Distant Spheres Research Articles

Podejście młodzieży maturalnej do wybranych aspektów aktywności seksualnej w świetle ich przynależności religijnej

The content of the article focuses on the religiousness of young people and their attitudes related to sexuality. At the beginning, the views of critics of religion and its defenders in the world of science were discussed. Various types of religiosity and its impact on the behavior of individuals were discussed. Next, statistical data relating to the faith of Poles and their participation in religious practices were presented. The changes in that matter over the years and possible reasons for the differences between youth and adults were also indicated. Then, the concept of sexuality was referred to and conclusions from various studies were briefly quoted, showing the influence of religion on decisions made in this seemingly quite a distant sphere. The second part includes the results of the author's own research conducted on high school graduates from Lesser Poland. Respondents - according to their declarations regarding religion - were divided into three groups: practicing Catholics, non-practicing Catholics and atheists. The similarities and differences in their answers on sexuality were checked, and analysis and interpretation were presented. In the third and last part, the most important data were summarized and conclusions were drawn. Keywords: religiosity, sexuality, practicing religion, youth, atheists.

Beyond the borders. Ahmed Hassan Mattar and his activism between Africa and South America

The biography of Ahmed Hassan Mattar expressed the multiple identity lines assumed by those revolutionary cadres of the first decades of the 20th century, who emerged in a colonial and neocolonial world and developed their political activity in different settings and distant spheres of their own culture. The story of A. H. Mattar is, therefore, that of a militant and journalist of Sudanese origin who developed his political work in Africa, especially in Morocco, together with Abd el-Krim, the warlord of the Rif, as well as in European countries such as France and Germany, once incorporated into the Communist International. However, it would be in South America, in countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, where he would stand out not only in anti-imperialist struggles but also as a chronicler and community leader of communities of Arab origin, even producing original empirical and statistical research. In sum, Mattar’s course can be seen as that of an activist who understood the social reality of a certain time and who assumed politics as a commitment to fight against colonialism and imperialism.

Geometric modeling and study of properties of surfaces equidistant to two spheres

The paper considers the geometric locus of points equidistant to two spheres of different diameters. If these spheres are concentric, the sought multitude constitutes a single surface – a sphere of diameter equal to arithmetic mean of the diameters of the given spheres. In other cases the geometric locus of points equidistant to two spheres of different diameters constitutes two surfaces. In case the spheres intersect, are tangent or distant to each other, the first of these surfaces is a two-sheet hyperboloid of revolution that degenerates into a plane in case the spheres are equal. In case the spheres intersect, the second of the surfaces is an ellipsoid of revolution that degenerates into a straight line if the spheres are tangent to each other. In the case of distant spheres, the second of the surfaces is a two-sheet hyperboloid of revolution. In case the spheres contain one another, the sough geometric locus constitutes two co-axial co-focused ellipsoids of revolution. The equations defining the mentioned surfaces are presented. The regularities in shape and location of these surfaces were studied; the formulas for the major and the minor axes of the ellipsoids and the vertices of the two-sheet hyperboloids of revolution were derived.

Photochemically Switchable Interconnected Microcavities for All‐Organic Optical Logic Gate

AbstractOptical microcavities confine molecular luminescence and transfer it to a far longer distance than the conventional Förster resonant energy transfer process. Such cavity‐mediated energy transfer is advantageous for use in optical circuitry. However, to realize all‐organic optical circuits, optical gate operation with organic materials is indispensable. Here, all‐organic optical gates consisting of polymer whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators that work as the optical source, drain, and gate, which are interconnected with polymer microfiber, are demonstrated. Photoirradiation of the source sphere, as an optical input, triggers the blue fluorescence that transmits to the gate sphere through the fiber. The fiber interconnection enhances both the light confinement efficiency in the individual spheres and the light transmission efficiency between distant spheres. The gate sphere contains photoisomerizable fluorescent dye that converts, in its closed state, the blue emission into green light, which is again transmitted to the drain sphere through the fiber and lets the sphere emit red light as an output. This optical cascade is switched on and off upon photoisomerization of the dye in the gate sphere. Furthermore, an energy cascade equipped with two gate spheres works as an OR‐type logic gate, demonstrating potential utility for the future all‐organic and all‐optical integrated devices.

On time: temporal and normative orderings of mobilities

ABSTRACT This special issue is about the ways in which mobilities, as they are made and lived, tamper with a multiplicity of entwined normative and temporal orderings. Questions concerning the entwinement of temporal and normative orderings are not only a challenge for social theory. Mobilities, notably, make the intricate multiplicity of normative and temporal orderings a palpable, everyday issue: Distant spheres have to be linked, gaps to be bridged, connections forged, groups coordinated, timelines met, processes aligned etc. Serving flexibility, safety, synchronization and efficiency, contemporary mobilities involve diverse timings and commitments. This special issue, then, examines how multiple normative and temporal orderings unfold in practice, how they overlap and interfere, support and challenge one another. The multiple orderings that characterize today’s mobilities are typically coordinated by means of infrastructure – sequences, breaks and buffers, brackets, borders and walls – in ways that we describe as co-existence, conflict, containment, and collation.

New services of energy companies

Growing competition in the market causes that the energy companies increasingly are looking for new services that they can offer to their customers. The requirements of these customers are systematically increasing. They expect similar benefits as from other highly competitive and customer-focused industries. So some services offered by energy companies at first glance are not closely related to the energy market, and often involve very distant spheres of sales and supply of electricity. By analyzing the market it is possible to distinguish several groups of services (apart from electricity sales), which are present in the offer of energy companies. These include services accompanying the core businesses of these companies, such as home energy management systems, energy efficiency services, electrical equipment servicing, electric car charging stations and services that are no longer clearly linked to the energy market. Examples include warranty and insurance services, Internet and television signaling services, gardening services, technical customer support for individual customers, smart home building advice, authorization services and loans. The purpose of this paper is to characterize existing and new services – not related to electricity sales – which are presently offered by energy companies operating on the energy market and to assess the benefits of the introduction of these services to the market.

Einstein\u2013Maxwell-axion theory: dyon solution with regular electric field

In the framework of the Einstein–Maxwell-axion theory we consider static spherically symmetric solutions which describe a magnetic monopole in the axionic environment. These solutions are interpreted as the solutions for an axionic dyon, the electric charge of which is composite, i.e. in addition to the standard central electric charge it includes an effective electric charge induced by the axion–photon coupling. We focus on the analysis of those solutions which are characterized by the electric field regular at the center. Special attention is paid to the solutions with the electric field that is vanishing at the center, and that has the Coulombian asymptote, and thus displays an extremum at some distant sphere. Constraints on the electric and effective scalar charges of such an object are discussed.

The Andean Wonder Drug: Cinchona Bark and Imperial Science in the Spanish Atlantic, 1630–1800

Drawing on Atlantic history, the history of science, and commodity studies, this book manages to make a strong original contribution to scholarship on a topic, medicinal cinchona (quina in botanical form), that has drawn its share of general writings over the years. The study's primary concerns, aside from the early Amazonian bark antidote for malarial fevers, are the intersecting “networks” or “politics” of knowledge that swirled around cinchona and between officials, botanists, pharmacists, and Andean protagonists in the trade. These discourses are plucked from consecutive Spanish crown attempts across the long seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to regulate or improve the tree's extraction and quina commerce, centered around the designated royal reserve of cinchona in the eastern Loja forests of today's Ecuador.The Andean Wonder Drug covers such an extended chronology in two well-structured sections: part 1, “Andean, Atlantic, and Imperial Networks of Knowledge,” which explores the seventeenth-century construction of quina as a medicine, commodity, and resource; and part 2, “The Rule of the Local and the Rise of the Botanists,” which explores the high imperial politics of the drug. The introduction lucidly lays out a wider set of issues about the “power” and “fragility” of European science in the Spanish Atlantic world—its “epistemic cultures”—in the strategic cascarilla (or Peruvian bark) commerce.Chapter 1, “Quina as a Medicament from the Andean World,” is an ethnohistorical foray into the meanings of the drug from perspectives of local curanderos or herbalists, such as the Kallawaya of the Bolivian Andes. Chapter 2, “Quina as a Product of the Atlantic World,” lays out a counterpoint in the drug's transformation into an Atlantic commodity—linked to Atlantic slavery and plantation economies—prior to the formation of the royal reserve in 1751. (There were other areas of quina collection, some touched on by Crawford, throughout the eastern Andes ranging from today's Colombia to Bolivia.) Chapter 3, “Quina as a Natural Resource for the Spanish Empire,” looks at the tree from Madrid's mercantilist perspective and its challenges (such as ecological scarcity and adulteration) during the era of official botanical expertise. Together, these three sides beautifully illustrate the historical construction of goods and the multiple meanings of drug products.Part 2 of the book, “The Rule of the Local and the Rise of the Botanists,” goes into fine detail about eighteenth-century debates, mostly concerning management of and improvement projects for the Loja reserve. Chapter 4 covers the divergence of local magistrate Pedro de Valdivieso's management of Loja's forests from 1768 to 1784—and conflicts over quality control—from the position of distant crown pharmacy experts. Chapter 5, “Botanists as the Empire's New Experts in Madrid,” charts the post-1770s reign of Spanish botanists as quina specialists over previously entrenched authorities such as royal physicians and pharmacists. Chapter 6, “Imperial Reform, Local Knowledge, and the Limits of Botany in the Andean World,” traces the impact of reformers on the trade by the 1790s, including European scientific expeditions and powerful botanists like Vicente Olmedo. There was even a failed effort to foster cinchona plantations, in Quito. That, of course, is exactly what the British and Dutch managed to do, with purloined Andean saplings, in successful South Asian plantations a half century later, an act of scientific botanical imperialism that facilitated modern European empires throughout the tropics. This left a “backwards” cast over the longer extractive Spanish quina trade, as well as our curious bitter legacy of quinine water.Any fine book elicits a few gripes. I wanted to know more context in the actual emerging networks or commodity chains of quina and quinine: methods of extraction and processing, merchant shipping routes and practices, and Spanish and wider medicinal usage. Similarly, quinine could have been more deeply analyzed as part of growing debates about the roles of “drugs” in the early modern world. I also yearned for more of that promised Andean knowledge: apart from an early sample of curanderos and Valdivieso's era in Loja we really get little here, which mostly revolves around larger bureaucratic, mercantilist, and regal disputes. How did distant spheres of knowledge articulate and affect each other? By the end, I thus felt a bit lost by a few of the broader assertions about the discursive networks around the plant. An example: “As botanists became integrated into the structures and epistemic culture of empire, they became less able to serve the empire—at least in the way that they promised—because integration meant association with some of the interest groups competing to define what ‘the empire’ was” (p. 175).That said, this is an excellent book on an intriguing and vital topic in both Andean and Atlantic history.

Beyond Kaiser bias: mildly non-linear two-point statistics of densities in distant spheres

Simple parameter-free analytic bias functions for the two-point correlation of densities in spheres at large separation are presented. These bias functions generalize the so-called Kaiser bias to the mildly non-linear regime for arbitrary density contrasts. The derivation is carried out in the context of large deviation statistics while relying on the spherical collapse model. A logarithmic transformation provides a saddle approximation which is valid for the whole range of densities and shown to be accurate against the 30 Gpc cube state-of-the-art Horizon Run 4 simulation. Special configurations of two concentric spheres that allow to identify peaks are employed to obtain the conditional bias and a proxy to BBKS extrema correlation functions. These analytic bias functions should be used jointly with extended perturbation theory to predict two-point clustering statistics as they capture the non-linear regime of structure formation at the percent level down to scales of about 10 Mpc/h at redshift 0. Conversely, the joint statistics also provide us with optimal dark matter two-point correlation estimates which can be applied either universally to all spheres or to a restricted set of biased (over- or underdense) pairs. Based on a simple fiducial survey, this estimator is shown to perform five times better than usual two-point function estimators. Extracting more information from correlations of different types of objects should prove essential in the context of upcoming surveys like Euclid, DESI, PFS or LSST.

When the God Meets a Tribal Girl: Narasiṃha’s Second Marriage in the Light of the Vāsantikāpariṇayam

A widely diffused pattern of a recognized god who takes a second wife, usually local, has essentially articulated the acculturation of tribes or other spatially and socially separated groups. This motif has been discussed regarding South Indian literary traditions, where two brides are opposites in terms of origin, status and appearance, and a double marriage metaphor that aims at reconciliation of two distant spheres should be often contextualized within bhakti ideology. The motif of unconditional devotion of the additional wife to her husband is also closely connected to Vijayanagara politics: a local girl as a spouse may reflect the extension of both royal and spiritual power symbolized by the god. The present paper explores the strategy and purpose of the adaptive re-use of a vernacular legend from the area of Ahobilam about the love between Narasiṃha and a Cencū huntress, as extolled by the author of a Sanskrit drama entitled Vāsantikāpariṇayam.

Non-colloidal suspensions: Relations between theory and experiment in shearing flows

This paper considers the relation between theory, computation and new experiments in noncolloidal suspensions with Newtonian and viscoelastic matrices in shearing flow.One expects from creeping flow theory that a suspension of rigid spheres in a Newtonian fluid matrix at negligible Reynolds number and large Péclet number would exhibit a constant shear viscosity. However, one usually sees shear-thinning behaviour in experiments for larger volume fractions (φ>0.3). Experiments with a Boger fluid matrix of constant shear viscosity on the other hand, show mild shear thickening at higher shear rates. Explanations for this behaviour are unsatisfying.There are also puzzles for the normal stresses in sheared suspensions. For a suspension with a Newtonian matrix in a simple shear flow various workers have found experimentally that the bulk stress field is no longer a shear plus an isotropic pressure, and that both first and second normal stress differences (N1 and N2) occur and are negative. Our own experiments using an open semi-circular trough to find N2 agree reasonably well with previous experimental results and the Brady–Morris theory of 1997. However, this theory predicts that N1 is zero, whereas it is measured to be negative but smaller in magnitude than N2.The viscometric functions (η, N1 and N2) for non-colloidal suspensions of spheres in a Boger fluid matrix were also measured. Volume fractions (ϕ) from 5% up to 40% were investigated. The relative viscosity (ηr=η/η0) and the (positive) first normal stress difference N1 showed increases with ϕ which were larger than the dilute suspension theory predictions of 1+2.5ϕ, indicating semi-dilute suspension behaviour, even down to 5% concentration.A major concern however centres on the second normal stress difference N2. The Boger matrix fluid showed a zero second normal stress difference, and the measurements showed that N2 was always negative for the suspensions. This agrees with the dilute suspension theoretical prediction found using the Landau–Lifshitz averaging procedure, but not with the result from the ensemble averaging method, which predicts a positive N2. The reason for this predictive failure is suggested to lie in the treatment of the stresses induced by the far distant spheres. It is suggested that using a Brinkman approach to model the effect of the far spheres would be useful.For larger concentrations (up to 0.4) the second normal stress difference was always negative. However, we saw a switch from a positive N1 to a negative value when the volume fraction exceeded 0.3, similar to the results of Aral and Kalyon (1997). This can be understood as a contest between the component of (positive) N1 due to the matrix properties and the influence of the component of (negative) N1 due to the proximity of the spheres. A suggestion for a constitutive model based on this idea is given.

The Wealth of the Body: Trade Relations, Objects, and Personhood in Northeastern Amazonia.

This article is an analysis of trade among the Trio (Suriname), and their relationship with objects and persons in their quest for manufactured goods. Based on data mostly collected in the Trio village of Tëpu in southern Suriname, it discusses trade from the point of view of Amerindian sociality, with regard to the nature of the interpersonal relations involved. I examine trade through the prism of an Amerindian understanding of personhood, the body and materiality, and show how these relationships tend to be fabricated over a lifetime, eventually becoming an integral and material part of the actors involved. This is manifested in the way Trio social space is constructed and inhabited as an extension of the body, and how objects acquired through trade come to elicit narratives of past exploits and travels to distant spheres of alterity. [Brazil, Guyana, indigenous people, social anthropology, Surinam].

Modernist Literature in the Modern Media Ecology

Modernist Literature in the Modern Media Ecology

Changing Femininity, Changing Concepts of Citizenship in Public and Private Spheres

This article reports on an EU-funded project conducted in Greece, Portugal, England and Wales. Data were collected from male and female student teachers using surveys, interviews and focus groups. The project investigated their understanding of citizenship and the role of men and women in public and private life. Pateman's (1988) concept of a sexual contractwas used to discover how student teachers understood changing relations between men and women. Young professionals in each country had relatively similar representations of the public sphere, which was seen as a distant sphere in which masculine power was unchallenged. The tension between power and femininity was articulated differently by men and women. Cross-national comparisons revealed how women in different European countries struggle (albeit in different ways) over gender relations in family life and in everyday social contexts. Although gender relations are changing, the primary context for female citizenship is still predominantly the family. The sexual contract remains therefore a key theme to be considered in relation to the education of citizens.

ESR and optical spectroscopy of copper-doped PLZT electro-optic ceramics

spectra in axial and cubic crystal fields. Cu2+ substitutes for Ti4+ and the excess charge can be compensated by La3+ on a nearest-neighbor site, thus creating axial symmetry. The centers of cubic symmetry are those where the charge is compensated in distant spheres.

Local configurational instability of in

The ESR spectra of impurity in single crystals are studied in the 4.2 - 300 K temperature range. It is shown that substitutes for with a charge compensation in distant spheres. The axial-symmetry crystal-field parameter is negative and exhibits unusual (for a deep tetragonal phase) temperature behaviour: increases linearly as the temperature is reduced to = 170 - 180 K and then for its value strongly decreases. It is shown that the reason for this decreasing is the displacement of from the central position in the oxygen cage which is occupied by for . A possible connection of this phenomenon with a small lattice distortion at T = 170 - 180 K, which was observed earlier, is discussed.

The states of copper impurities in PLZT 8/65/35 relaxor: An ESR study

ESR investigation of PLZT 8/65/35 relaxor ferroelectric doped by 0.01; 0.1; and 1% of copper oxide was performed at 4.2 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K in 3 cm and 1.5 cm regions both before and after the samples annealing in oxygen and hydrogen atmospheres. The observed spectra were shown to be the superpositions of those Cu2+ in axial and cubic symmetry field. The axial symmetry spectrum is stipulated by Cu2+ substituted for Ti4+ with its excess charge compensation by La3+ in its nearest neighbour, meanwhile cubic symmetry centers are those with the compensation in distant spheres. The sample annealing in oxygen atmosphere did not change spectra. meanwhile cubic centers completely disappeared on reduced samples and the concentration axial one decreased. The narrow line which appeared in the reduced samples near geff = 2.001 was shown to be that the electron trapped by oxygen vacancy (F -center model). The existance of electric dipoles Cu3+ −La3+ and the dipoles Me3+ −La3+ (Me = Fe, Cr, Mn) in doped by Me ions samples is discussed as the main reason of essential T, increasing in doped PLZT.

Impurity centers in PbTiO3 single crystals: An electron-spin-resonance analysis.

Impurities in a nominally undoped c-domain ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ single crystal have been studied by ESR in a wide temperature interval (4.2--700) K before and after light illumination. Several 3d-metal paramagnetic impurities substituting for ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ (${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$), as well as light-induced centers (${\mathrm{Pt}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}$-A [Pb] and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-A [Pb]) were revealed in the crystal. A comparison of the observed temperature dependence of the axial crystal field constant with a calculation based on a Newman model allows one to show that ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ occupies an off-center position in the oxygen cage similarly to ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$, while ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ remains centered at any temperature, its excess charge being compensated in the distant spheres. The temperature dependence of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ ion displacements obtained on the basis of ESR data analysis is in good agreement with neutron diffraction measurements and does not confirm recent x-ray-absorption fine-structure data on the ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ off-center position at T>${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$ center and the light-induced titanium centers have not been considered previously. The ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}$-A [Pb] center models can be imaged as an electron on a titanium ion nearest to the oxygen vacancy and a defect on a neighboring Pb site (${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathit{A}}$-center model). It has been shown that ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}$-A [Pb] are shallow donors based on an analysis of the temperature dependence of their ESR intensities. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Sedimentation is container-size dependent

In very dilute, bounded dispersions of identical spheres, the initial distributions of particle and fluid velocities in small containers differ enormously from those in very large ones. In the latter, local interactions are dwarfed by the massive collective influence of distant spheres. Large regions move downward or upward virtually en masse. Since particles and fluid in these clusters move with almost the same velocity, the mean of the initial distribution is scarcely affected by the much larger container size, but individual velocities can exceed the mean by one or more orders of magnitude. Experimental evidence of cluster settling, including the effect of container size, is ancient and abundant.

The hydrodynamic interaction of two slowly evaporating spheres

The Stokes flow induced by the slow evaporation or condensation of two spheres is studied. The phase-change velocity is prescribed and uniform over the surfaces of the spheres. Exact expressions are obtained for the streamfunction and the drag forces. Simpler expressions applicable to a variety of limit cases (distant spheres, a source and a sphere, and a sphere and a plane) are presented. When only one sphere is evaporating, depending on the distance from the other sphere, the flow may exhibit a variety of interesting behaviors such as smooth-boundary separation, closed recirculating eddies, and infinite open eddies.