Distance Settings Research Articles

Utilizing Learning Management System Technology: Modelling the Tripartite Relationships Among Previous Technology Use Experience, Technology Self-Efficacy, and Use Behavior

This study sought to find out how previous technology use experience, technology self-efficacy, and use behavior relate among themselves towards learning management system (LMS) technology uptake. This is because LMS has been adopted by higher educational institutions during both the COVID-19 lockdown and post-COVID-19 era. Nonetheless, evidence shows lack of training of tutors in utilizing the LMS technology for pedagogical purposes during the emergency remote learning paradigm. Owing to that, most tutors relied on their previous technology use experiences to cultivate a self-belief towards the actual use behavior of leaning management system for their teaching and learning. Consequently, a quantitative approach based on a survey design was adopted, and questionnaire used to collect data from a purposive sample of 267 tutors in a traditional face-to-face distance setting. Results from a partial least squares structural equation modelling approach proved a positive statistically significant effect of both previous technology use experience and technology self-efficacy on LMS use behavior. Additionally, previous technology use experience positively determined technology self-efficacy with the latter having a significant indirect and mediation effect on the former towards LMS use behavior. The results of this study provided insights into the tripartite relationships existing among these three important variables. Based on the findings, recommendations were made to higher educational institutions towards the adoption of LMSs by tutors.

Accounting for Environmental Awareness on Green Purchase Intention and Behaviour: Evidence from the Philippines

This study examines the green purchase awareness of Philippine youth consumers and its influence on green purchase intention and, ultimately, their green purchase behaviour. The study used the theory of planned behaviour as a conceptual framework. The research used an online five-point Likert scale questionnaire and gathered data from accounting and business students in the Philippines; data were collected from 923 usable respondents and then validated and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings suggest that respondents’ awareness of environmental degradation’s consequences influences green purchase intention and positively mediates green purchase behaviour. The attitudes, norms, and respondents’ perceived behavioural control represent the environmental awareness beliefs; they positively and significantly contributed to green purchase intention, which contributed to green purchase behaviour. The study is original in that it examines the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour in the context of the Philippines, which has legislative backing for environmental awareness among the citizens. It also investigates the extent to which subjective norms can influence personal behavioural control and mediate towards green purchase intention. The findings contribute to the Philippine setting; however, it is extensible with further research on emerging nations that share societal cultures. The data obtained sufficiently explain the phenomenon using the theory of planned behaviour; combining it with Hofstede’s model of societal culture can increase explanatory power for societal-based studies on purchase intention and behaviour. In a high-power distance and collective societal-cultural setting, findings support the argument that environmental awareness contributes to green purchase intention and buyer behaviour. The proactive stance of making the population aware of the environmental effects is noticeable. However, they provide a low-level explanation of their intention to purchase green products and a medium-level explanation of translating purchase intention to purchase behaviour. Hence, we recommend the government review their approach to making people environmentally aware, which measurably translates into green purchasing intention and purchasing behaviour.

Luxmeter Equipped with Proximity Sensor for Operating Lamp Light Calibration in Hospital

The measurement of the operating lamp light on the operating table is very necessary so that the light rays do not glare during surgery and pathological conditions can be recognized easily without any shadows. This study aims to design a tool to measure light intensity equipped with automatic distance measurement. The design of this tool uses an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 to measure the distance between the light source and the sensor module and the MAX44009 sensor to measure the light intensity of the operating lamp displayed on the TFT screen. The design of the tool has been tested on operating lamps. In this study, measurements were made on two light sources, namely the GEA brand operating lamp in the Operating Room RSIA Putri Surabaya and lamps in an Electromedical Engineering Workshop on the Surabaya campus. The results of measurements when using a lamp in an electromedical engineering workshop in Surabaya with the distance between the module and the light source using a 75 cm roll meter, it is known that the error value is 0.0127% for a distance of 100 cm as much as 0.0045%. The module error value when measuring the intensity of light between the tool and the lamp in the electromedical engineering workshop with a roll meter distance setting of 75 cm gets an error value of 0.082% lux and at a roll meter distance of 100 cm, the lux error value is 0.055%. The design of a lux meter that is equipped with a proximity sensor can measure the intensity of light and the distance between the device and the light source and can assist in the learning process with a more effective Luxmeter design that will help Electromedical Technician in testing operating lamps in hospitals become more efficient

Numerical Study of The Effects of Vehicle Arrangement on Aerodynamics Resistance

The cause of drag force vehicle accounts high fuel losses. Fuel consumption is adversely affected due to aerodynamic forces, which specially is the drag force. Vehicles that are moving in certain arrangement allows for a significant decrease in fuel consumption at highway speeds by reducing the aerodynamic drag on the moving vehicles. In this paper, the effect of vehicle arrangement on the aerodynamic resistance was numerically investigated. The vehicle models were arranged back-to-back with difference distances between each other. The distance was varied with 1.5 m, 2.0 m and 2.5 m. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was performed using ANSYS-Fluent software. The results in terms of drag coefficient were obtained for each of distance setting. There are nine different arrangements were studied. It was found out that the lowest average drag force of which 0.1857 experienced by vehicle model that are arranged at the distance of 1.5m and 2.5 m. This average drag coefficient shows a reduction of 26.8%. Consequently, the aerodynamics resistance can be significantly reduced by having a proper arrangement of vehicle cruising in highways.

A sudden shift: Students' perception of distance and online education in physical education amidst COVID-19 Pandemic

Students' perception is critical because it provides essential information about the current benefits and challenges they are experiencing in the distance and online education setting. This study explores students' perception of physical education regarding the current educational environment in respect to gender, family accommodation, income, gadget, and source of internet connection. 262 1st year students taking minor PE are the participants in this study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were utilized to describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents. At the same time, mean and standard deviation were used to describe students' attitudes towards distance and online education. Also, One-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis H were utilized to determine the significant difference between groups regarding their perspective in the current educational setting. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference was found between groups concerning family accommodation. On the other hand, no difference was observed between groups of gender, income, gadget, and source of internet connection. In summary, most of the students positively perceived this current setting as beneficial to them. However, there are still challenges that pose threats to this current system. In this regard, the recommendation to address the challenges observed based on study findings and recommendations for future research is a result of this.

Academic achievement and self-regulated learning from parent’s perspective of student with learning difficulties

<span lang="EN-US">The study was designed to realize the association between academic achievement and self-regulated learning of students presenting learning difficulties. Therefore, the study adopted a quantitative approach and distributed the developed questionnaire to over 384 participants. The results reported underscored worsen achievement of students in distance learning compared to face-to-face setting despite the assistance they received during distance settings. The achievement of students differs due to the category of difficulty. Students presenting learning difficulties exhibited medium acquisition level of self-regulated learning. Elementary stage students exhibited a higher level of self-regulated learning, while female students exhibited a higher level of self-efficacy, metacognitive, micro-strategies, and emotional support. There is a strong association combined between students’ achievement and self-regulated learning. Furthermore, the study revealed a difference in self-regulated learning due to students’ gender, difficulty categories, and grade. Future studies can opt for specific self-regulated learning strategies according to subjects' particularism, such as mathematic material or specific age groups using the self-assessment tool.</span>

S02-4 Physical activity and screen time during the COVID-19 lockdown in Europe: repeated cross-sectional study in 10 countries

BackgroundTo date, few multi-country data on how the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions affected children’s physical activity have been published, and most reports originate outside Europe. This repeated cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and correlates of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) in a large sample of European children during the COVID-19 pandemic in January-February 2021, and compared the data to the first lockdown in May-June 2020.MethodsData from two online survey rounds were analysed. A total of 8,395 children aged 6-18 years were included in Round 1 (May-June 2020) and 24,302 in Round 2 (Jan-Feb 2021). PA and ST were assessed by 7-day recall measure.ResultsOverall, 9.3% of children (95%CI, 6.9-11.7) met the WHO PA recommendation, which is half of what was observed in Spring 2020 (19.0% [18.2-19.9]). Exceeding ST recommendations was also prevalent in both data collection rounds. Playing outdoors more than 2 hours/day, following a daily routine and being active in online P.E. increased the odds of healthy levels of physical activity and screen time. We also observed a large variability in curriculum time allocated for P.E. In many countries this was lower than the compulsory requirements.ConclusionsFindings suggest that lockdown in winter has greater negative impact than in spring. Promoting safe and responsible outdoor activities, safeguarding P.E. lessons during distance learning and setting pre-planned, consistent daily routines are important in helping children maintain healthy active lifestyle in pandemic situation. These factors should be prioritised by policymakers, schools and parents.

GAN-Based LiDAR Translation between Sunny and Adverse Weather for Autonomous Driving and Driving Simulation.

Autonomous driving requires robust and highly accurate perception technologies. Various deep learning algorithms based on only image processing satisfy this requirement, but few such algorithms are based on LiDAR. However, images are only one part of the perceptible sensors in an autonomous driving vehicle; LiDAR is also essential for the recognition of driving environments. The main reason why there exist few deep learning algorithms based on LiDAR is a lack of data. Recent translation technology using generative adversarial networks (GANs) has been proposed to deal with this problem. However, these technologies focus on only image-to-image translation, although a lack of data occurs more often with LiDAR than with images. LiDAR translation technology is required not only for data augmentation, but also for driving simulation, which allows algorithms to practice driving as if they were commanding a real vehicle, before doing so in the real world. In other words, driving simulation is a key technology for evaluating and verifying algorithms which are practically applied to vehicles. In this paper, we propose a GAN-based LiDAR translation algorithm for autonomous driving and driving simulation. It is the first LiDAR translation approach that can deal with various types of weather that are based on an empirical approach. We tested the proposed method on the JARI data set, which was collected under various adverse weather scenarios with diverse precipitation and visible distance settings. The proposed method was also applied to the real-world Spain data set. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can generate realistic LiDAR data under adverse weather conditions.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Pemeras Tebu 3 Roll dengan Penyajian Otomatis

Sugarcane juice can be taken by squeezing sugarcane stalks using a squeeze machine. The existing squeezing machines are still not efficient and relatively low production speed. The main factor of machine performances was on rolls quantity and its arragement. To overcome this problem, we have designed and fabricated the machine with 3-rolls by optimally speed and inter-rolls distance setting. The squeezer rolls were driven by 1-phase motor with fixed speed by the gear ratio setting. The distance and position between the rolls are arranged in such a way that the pressing power is maximized, but it is maintained to avoid stuck. The peeled and cut sugarcane is loaded into the hopper. Then, the sugar cane is drawned and squeezed by rolls. After that, it filtered and stored in the container. This machine is equipped with an automatic system for dispensing sugarcane juice from the container to the glass. The results show that the efficiency of this machine is around 65.1% with 78.1 ml/s production speed. Sugarcane juice produced is relatively clean without contaminated by it dregs

Optimal Long Distance ECG Signal Data Delivery Using LoRa Technology

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world and the number one killer in Indonesia, with a mortality rate of 17.05%. The target of this research is to increase the range of electrocardiograph (ECG) equipment using LoRa Technology. With LoRa Technology, it is expected that the data transmission process can run effectively and produce an accurate ECG signal and minimal noise. The research method is by sending a heart signal from the ECG simulator by the microcontroller via LoRa Technology which is received by the PC (Personal Computer) and the ECG signal is displayed on the PC display. The most optimal setting will be obtained from the sender-receiver distance and baudrate by measuring data loss and delay. In this study, the simulated cardiac signal from the phantom ECG is fed to an analog signal processing circuit, then the signal is converted to digital and digitally filtered on the microcontroller, then the signal is sent via the LoRa HC-12 Transceiver to a PC with baudrate, distance and barrier settings. The results obtained are that data transmission can be carried out at a distance of 175 meters without a barrier and a distance of 50 meters with a barrier. This remote ECG equipment can detect heart signals and the results can be sent to a PC using LoRa Technology. The implication is that the transmission of ECG signal data via the Lora HC-12 Transceiver media can be carried out optimally at the 9600 baudrate setting.

Combat Tanking in Education

This study examines the impact on engagement and affective outcomes of playful learning in social virtual reality (SVR) for distance and open education settings and aims to provide a practical framework for playful learning design. Three case studies in the United States and Greece were examined where playful learning was organized for e-learning. Data collection methods include questionnaires, observation of online course meetings, reviewing of course communications and chat logs records, student and instructor interviews, student coursework assessments, and reflections. Findings indicated that playful learning experiences in SVR can increase academic interest, intrinsic motivation, engagement level, satisfaction, and completion rates. Instructor genuine investment in a thoughtful, sophisticated humorous approach was vital for student buy-in. Finally, guiding principles for playful learning design in SVR are summarized in a model involving four dimensions: theme, actions, narrative, and auxiliary components (TANC).

Efficacy of patient-sided breath shields for slit-lamp examination

ObjectifÉvaluer l'efficacité des boucliers respiratoires posés du côté du patient dans la prévention de la transmission de gouttelettes oronasales pendant l'examen à la lampe à fente. NatureÉtude expérimentale visant à tester l'efficacité de boucliers respiratoires posés du côté du patient pendant l'examen à la lampe à fente. MéthodesLes auteurs ont testé 3 boucliers respiratoires posés sur la mentonnière de la lampe à fente du côté du patient : 2 boucliers respiratoires du commerce et 1 bouclier respiratoire qu'ils ont conçu et imprimé en 3D. Chaque bouclier a été exposé à 3 vaporisations standardisées d'une teinture colorée provenant d'un pistolet pulvérisateur dont la buse a été ajustée de façon à imiter la dispersion angulaire typique d'un éternuement humain. Toute éclaboussure non retenue par le bouclier a été notée et comparée à ce qui se produit pendant une vaporisation sans bouclier (vaporisation témoin). On a eu recours à un logiciel de traitement des images pour mesurer l’étendue de la surface des éclaboussures non retenues par le bouclier, comparativement à ce qui se produit en l'absence de bouclier. RésultatsDans leur utilisation courante, les boucliers respiratoires du commerce et le bouclier imprimé en 3D posés du côté du patient ont retenu 100 % des gouttelettes se déplaçant vers l'avant qui étaient mesurables et qui provenaient des éclaboussures d'une simulation d’éternuement. Même lorsque la buse du pistolet a été réglée pour envoyer le jet à la distance la plus éloignée afin de simuler le pire scénario, le bouclier 1 et le bouclier imprimé en 3D ont retenu 99,96 % et 99,65 % des éclaboussures, respectivement. Cela dit, les images au ralenti ont tout de même permis de noter qu'une quantité non négligeable de gouttelettes a rebondi sur le bouclier pour dépasser ses contours et éclabousser en périphérie. ConclusionsDans leur utilisation courante, tous les boucliers respiratoires testés ont retenu 100 % des gouttelettes de transmission oronasale. Pour favoriser l'accès à cet outil, les auteurs offrent gratuitement leur modèle et les directives pour son impression en 3D. Les boucliers respiratoires posés du côté du patient devraient être utilisés conjointement à d'autres mesures préventives pour réduire le plus possible la transmission des infections.

Methodology for checking the stability of the Cesium-137 irradiator system of the Radiation Monitors Calibration Laboratory (LabCal) at IDQBRN / Metodologia para verificar a estabilidade do sistema de irradiação Césio-137 do Laboratório de Calibração de Monitores de Radiação (LabCal) no IDQBRN

The provision for the Brazilian Army of equipment that provides reliable and safe measurements leads to the need for a metrology study of the calibration system used in the Institute's Radiation Monitor Calibration Laboratory (LabCal) of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN). In order to verify the stability of dosimetry in Cesium-137, the ambient dose equivalent rate, H*(10), was experimentally obtained for certain distance settings and lead attenuators at different dates in order to compare them. To this end, the distance between the source of Cesium-137 and the ionization chamber was varied from 1000, 2000 and 3000 mm without attenuator and with lead attenuators with 15 and 32 mm. In this work, the reproducibility of the system was analyzed by comparing the scenario of equal distance and attenuator, but with a different test date. For this purpose, the correction due to the radioactive decay of the source up to a reference date was used for comparison.Furthermore,the stability of the LabCal in Cesium-137 was verified in the light of the relevant standards for exposures without attenuators and with select attenuators for the tested distances.

Luxmeter Design with Proximity Sensor to Efficiently Test Light Intensity and Distance on Lamp Operation in Hospitals

The lighting of the operating/surgical site depends on the quality of the lighting from the overhead light source and the reflection from the curtain. Light measurement on the operating table is very necessary because it generates light that is irradiated into the cutting wound without dazzling the cutting surface so that pathological conditions can be recognized and must provide depth contrast and anatomical relationships, to ensure this proper calibration method is needed. Long-term use of medical devices can cause changes in accuracy. Therefore, the author makes a tool to measure the intensity of light which is equipped with a distance meter. The purpose of this study was to develop a measuring instrument for measuring the intensity of light in operating lamps, namely a luxmeter by making Luxmeter equipped with a TFT Display Distance Sensor. This tool uses an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 to measure the distance between the light source and the sensor module and the MAX44009 sensor to measure the light intensity of the operating lamp displayed on the TFT screen. Based on the module distance setting to the roll meter, the distance error value for the measurement of the Surabaya electromedical engineering workshop lamp at the 75 cm roll meter distance setting is 0.0127% for the 100 cm roll meter distance setting is 0.0045%. The error rate of the light intensity module on the results of the measurement of light intensity on the luxmeter by setting the roll meter distance of 75 cm between the tool and the lamp of the electromedical engineering workshop is getting an error value of 0.082% lux and for the light intensity on the results of the measurement of light intensity on the luxmeter with a roll meter distance setting of 100 cm between the tool and the lamp in the electromedical engineering workshop, that is, the error value of lux is 0.055%. The design of a luxmeter equipped with a proximity sensor can measure the intensity of light and the distance between the tool and the light source and can assist in the learning process with a more effective Luxmeter design that will assist electromedics in testing operating lamps in hospitals to be more efficient.

Numerical Simulation of Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System

Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System (TIDDS) is a non-invasive method of systemic drug delivery that involves by applying a drug formulation to the skin. The drug penetrates through the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis layers. Once the drug reaches the dermal layer, it is available for systemic absorption via dermal microcirculation. However, clinical testing of new drug developed for the iontophoretic system is a long and complex process. Recently, most of those major pharmaceutical companies have attempted to consider computer-based bio-simulation strategies as a means of generating the data necessary to help make a better decision. In this work, we used computational modelling to investigate the TIDDS behaviour. Our interest is to study the efficacy of drug diffusion through transdermal delivery, including the thermal effect on the skin. We found that drug will be delivered more efficiently if the electrical potential and the position of electrodes are optimum. We analysed the drug diffusion time of the system using 1,3 and 5 mA DC source. In addition, we also modify the electrode distance from 10 mm to 30 mm long and analysed the effect of delivery time and d effect to the skin thermal. We conclude that, a high electrical current, as instance, a 5 mA DC, delivered the drug faster into the skin but increased the skin temperature because of skin joule heating effect. However, a 30 mm electrodes distance setting decreased the skin temperature significantly than the 10 mm distance with more than 9.7 °C under 5 mA DC and 60 minutes of operation. TIDDS enhanced drug delivery compared to oral consumption and might be suitable used for localizing treatments such as chronic disease. This work provides great potential and is useful to efficiently design of iontophoretic drug delivery system including new drugs delivery applications.

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Audiologists, SLPs

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Audiologists, SLPs

Evaluation-oriented façade defects detection using rule-based deep learning method

Visual evaluation of façade condition plays an important role to ensure the structural health of the whole building. To automatically achieve visual evaluation of façade condition with high accuracy, current studies have applied various machine learning and deep learning algorithms to classify, localize, and segment the defects. However, the methods in previous research mainly focused on accuracy improvement rather than providing effective evaluations of defects according to the requirement of industry standards. Therefore, this study proposes a rule-based deep learning method to achieve evaluation-oriented façade defects detection, which can be used to provide effective evaluation areas containing the necessary information (e.g., type, location, quantity, and size of façade defects) for condition evaluation. First, annotation rules for classification, segmentation, and localization are designed to instruct the manual annotation work and automatically adjust the bounding boxes into effective evaluation areas. Then, a proposal weighting rule is developed to be combined with the deep learning model during the model training process to improve the accuracy and stability of the predictions. A rectification rule is further used to adjust the raw predictions into predictions with effective evaluation areas for façade defects. Experiments conducted in this study demonstrated that using the proposed method can successfully improve the performance of façade defects detection to meet the requirement of condition evaluation. Besides, this method is tested to be adaptable to various distance settings in the requirement.

Products of Interest

Products of Interest

Physical activity, screen time and the COVID-19 school closures in Europe – An observational study in 10 countries

ABSTRACT To date, few data on how the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions affected children’s physical activity in Europe have been published. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of physical activity and screen time from a large sample of European children during the COVID-19 pandemic to inform strategies and provide adequate mitigation measures. An online survey was conducted using convenience sampling from 15 May to 22 June, 2020. Parents were eligible if they resided in one of the survey countries and their children aged 6–18 years. 8395 children were included (median age [IQR], 13 [10–15] years; 47% boys; 57.6% urban residents; 15.5% in self-isolation). Approximately two-thirds followed structured routines (66.4% [95%CI, 65.4–67.4]), and more than half were active during online P.E. (56.6% [95%CI, 55.5–57.6]). 19.0% (95%CI, 18.2–19.9) met the WHO Global physical activity recommendation. Total screen time in excess of 2 h/day was highly prevalent (weekdays: 69.5% [95%CI, 68.5–70.5]; weekend: 63.8% [95%CI, 62.7–64.8]). Playing outdoors more than 2 h/day, following a daily routine and being active in online P.E. increased the odds of healthy levels of physical activity and screen time, particularly in mildly affected countries. In severely affected countries, online P.E. contributed most to meet screen time recommendation, whereas outdoor play was most important for adequate physical activity. Promoting safe and responsible outdoor activities, safeguarding P.E. lessons during distance learning and setting pre-planned, consistent daily routines are important in helping children maintain healthy active lifestyle in pandemic situation. These factors should be prioritised by policymakers, schools and parents. Highlights To our knowledge, our data provide the first multi-national estimates on physical activity and total screen time in European children roughly two months after COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Only 1 in 5 children met the WHO Global physical activity recommendations. Under pandemic conditions, parents should set pre-planned, consistent daily routines and integrate at least 2-hours outdoor activities into the daily schedule, preferable on each day. Schools should make P.E. lessons a priority. Decision makers should mandate online P.E. be delivered by schools during distance learning. Closing outdoor facilities for PA should be considered only as the last resort during lockdowns.

Differences in Preparation Results of Two Reciprocal Ni-Ti Files with and Without Glide Path to the Changes on Root Canal Curvature

Background: Maintaining the anatomy of the root canal is crucial in root canal treatment. The super-elastic property of the nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) file system provides advantages in preparation of curved root canals, as it can reduce the force on the root canal wall, increase centering ability, and reduce iatrogenic errors. Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the differences in preparation results of two reciprocal Ni-Ti files with and without glide path to the changes of root canal curvature. Materials and Methods: Twenty pieces of endodontic blocks (ISO# 15, 16 mm, 2% tapered) were divided into four randomly assigned groups. Group 1 (without glide path) and Group 2 (with glide path) were prepared with Wave One Gold (WOG). Group 3 (without glide path) and Group 4 (with glide path) were prepared with Reciproc Blue (RB). Each subject was explored using K-file #10. Glide path was prepared with ProGlider (PG) #16. Digital images of before and after the root canal preparations were taken using a digital camera with the same angle and distance settings. The before and after photos were superimposed on each other, and the transportation at the inner and outer root canal walls in the coronal curvature, apical curvature, and apical end points was measured with software. Results: No significant difference was found between changes in the coronal curvature using WOG and RB, with and without glide path (P > 0.05). The same result was observed between WOG and RB groups with glide path at each measurement point. Significant differences were found between changes in apical curvature and apical point in the inner wall using WOG and RB without glide path (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There were differences in root canal curvature prepared using WOG and RB on the apical region when prepared without glide path, but no differences were found when prepared with glide path at each point measurement.