Plate Distance Research Articles

Modeling and optimization of impinging jet pressure using artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to model efficient processes. In this paper, AI and CFD are employed to maximize the wall pressure of the impinging jet, which has a wide range of industrial and technological applications. Firstly, the CFD model is validated with the experimental results for various geometrical and flow rate configurations (H/D= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20}, where H is nozzle to flat plate distance and D is nozzle diameter, and Reynolds Number (Re) ranges {Re= 15,000, 25,000, 30,000}. In explanatory data analysis, Pressure and D are slightly negatively correlated. Re and D show a negative relation of −0.2 whereas a slight negative relation appears for D vs H/D. Re vs H/D have a positive correlation of 0.2. Various activation functions were explored to find that tangent hyperbolic performed best model fit under AI. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are applied to train the model with minimized least squared error. Finally, the trained model is optimized for the maximum wall pressure over the distance. The maximum pressure obtained from the trained model is 383.83 KPa.

Mathematical Modelling to Predict Bead Geometry Parameters of MIG Welded Aluminum 6063 Plates

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of various operational parameters like voltage, weld speed, torch angle, nozzle to plate distance (NPD), and wire feed rate on bead geometry of welds on aluminum 6063 plates. This aluminum grade has a wide range of applications, from industrial to home. The bead geometry properties of a fusion weld are essential from a design standpoint because they affect the joint's mechanical strength and dependability throughout its usage. Bead width (BW), depth of penetration (DOP), and height of reinforcement (HOR) are all essential bead parameters, which need to be considered while commenting on bead geometry of a weld. An experiment series was performed with the statistical technique of design of experiments, using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) method. This resulted in a mathematical model that correlated bead geometry parameters with various input parameters. RSM (Response Surface Methodology) is used for the graphical analysis of the results obtained. The suggested framework aims to optimize the input variables in order to attain the specified bead parameter values.

Test, modelling and design of a demountable stainless steel bar connection system for precast concrete pavements

To promote the reuse of precast concrete pavement units, an innovative demountable stainless steel bar connection system is proposed in this paper. Monotonic load tests were conducted to investigate the effects of the width of the stainless steel bar connection, the width and the end distance of the stainless steel plate on the mechanical behaviour of the proposed connection system. As localised concrete crushing was observed after tests, the stainless steel bar connection system was updated with an expanded contact area between concrete and steel. Test results revealed that specimens with the updated connection system exhibited high initial stiffness with low concrete compressive stress concentration. Finite element analysis (FEA) was then carried out to further investigate the parameters that affected the structural performance of the updated connection system. According to the deformations of the stainless steel bar connection and high-strength bolts, an analytical approach was developed to predict the design load of the proposed connection system. Design recommendations were finally summarised based on the obtained test and parametric analysis results to guide the demountable connection design.

Effect of Topology Parameters on Physical–Mechanical Properties of Magnetic PLA 3D-Printed Structures

This work aims to characterize 3D-printed structures composed of a thermoplastic material (polylactic acid (PLA)) containing a combination of magnetic particles composed of iron(III) oxide (hematite) and iron(II)–iron (III) oxide (magnetite) with various infill densities and print orientations in regard to their possible processing by Fused Filament Fabrication additive technology. The correct processing temperatures have been determined using thermal analysis, and the paramagnetic and mechanical properties of the samples have been tested. The relative permeability has been identified to be strongly dependent on the topology parameters of the tested samples. The results of the inductance values for the samples without magnetic additives (infill densities 50% and 100%) have been detected to be comparable; nonetheless, the magnetic samples with 100% infill density has been found to be about 50% higher. A similar trend has been observed in the case of the values of the relative permeability, where the magnetic samples with 100% infill density have been measured as having an about 40% increased relative permeability in the comparison with the samples without magnetic additives (infill densities 20–100%). Finite Element Modelling (FEM) simulations have been applied to determine the magnetic field distributions and, moreover, to calculate the holding forces of all the printed samples. The maximum value of the holding force for the minimum distance of the plastic plate has been found to reach a value of almost 300 N (magnetic sample with 100% infill density). The obtained comprehensive characterization of the printed samples may be utilized for designing and tuning the desired properties of the samples needed in various industrial applications.

Calculation of Minimum Plate Distance in Electrostatic Flocking Process Based on Dynamics Research

Calculation of Minimum Plate Distance in Electrostatic Flocking Process Based on Dynamics Research

Numerical study on the seismic performance of the damage-control beam-to-column joint with artificial steel hinge

The replaceable artificial steel hinge is adopted for beam-to-column joints at the intended beam-hinge location to achieve damage concentration and seismic resilience of steel structures. In this study, a detailed finite element model of damage-control beam-to-column joint with artificial steel hinge was developed and the feasibility was validated through the comparisons with the representative tested specimens, in terms of failure mode and hysteresis behavior. A subsequent numerical study on the seismic performance of the proposed damage-control beam-to-column joint was comprehensively conducted with the validated numerical model, and the influences of slipping distance, slip coefficient, bolt load, and width of the steel plate fuse were considered. The parametric study results demonstrated that the slipping distance had an obvious effect on the hysteresis behavior of the proposed damage-control beam-to-column joint. The beam-to-column joint with longer slotted holes behaved better energy dissipation and ductility behavior, while it exhibited better bearing capacity with shorter slotted holes. The effect of the slip coefficient and the bolt load was similar, and the maximum bearing capacity was barely affected. The slipping behavior was delayed with a higher slip coefficient or bolt load due to a larger load required for slippage, while the hysteretic curves were improved. The width of the steel plate fuse had an obvious effect on the development of bearing capacity, while it had little effect on the energy dissipation capacity and ductility.

Quantitative radial force measurements of Woven EndoBridge devices.

Lateral/radial forces and the mechanical properties of Woven EndoBridge (WEB) devices have significant importance for therapeutic success. In other words, adequate apposition of the lateral wall of a cerebral aneurysm is critical for preventing recurrence or re-rupture risk. This study aimed to investigate the pressure values applied by different WEB devices to the lateral walls of aneurysms and the relationships between these pressure measurements and the diameters of WEB devices. By placing four WEB devices of different sizes and types between two rigid metal plates, the lateral forces applied by these WEB devices to plates of different apertures were measured quantitatively. We tested a single device of each size over multiple periods. The total number of examined WEB devices is four. There was a significant negative relationship between plate distances and pressure values (correlation coefficient:-0.956, p = 0.000). The lateral wall apposition pressure of a 4- or 5-mm aperture size was higher than a 6-mm aperture size for SL-type WEB devices with a 7-mm diameter. Similarly, the lateral wall apposition pressure detected for a 3- or 3.5-mm aperture size was higher than a 4-mm aperture size for W5-4.5-3 and W5-5-3.6. It was observed that maximum lateral wall pressure was detected in plate measurements of SLS-type devices compared to SL-type devices. The diameter and height values of 3 of the 4 unconstrained WEB devices analyzed differed from the catalog values. It seems that SLS-type devices apply more pressure on the aneurysm's lateral borders than SL-type devices.

Evaluation of the buccal bone thickness in the anterior maxillary region using cone-beam computed tomography

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the buccal plate thickness of maxillary anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methodology: This study involved a retrospective analysis of CBCT images from 104 randomly selected patients aged 20–50 years who had not experienced loss of their maxillary central and lateral incisors and canine teeth. The bone thicknesses of six anterior maxillary teeth were measured at 1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm distances apical to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) and between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and ABC for six anterior maxillary teeth. The association between buccal bone plate width and distance from the CEJ to the ABC was examined across genders and among different age groups. Results: The mean buccal bone thicknesses were 1.13 mm, 1.22 mm, and 1.04 mm at distances of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm, respectively. The mean distance from the CEJ to the ABC was 2.09 mm. A negative correlation was observed between age and the distance from the CEJ to the ABC. No correlation was found between buccal bone thickness and gender, and a negative correlation existed between age and buccal bone thickness. Women displayed a significantly lower distance from the CEJ to the ABC compared to men, and a negative correlation between buccal bone thickness and distance from the CEJ to the ABC was present across all tooth groups. Conclusion: This study revealed that the bone width in the maxillary anterior region was remarkably thin. Therefore, achieving the minimum bone thickness of 2 mm necessary for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes is seldom feasible in this area. Considering these findings, additional research utilizing larger patient cohorts is essential to fully comprehend how age and gender affect buccal bone thickness and CEJ-ABC distance. Additionally, utilizing preoperative CBCT for radiographic analysis to identify risk factors and select the appropriate treatment approach is strongly recommended. How to cite this article: Sağlıklı A, İpek F. Evaluation of the buccal bone thickness in the anterior maxillary region using cone-beam computed tomography. Int Dent Res 2023;13(S1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.s1.1 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Dual-Backplate CMUTs with Wide Bandwidth and Low Driving Voltage for Airborne Applications.

In this work, novel airborne capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) based on a dual-backplate (DBP) technology are presented. In contrast to conventional CMUTs, these transducers use a three-electrode-based capacitive system, where the membrane is placed between two highly-perforated counter electrodes, enabling enlarged displacement amplitudes in electrostatic actuation and wide and tunable bandwidth due to a ventilated air cavity. Fabricated DBP-CMUT prototypes therefore show exceptionally high receive and transmit sensitivities of -34.5 dB(V/Pa) and 259 nm/V, respectively, in their 84 kHz resonance. The viscous dissipation introduced by ventilating the cavity results in a wide factional bandwidth (FBW) of 29%. An applicability of the developed CMUT for airborne ranging is demonstrated in pulse-echo based ranging measurements, where the distance of a sound reflecting metal plate can be clearly detected by a single CMUT operated in a transceiver mode.

Study the muti-bolt fastening under different load positions in gear rack drilling rig.

During the operation of drilling rigs, bolts are subjected to significant loads, rendering bolt groups vulnerable to failure due to uneven load distribution. This study investigates the multi-bolt load distribution characteristics of eight-gear and four-gear symmetric transmission mechanisms in drilling rigs. The spring stiffness method is utilized to analyze multi-bolt load distribution. A finite element model of the bolted connection is developed by integrating the structural shape and transmission mechanism. The model's accuracy is validated through a rack strain test under various loads. Based on the finite element analysis results, this study proposes an evaluation method for bolted connections using relative deformation difference. The impacts of bolt pitch, end distance, preload, and thickness of the derrick connection plate under different load positions on the connection are examined. This paper presents a methodology and conclusions that can inform the design of bolted connections for heavy-duty drive systems.

Investigation of swirling impinging jet at low nozzle to plate distances

Investigation of swirling impinging jet at low nozzle to plate distances

Application of Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM) for parametric optimization of natural convection heat transfer inside a triangular porous enclosure with in-line rectangular finned array

ABSTRACT Taguchi method is an experimental design methodology that uses a statistical technique to optimize process parameters while minimizing variability and improving output quality. In this article, Taguchi methodology has been utilized for parametric optimization of the design of a porous triangular enclosure, with an in-line rectangular finned array, to achieve maximum natural convection heat transfer. Three influencing parameters viz. fin spacing (S), percentage volume occupied (Vo) (measure of enclosure porosity), and fin tip to cooling plate distance (d), are optimized with consideration of maximizing the heat transfer (i.e. Nusselt number). The experimental design has been created using Taguchi’s L9 (3^3) orthogonal array. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, regression equation, response surfaces, and contour plots have also been generated using Response surface methodology, and the optimum values of influencing parameters have been suggested.

Acoustic characteristics of supersonic planar impinging jets

The present work aims to study the tonal and broadband noise associated with a supersonic planar jet, of Mach number 1.28 and Reynolds number 50000, impinging on a flat plate. Five different cases are considered corresponding to different plate distances and angles of impingement. The near-field noise is analyzed using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). For this, we employ a low dispersive and dissipative Finite Volume solver using AUSM for inviscid fluxes and third-order Runge–Kutta method for temporal discretization. The far-field noise is calculated using a hybrid approach in which the acoustic sources and mean flow are provided by the fluid solver while the far-field acoustic pressure is calculated by an acoustic solver. It solves Acoustic Perturbation Equations using a spectral/hp element method with a Discontinuous Galerkin projection. The present work highlights many important acoustics studies of impinging jets. Firstly, the far-field sound with the effect of non-uniform base fields is obtained which is important as the far-field acoustic pressure in most of the literature is reported either without any base fields or by the application of uniform base fields. Secondly, a correlation between the different modes of oscillations of the impinging jet and the production of impinging tones is studied using Modal Decomposition techniques. This analysis also sheds some light on the number of concurrent cycles for the different nozzle-to-plate distances. Lastly, the relation between the phase lag term and the distance between the plate and the nozzle exit is highlighted using a vortex tracking method. These observations can serve to provide a better understanding of the sound generation process.

Investigations of generalized Pancharatnam-Berry phase in all-dielectric metasurfaces

As one of the main approaches to implement phase gradient in metasurfaces, Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase originated from the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) of light has attracted enormous interest during the past several decades. Different from classical PB phase in linear optics that equals to twice the rotational angle of anisotropic elements for half wave plate distance and circular polarization, the recently proposed generalized PB phase indicates that phase gradient equals to multiple times the rotation angle could be achieved by high-order symmetry metallic meta atoms. Here, we show that the generalized PB phase can also be implemented in all-dielectric metasurfaces with higher efficiency than their metallic counterparts. Besides, by merging generalized PB phase and propagation phase, several functional devices are designed that the symmetric performance of PB phase can be decoupled. Moreover, a detailed comparison between meta atoms with C2, C3, and C6 rotational symmetries is conducted to illustrate the difference between classical and generalized PB phase. These results may further supplement the concept of generalized PB phase and could find many applications in optics and photonics..

DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURAL VARIANTS OF THE m1 ANTEROKONID IN THE VOLE GENERA <i>STENOCRANIUS</i> AND <i>ALEXANDROMYS</i> (ARVICOLINI, RODENTIA): QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES

75 images of anteroconid morphotypes for five vole species were studied using traditional and GM methods: Stenocranius gregalis, Alexandromys middendorffii, A. mongolicus, A. mujanensis, and A. oeconomus. The morphotypical space is three-dimensional within the framework of the traditional approach, the axes being formed by (1) the complexity of the curve of the lingual and (2) labial sides of the anterior loop, and (3) the number of closed triangles. The total number of morphotypes for four species of Alexandromys is 56, 30 of them having been actualized (the degree of completeness of the morphospace is 53.6%). The thin plate and Procrustean distance analysys were used in the quantitative approach. The distribution of morphotypes in the space of the first two relative deformations, both for individual species and for their complex, corresponds to an arcuate configuration, the first of which is mainly associated with the complication/simplification of the buccal side of the antheroconid, while the second with the bilateral complication/simplification and simultaneous extension/compression of the antheroconid. The part of the potential morphospace that corresponds to a moderately complicated and maximally elongated antheroconid remains unoccupied. The distribution of morphotypes for the complex of species in the space of the first two axes of multidimensional scaling forms a single and almost homogeneous cloud that almost evenly fills the total morphospace. The correlation coefficients between the matrices of morphogenetic and Procrustean distances between morphotypes calculated for each of the species vary from 0.56 to 0.73.

Influence of thickness of metal foam on the conduction and convection heat transfer for a flat plate with metal foam impinged by a single circular air jet

ABSTRACT The effect of the metal foam thickness on the conduction and convection heat transfer for a metal foam flat plate impinged by a circular air jet is investigated. The IR thermography and thin-metal foil technique are used for the measurement of local heat transfer. An open-cell aluminum metal foam is used for the metal foam flat plate. A 3D-printed resin foam and detached metal foam flat plate are used for the appreciation of the conduction and convection heat transfer. The varying parameters are the thickness of the foam, Reynolds number, and the nozzle exit to plate distance. The presence of the metal foam offers a conduction effect. This predominates over the attenuation in the convective heat transfer by foam due to additional hydraulic resistance. The additional hydraulic resistance offered by the porous foam increases with the increase in the foam thickness. The heat transfer of a porous foamed flat plate decreases with the increase in the foam thickness. The local Nusselt number of the resin foam and detached foam flat plate is almost the same. The conduction effect and attenuation in the convection heat transfer of a metal foam flat plate are quantified by attenuation and enhancement factors. The overall augmentation offered by 4, 8, and 12 mm thick metal foam flat plates is 1.71, 1.42, and 1.43 times compared to the smooth flat plate case, respectively. Hence, it is advisable to use a metal foam flat plate with 4-mm-thick metal foam under circular air jet impingement.

Morphometric Analysis of Mandible for Gender determination in adult patients: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Context: Gender determination is an important component of personal identification. Aims: Assessment of gender using mandible with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Settings and Design: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on dental outpatients in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Methods and Material: 148 dental outpatients were selected and subjected to CBCT. Mandibular landmarks such as gonial angle, alveolar ridge to mental foramen distance, mental foramen to the inferior border of mandible distance, mandibular canal to the most anterior tangent point of buccal and lingual mandibular plate distance, mandibular canal border to the lowest tangent point on the inferior border of the mandible, coronoid height, bigonial breadth, minimal ramus breadth and ramus length were assessed on CBCT scan. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was represented as mean and Standard Deviation (SD). Parameters were compared between males and females using Kruskal-Wallis and Student’s independent T-test. A value below 0.05 represented significant results. Results: All parameters except gonial were significantly higher in males as compared to females angle (P< 0.05). The distance from the lowest point of the mandibular canal to the most posterior tangent point of the Mandibular Lingual Plate (MCLM) and bigonial breadth was higher in males than females but the difference was non-significant (P>0.05). The accuracy of CBCT was found to be 89.7% in males and 88.5% in females. Conclusions: Gender determination by morphometric analysis of the mandible using cone beam computed tomography is an effective method and provides higher accuracy as compared to two-dimensional conventional radiographs.

Poiseuille and thermal transpiration flows of a dense gas between two parallel plates

The Poiseuille and thermal transpiration flows of a dense gas between two parallel plates are investigated on the basis of the Enskog kinetic equation under the diffuse reflection boundary condition. In contrast to the case of an ideal gas, the density and the gradients of pressure and the normal stress component in the flow direction are not uniform in the direction normal to the plates for a dense gas. The non-uniform normal stress gradient contributes also to the acceleration or deceleration of the thermal transpiration flow for small Knudsen numbers. The profiles of mass and heat flows as well as the net mass flows are obtained for various Knudsen numbers and ratios of the molecular diameter to the distance of plates. In the analysis of the Poiseuille flow, most characteristics of a force-driven flow with a small force are recovered. However, for the case of a dense gas, differences between the force-driven and the present pressure-driven flows are observed even within the linearized regime for small force and pressure gradient, especially at the microscopic level. The behaviour of the velocity distribution functions, in particular, the way in which they approach the ones for the Boltzmann equation as the molecular diameter becomes smaller, is clarified.

Statistical modelling and optimization of clad characteristics in SAW welding of SS-304

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a type of welding process having wide range of applications like in fabrication of pressure vessel, pipe line, off shore structures, oil industry, etc., because of its high melting efficiency, high production rate and automation. Weld input factors such as welding voltage, welding current, travel speed, nozzle to plate distance and electrode diameter have a significant impact on the standard of created weld bead. Response surface methodology is used in the present work to find out the influence of welding voltage, welding current and travel speed on weld bead geometry. Face centred central composite design technique of RSM is used for Design of Experiment. It has been discovered that weld bead width grows with higher welding voltage but there is decrease in weld bead height, with increase in welding current there is increase in both weld bead width and weld bead height also but when travel speed is increased there is decrease in both weld bead width and weld bead height. The genetic algorithm for minimization of both weld bead width and height is also done. The predicted results from the created mathematical model, optimized model and the related experimental result are in good agreement.

Classical nucleation of vapor between hydrophobic plates.

In this work, an extended classical nucleation theory (CNT), including line tension, is used to disentangle classical and non-classical effects in the nucleation of vapor from a liquid confined between two hydrophobic plates at a nanometer distance. The proposed approach allowed us to gauge, from the available simulation work, the importance of elusive nanoscale effects, such as line tension and non-classical modifications of the nucleation mechanism. Surprisingly, the purely macroscopic theory is found to be in quantitative accord with the microscopic data, even for plate distances as small as 2nm, whereas in extreme confinement (<1.5 nm), the CNT approximations proved to be unsatisfactory. These results suggest how classical nucleation theory still offers a computationally inexpensive and predictive tool useful in all domains where nanoconfined evaporation occurs-including nanotechnology, surface science, and biology.