fuel hydrocarbons. To maintain the branched carbon skeleton in the subsequent alcohol HDO process, the Co-Mo2C catalyst with excellent C-O bonds cleavage and carbon skeleton retention ability were developed. Jet fuel hydrocarbons of 56.7% yield obtained from this approach is mainly C8-C16 branched alkanes, which is beneficial for the cold flow properties. This strategy creates new opportunities for producing alternative jet fuel from the mature bio-ethanol industry.

Improvement of octane number of Gasoline by using rubber waste

In this study, the octane number of gasoline was improved by using isobutanol isobutanol prepared in the treatment of tire inner rubber with kerosene at different temperatures and in different quantities, and then treated with concentrated capranic acid and water. Then, the formed alcohol and water are separated from the acid kerosene using fractional distillation, where the water and alcohol are separated, leaving the acid and kerosene, and then the distilled liquid (isertoy mixture) is heated on a column containing sodium tetramer. And mixed by 1, 1.5, 3, and 5% with gasoline, where the octane number was raised. Cassiochromatographic octane number assays were performed.

Effect of fractional distillation pretreatment on fuel quality of plastic waste pyrolytic oils

Today, the amount of plastic waste is increasing due to the use of more plastic. Since these wastes are composed of complex chemical compounds, when they are stored, they are difficult to degrade in the air, water and soil environment and pose a serious environmental problem. One of the disposal methods of plastic waste is pyrolysis, where valuable and useful products are obtained. The pyrolytic oil products formed in the pyrolysis process can also be evaluated with their rich hydrocarbon compositions in the production of chemicals, energy production and fuel production. However, in order to evaluate this product in various fields, it would be good to improve the product quality with some pre-processes. In this study, the quality of HDPE and LDPE type pyrolytic oils was improved by fractional distillation. Distillation fractions usability as fuel was examined. By measuring the quality parameters of the bottom and distilled fraction obtained from the fraction process, its usability as gasoline (bottoms fraction) and fuel oil (distillate fraction) were evaluated according to TS EN 2177 and TS EN 228 standards, respectively. LDPE distillation efficiencies are higher than HDPE distillation efficiencies as LDPE pyrolytic oils are distilled more easily. The sulfur content of the distilled fractions obtained after distillation fell below limit values ​​and showed a positive situation in terms of the use of distilled products as gasoline. HDPE300, HDPE400, HDPE500 and HDPE600 distillate fractions provided the standard / limit values ​​given in TS EN 228 standards in terms of all parameters considered in the study. Similarly, in terms of all quality parameters considered, HDPE300, HDPE400 and LDPE500, LDPE600 and LDPE700 bottom fractions are compatible with the standard / limit values ​​given in TS 2177 standards.

The application of computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum

The purpose of the study is to assess the application of Computer science in the fractional distillation of petroleum. The study sought to: Determine the merit of using Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum. Evaluate the cost effectiveness to the application of Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum to the welfare of citizens. Determine if Computer science can help in controlling the natural effects of fractional distillation of petroleum on the environment. Computer science has gained wider application in so many areas of human endeavor ranging from the homes to more scientific and industrial applications, hence its application of Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum cannot be overemphasized. Irrespective of the benefits of the application of Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum as a whole, it has become pertinent to ask how effective and efficient its application of Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum has been. This research work tries to investigate how effective the application of Computer science in fractional distillation of petroleum. The project exertion covered statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions/hypotheses were formulated to enable the researcher find out facts about the study, highlighted in division one. Subdivision two was based on the literature review of this study. The study covers the research methodology which guided the study, the next stage was based on the presentation of data and its’ analysis as well as the discussion of findings. The final stage of the research was concerned with the conclusion as well as recommendations and suggestions for further studies

GAS-CONDENSATE FLUID PVT MODEL QUALITY CHECK BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF A SINGLE-CELL SIMULATION MODEL

The problems of gas-condensate PVT-models (Pressure Volume Temperature, PVT) creation under limited input information were analyzed. Traditional fluid phase behavior characterization approach relies on creation of the equation of state (EOS) based on initial composition of reservoir fluid and its future regression for critical parameters (pressure and temperature), binary interaction coefficients, acentric factors of residual “plus” fraction or pseudo-components. The adjustment is done until the moment when EOS is reproducing the results of laboratory experiments. Classic PVT experiments performed on gas-condensates and volatile oils are constant composition expansion (CCE), constant volume depletion (CVD) and separator tests. However, in the case of most Ukrainian fields, discovered and explored in the last century, not only the reliable detailed initial fluid composition is not available, but phase behavior was studied with non-equilibrium method of so-called differential condensation, that does not allow their direct application for PVT models creation. Previously, the authors [1, 2] presented an alternative method for fluid characterization based on the fractional distillation test. At the same time, due to significant uncertainty in input data, particularly a) condensate production allocation; b) commingled production from multiple reservoirs with different C5+ yield; c) non-recorded change of separator conditions that affects liquid extraction and its density; d) technological production losses, issues of reproducing the condensate production during history matching of several models of Dniper-Donetsk Basin were faced. There was proposed and explained in detail an example of single-cell reservoir simulation model application concept for quality check of created PVT model for one of the fields with potential yield of 86 g/m3. The idea of the concept is based on the reproduction of material balance of gas-condensate reservoir through one conditional well controlled on a primary (gas) phase, that allows quick identification of changes into calculated gas-condensate yield curve, necessary for matching of condensate production. Implementation of these changes allows quick and precise full-field model calibration.

Production of biodiesel and water conservation through conversion of free fatty acids from a domestic wastewater drain

ABSTRACT Wastewater discharge from restaurants, hotels, household kitchens, confectionaries, meat, fruits, and vegetable processing units contain free fatty acids (FFAs) from fats, oils, and greases (FOG). These FFAs are one of the major causes of sewer overflows and blockages that cause health and environmental issues. This study has investigated the use of sewer wastewater as a source of lipids for the production of alkyl esters (Biodiesel) and provides a characterization of the resulting processed water. Amberlyst A21 basic resin in a column reactor was used to recover the FFAs by adsorption from an oily layer collected from the domestic wastewater drain (Chakri drain, Rawalpindi, Pakistan) having a 33.0 ± 2.08% oily fraction with 59.7 ± 1.1% FFAs. The recovered ethanol washed FFAs from the Amberlyst A21 surface were then turned into Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEEs) in the presence of an acidic resin catalyst Amberlyst 15. The esterification reaction was studied at temperatures 50, 60, and 70°C, molar ratios of 1:2 to 1:3, acidic resin weight % of 2 to 6, and reaction time of 2 to 8 hr, respectively. A maximum FFAs conversion into esters of 91.38 ± 1.13% was noted at an esterification temperature of 70°C, molar ratio of 1:3, acidic resin weight of 6%, and a reaction time of 8 h. The fractional distillation of the esterified reaction product at 100°C improved the ester content in the reaction mixture up to 96.6 ± 0.18%, with a distilled biodiesel yield of 95.52 ± 0.21%. The collected top oily layer from sewer drain wastewater was found to have a density 947.31 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 32.69 mm2/sec, flash point 283°C, and LHV and HHV of 26 and 28 MJ/kg, respectively, while for the produced biodiesel the density was 886 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 4.3 mm2/sec, flash point 137°C, and LHV and HHV of 39 and 41 MJ/kg was noted, respectively. Only oily layer free wastewater after passing through PAC was found to meet Pakistan NEQS, with COD <150 mg/L, pH 6–8, Alkalinity <1000 mg/L, and Ammonia-nitrogen <40 mg/L. For every 1000 gallons of domestic sewer drain wastewater treated per 8 h work shift or 3 work shifts in a day with FFAs recovered and their conversion into biodiesel, a net profit of 54.89 and 93.32 million Pakistani rupees can be gained in the first year and then in successive years, respectively. Thus, this research provides a way to produce renewable energy fuel, biodiesel from the waste lipids (FFAs) of wastewater drains to meet the energy requirements and a solution for the conservation of water bodies.

Extraction of lactic acid from corn kernels by &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus Thermophilus&lt;/em&gt; fermentation

Lactic acid is used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and polymer industries. Lactic acid can be synthesized by fermenting glucose obtained from the hydrolysis of starch. In the present study, powdered corn kernels were hydrolyzed by α-amylase under optimized stirring time (1.5 hrs.), temperature (47 ℃) and corn starch concentration (0.75% w/v) to obtain the glucose. The glucose concentration was measured by 3, 5-Dinitrosalicylic acid method. Resulted glucose was fermented (37 ℃) using <em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> and the highest concentration of lactic acid was obtained after four days. The lactic acid yield was determined using UV visible spectrophotometer and calculated as 128.4 g/L. Lactic acid was purified by centrifugation followed by fractional distillation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Therefore, lactic acid could be successfully extracted from Sri Lankan corn starch using <em>Streptococcus thermophilus.</em>

Origin and Genesis of the Permain Hydrocarbon in the Northeast of the Dongdaohaizi Depression, Junggar Basin, China.

Dongdaohaizi area is an important hydrocarbon-rich depression in the Junggar Basin. Early resource evaluation has revealed that it has superior hydrocarbon generation conditions. No major exploration breakthrough has been observed in the hydrocarbon from the Permian Pingdiquan Formation source rocks, which are widely distributed and have a large sedimentary thickness. The unclear recognition of the genesis, the sources, and the hydrocarbon evolution history of the formation seriously restricted further exploration and development. Sixty-four samples were acquired during the study, consisting of 30 source rocks, 13 crude oil samples, and 21 natural gas samples. Studying the geochemical characteristics of the source rock extract and the surrounding structural crude oil in the Dongdaohaizi Depression, the differences in the stable carbon isotope, the biomarker compound, and the molecular relative composition of the three sets of main source rock products in the research fields are summarized. The results reflect that the drying coefficient of natural gas in the study area is generally low, and the fractional distillation value of methane and ethane is 0.32, which is most likely due to the loss of oil and gas migration and the mixing of different types of natural gases. The carbon isotope value is relatively low, with the Pr/Ph being generally less than 3.0. The content of sterane C29 is the highest in the relative composition of steranes, followed by the content of sterane C28, which together account for more than 80% of the total sterane content, and then followed by a lower content of C27 sterane, accounting for only 5–20% of the total content, which generally conforms to the characteristics of Permian Pingdiquan Formation source rock products. The carbon isotope value of crude oil ranges from −30.94 to −28.31‰, which is different from the characteristics of typical Permian source rocks (values range from −34.49 to −28.21‰), while it is related to typical Carboniferous products (values range from −29.98 to −24.1‰), indicating that small amounts of Carboniferous source rock products were mixed in different degrees in the Dinan fault area. According to the distribution law of oil and gas, the geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon sources were considered the oil source in the east of the Dongdaohaizi Depression, mainly from the source rocks of the Permian Pingdiquan Formation. The products of the peak period of hydrocarbon generation in the source rocks of the Pingdiquan Formation have not been transported to the high structural positions on a large scale to form reservoirs. They may still exist in the deep part of the Depression and the slope area. The low-amplitude structural and lithologic traps in the slope area of the Dongdahaizi Depression are promising targets for finding the products of the peak period of hydrocarbon generation. This is of great significance to reveal the Permain hydrocarbon evolution in the Junggar Basin and guide further research on the oil-source correlation of natural gas from the paleo-strata.

Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products

The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%.

Kinetics of dissolution of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits when adding dispersing agents

The study is devoted to the determination of kinetic parameters of the process of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits dissolution by oil fractions, solvents and compositions based on them. The study of the kinetics of deposits dissolution and the effect of additives on this process is relevant, as the use of solvents will reduce the cost of cleaning and repairing process equipment of refineries. A series of experiments was performed to determine the kinetic regularities of dissolution of different types of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits in petroleum solvents of different fractional composition and the effect of dispersing agents on this process. Crude distilled oil fractions 110–1500С, 150–2000С and 140–2430С were shown to be the most effective for dissolving the asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. The use of dispersant agents increases the degree of solubility of the components of the asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. The kinetics of dissolution process obeys the Erofeyev-Kolmogorov equation.

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Its Applications as a Starting Material to Synthesize Valuable Heterocyclic Compounds

The development of new catalysts for converting biomass to high-value chemicals has received much attention for both energy and the environment; thus, designing and developing green and efficient catalysts for biomass conversion is pertinent. In this study, we developed a novel homogeneous catalyst in an eco-sustainable reaction medium of ionic liquids (ILs) to convert carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a renewable building block for biodiesel and other valuable compounds, using experimental and computational tools. Particularly, based on 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, the synthesized IL, which bears Brønsted acid sites, in combination with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (or [EMIM]Cl) as a binary IL catalyst/solvent was investigated for the conversion of carbohydrates (i.e., fructose, glucose, sucrose, and cellulose) to HMF. The results reveal that the reaction occurs under simple and mild conditions, in which fructose can be converted with a high yield, even at room temperature. Importantly, the product, HMF, can be easily isolated using liquid–liquid extraction that overcomes the HMF separation challenge posed by using fractional distillation. Last but not the least is that the catalyst with structural integrity can be effectively recovered and reused with a slight decrease in catalytic activity. In addition to the investigation of the operation parameters, the detailed reaction mechanism of the conversion of fructose to HMF was revealed by electronic structure and statistical mechanic calculations. Moreover, the as-prepared HMF can also be converted to high-value heterocyclic compounds such as (5-(di(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)furan-2-yl)methanol, (5-(3-phenyl-1-(piperidin-1-yl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)furan-2-yl)methanol, ethyl 4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate, and 2-amino-4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile using deep eutectic solvents as reaction media. Therefore, with the novel activities and high sustainability, the designed catalytic system has shown great potential for industrial applications of converting carbohydrates to value-added products.

Vacuum fractional distillation of biocrude oil and the immobilization of harmful metal

The high heteroatom and excessive metals induce poor physiochemical properties of algae-biocrude, causing either damage to engine or air pollution. This study systematically investigated elements migration behaviors during vacuum fractional distillation of raw biocrude. Comparing with the raw biocrude, the oxygen (O) and sulfur (S) content in the distillates was greatly decreased by 47.6% and 44.3%, respectively. Over 96.0% of the Ca, K, and Pb in the raw biocrude concentrated into the distillation residue. Notably, the migration morphology of As is very special with only 63.1% of the As migrated into the residue associated with organic As in biocrude. In-situ catalytic reaction of CaCO3/K2CO3 may promote the metal migration, denitrogenation, and desulfurization process. The distillate oil obtained at 275 °C (F6) has the highest abundant of saturated hydrocarbon (62.69%) with relatively high H/C and low N/C among all the distillates, which was probably an excellent transport alternative biofuel.

RETRACTED: Multi-attribute optimization of sustainable aviation fuel production-process from microalgae source

The aviation sector has been one of the most significant contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; there is an urgent need to transition from traditional fossil-based jet fuel to sustainable aviation fuel to meet net-zero targets by 2030. The use of renewable aviation fuel may be regarded as the most effective option for reducing GHG emissions in the aviation sector while allowing for long-term growth. In this study, the microalgae oil was transformed to develop hydrocarbons with the boiling point range of jet fuel. Following the transesterification of algal oil fatty acids to algal oil methyl ester, fractional distillation was carried out. The Box-Behnken technique was used to design experiments for efficient resource utilization by minimizing the number of tests during transesterification. The quantitative relationship function between input (molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and temperature) and % yield of methyl ester as an output of the process was developed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) was utilized to develop a prognostic model with good prediction effectiveness. MORSM (multi-objective response surface methodology) was also used to build a prediction model using correlations. A set of statistical indicators and Theil's U2 were used to examine the prediction efficacy and model uncertainty of ANFIS and MORSM. On both statistical indices and Theil's U2, the ANFIS-based model outperformed. To get the best results, the desirability approach was used to improve operating parameters. According to the desirability approach, the best operating parameters were catalyst concentration at 2.09%, methanol to oil ratio at 9.17%, and temperature at 60.49 °C, which resulted in the greatest yield of 91%.

Production of Biodiesel Distillate with Low Monoglycerides for B40 Component by Using Distillation Technique with 1 and 30 Plates Column

One of the quality standard indicators for biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) product specifications is monoglyceride content. Monoglycerides (MG) are residuals of the vegetable oil reactant that do not react completely in the process of making biodiesel, so that they become contaminants in biodiesel. The lower the monoglycerides in the biodiesel product, the better the quality of the biodiesel. In Indonesia’s B40 program, one scenario of adding 10% biodiesel is using FAME distillate on top of 30% regular FAME. The monoglyceride content in the FAME distillate for the B40 mixture was determined not to exceed 0.3 %wt. Distillation technique is one of the effective methods for reducing monoglyceride level in FAME. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of laboratory scale distillation with columns of 1 and 30 plates in reducing the monoglycerides concentrations. Refining FAME by true boiling point (TBP) distillation with 30 plates column under 5 mmHg vacuum at reflux ratio of 1; 2-3 showed that monoglyceride levels decreased significantly at the distillate fraction of 240-325 °C, from an initial level of 0.83 wt.% to 0.17 wt.%. Pour point temperature increased 2 times from the original biodiesel pour point temperature. The pour point temperature of distillate fractions of 240-325 °C, 325-330 °C and 330-335 °C were 12 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C, respectively. At the 340-345 °C distillate fraction, the pour point dropped drastically to 3 °C. By using 1 plate distillation column under operating 5 mmHg vacuum at a recovery rate of 90 %v, monoglycerides with an initial level of 0.83 wt.% can be reduced to 0.59 wt.%. distillate recovery. As the recovery rate of distillation level reduced to 86 vol%, the monoglycerides concentration was 0.29 wt.%.