Distance Interval Research Articles

When-to-Loop: Enhanced Loop Closure for LiDAR SLAM in Urban Environments Based on SCAN CONTEXT

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) frequently encounter challenges in providing reliable navigation and positioning within urban canyons due to signal obstruction. Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offers an alternative for autonomous navigation, but they are susceptible to accumulating errors. To mitigate these influences, a LiDAR-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) system is often employed. However, these systems face challenges in drift and error accumulation over time. This paper presents a novel approach to loop closure detection within LiDAR-based SLAM, focusing on the identification of previously visited locations to correct time-accumulated errors. Specifically, the proposed method leverages the vehicular drivable area and IMU trajectory to identify significant environmental changes in keyframe selection. This approach differs from conventional methods that only rely on distance or time intervals. Furthermore, the proposed method extends the SCAN CONTEXT algorithm. This technique incorporates the overall distribution of point clouds within a region rather than solely relying on maximum height to establish more robust loop closure constraints. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through experiments conducted on the KITTI dataset with an enhanced accuracy of 6%, and the local scenarios exhibit a remarkable improvement in accuracy of 17%, demonstrating improved robustness in loop closure detection for LiDAR-based SLAM.

An Approach to Analyzing Migration Flow and House Price Data: Exploring Spatial Linkages between Flow, Price, Distance, Age at the Local Level

This paper is intended to elucidate the efficacy of employing a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methodology to investigate the spatial interrelations among migration flows, housing prices, age demographics, and geographical distances. Utilizing data on migration flows and housing prices from Greater Manchester, UK, in 2011, in this study, we performed statistical analyses and generated a suite of visual mappings to illustrate the spatial dynamics between migration patterns, distances, age brackets, and the segmentation of migration destinations by housing price tiers. The findings reveal pronounced spatial associations among migration destinations, underscored by the interplay of housing price levels with age categories, distance intervals, or the origination points tied to specific housing price ranges. This GIS-based analytical framework offers policy-makers and urban planners a powerful tool for discerning distinct migration trends and locales, thereby facilitating more informed decision-making processes.

Apnea or normal breathing during repeated high-intensity swimming enhance sprint efficiency and which metabolic disorder?

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of normal breath and apnea swimming on acid-base balance, physiological responses and performance during high-intensity interval training in swimming. Sixteen swimmers completed 6×50 m intervals of freestyle swimming with normal breath and apnea at maximum intensity, with 1 minute rest. Capillary blood gases (pH, PCO<inf>2</inf>, PO<inf>2</inf>, HCO<inf>3</inf>, Hct, Hb) were collected at four (4) measurement time points: 1) at rest once; 2) at rest just after the 3rd repetition; 3) at finish; and 4) at 10 min of recovery. Heart rate (HR) during swimming, lactate acid (La) concentration and swimming time (t<inf>50</inf>) were measured. Our study showed uncompensated metabolic acidosis due to increased lactic acidosis in both breathing conditions, more pronounced in apnea, and faster swimming times in apnea without different heart rate responses. Apnea during repetitive high intensity long distance interval 50 m freestyle swimming causes uncompensated metabolic acidosis but improves sprint performance.

Searching for OB-type pre-supernova binary companions inside supernova remnants

ABSTRACT We searched for OB-runaway stars inside supernova remnants (SNRs) as a pre-supernova binary companion. As the majority of massive stars are found in close binary systems, a runaway star ejected by the orbital energy after the supernova (SN) is expected to be found. Considering a binary mass fraction, q = 0.25−1.0, the runaway star is likely to have an OB spectral type. We selected 12 SNRs at Galactic longitudes 109°−189°. Using Gaia astrometry, we selected stars having consistent distances with those of the SNRs and showing a peculiar proper motion directed away from the central region of the SNRs. We also determined the radial distribution of the extinction towards the SNRs and estimated the spectral types of the OB-runaway candidates through Gaia and Two Micron All Sky Survey photometry. We found two candidates among 12 SNRs. By spectroscopic observations, Gaia DR3 195632152560621440 inside SNR G166.0 + 4.3 was found to be an evolved A3 type star that cannot be the pre-SN binary companion to the progenitor. Gaia DR3 513927750767375872 inside SNR HB 3 is the only OB-runaway candidate (2D space velocity of 33.3 ± 3.3 km s−1). Based on photometric study, the star can be an early B-type main-sequence star with a slightly higher extinction relative to the SNR; however, it might instead be an evolved A-type star at the same distance. The other 11 SNRs do not host an OB-runaway star within their central regions. Although the runaway search was performed in a large interval of distance and extinction, we also estimated distances to the SNRs.

Same principle, but different computations in representing time and space.

Time and space are two intertwined contexts that frame our cognition of the world and have shared mechanisms. A well-known theory on this case is "A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM)" which states that the perception of these two domains shares common mechanisms. However, evidence regarding shared computations of time and space is intermixed. To investigate this issue, we asked human subjects to reproduce time and distance intervals with saccadic eye movements in similarly designed tasks. We applied an observer model to both modalities and found underlying differences in the processing of time and space. While time and space computations are both probabilistic, adding priors to space perception minimally improved model performance, as opposed to time perception which was consistently better explained by Bayesian computations. We also showed that while both measurement and motor variability were smaller in distance than time reproduction, only the motor variability was correlated between them, as both tasks used saccadic eye movements for response. Our results suggest that time and space perception abide by the same algorithm but have different computational properties.

Forecast cosmological constraints from the number counts of Gravitational Waves events

We present a forecast for the upcoming Einstein Telescope (ET) interferometer with two new methods to infer cosmological parameters. We consider the emission of Gravitational Waves (GWs) from compact binary coalescences, whose electromagnetic counterpart is missing, namely Dark Sirens events. Most of the methods used to infer cosmological information from GW observations rely on the availability of a redshift measurement, usually obtained with the help of external data, such as galaxy catalogues used to identify the most likely galaxy to host the emission of the observed GWs. Instead, our approach is based only on the GW survey itself and exploits the information on the distance of the GW rather than on its redshift. Since a large dataset spanning the whole distance interval is expected to fully represent the distribution, we applied our methods to the expected ET's far-reaching measuring capabilities. We simulate a dataset of observations with ET using the package darksirens, assuming an underlying ΛCDM cosmology, and including the possibility to choose between three possible Star Formation Rate density (SFR) models, also accounting for possible population III stars (PopIII). We test two independent statistical methods: one based on a likelihood approach on the theoretical expectation of observed events, and another applying the cut-and-count method, a simpler method to compare the observed number of events with the predicted counts. Both methods are consistent in their final results, and also show the potential to distinguish an incorrect SFR model from the data, but not the presence of a possible PopIII. Concerning the cosmological parameters, we find instead that ET observations by themselves would suffer from strong degeneracies, but have the potential to significantly contribute to parameter estimation if used in synergy with other surveys.

Ab initio investigation of potential energy curves of He2, He2+, and extrapolation by the machine learning method

AbstractDiatomic molecules , are common compositions in plasmas using the helium as the working gas, and play key roles in quenching O2 and N2. However, the potential energy curve (PEC) of the first state obtained at the CASSCF level of theory is not accuracy and data of higher excited states of are lacking. Here, we calculated PECs of four excited states of and nine lowest electronic states of by employing CASSCF+MRCI/Aug‐cc‐pV5Z and CCSD(T)/Aug‐cc‐pV5Z level of theory with sample internuclear distance interval of 0.005 Å. PECs were extrapolated to the complete basis sets. There are double local maxima in PECs of three excited states , , . The machine learning method based on the Gaussian process was used to interpolate and extrapolate the PECs, and then vibrational wave functions are solved numerically. This ab initio investigation provided rotational‐vibrational constants and new data for experimental research in the future.

The visual perception of long outdoor distances

Many previous studies have investigated visual distance perception, especially for small to moderate distances. Few experiments, however, have evaluated the perception of large distances (e.g., 100 m or more). The studies that have been conducted have found conflicting results (diametrically opposite conclusions). In the current experiment, the functions relating actual and perceived distance were obtained for sixteen adult observers using the method of equal appearing intervals. These functions relating perceived and actual distance were obtained for outdoor viewing in a typical University environment—the experiment was conducted along a sidewalk adjacent to a typical street where campus buildings, trees, street signs, etc., were visible. The overall results indicated perceptual compression of distances in depth so that the stimulus distance intervals appeared significantly shorter than the actual (physical) distance intervals. It is important to note, however, that there were sizeable individual differences—the judgments of half of the observers were relatively accurate, whereas the judgments of the remaining half were inaccurate to varying degrees. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no single function that describes how human observers visually perceive large distance intervals in outdoor environments.

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Pahang River Sediment, Malaysia

Rare earth elements (REE) are a set of 17 chemically similar metallic elements including 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium. The current status of REE as a global strategic commodity has encouraged the identification of REE ore deposits. This research is carried out to identify the mining feasibility of fluvial sediment REE and to understand the sediment's physical and chemical characteristics and effects on the geochemical behaviour of REE in the longest river of Peninsular Malaysia namely Pahang River. Surface sediment samples were collected along Pahang River (n=44) in approximately 10 km distance intervals. The sediment samples were analyzed using XRF to determine the major oxide content. Meanwhile, REE content in the sediment samples was extracted using the Total Digestion method and analysed using ICP-MS. The results show the average value of ΣREE at surface sediments of the Pahang River is 42.58 ppm and can be considered too low to be economically mined. Each area shows higher fractionation of light REE than heavy REE with negative europium anomalies, suggesting sediments in this area were derived from felsic rocks. The concentration of REE in Pahang River surface sediments was controlled by the porosity and organic matter as showed by the correlation of ΣREE with porosity (R2=0.65) and organic matter content (R2=0.71). In conclusion, this research's findings are generally useful for further REE mineral exploration and fluvial sediment environmental monitoring.

Constant low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries during 800-m track running.

Modifications in asymmetry in response to self-paced efforts have not been thoroughly documented, particularly regarding horizontally-derived ground reaction force variables. We determined the magnitude and range of gait asymmetries during 800 m track running. Eighteen physical education students completed an 800 m self-paced run on a 200 m indoor track. During the run, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces were measured at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz using a 5 m-long force platform system, with data collected once per lap. The following mechanical variables were determined for two consecutive steps: contact time and duration of braking/push-off phases along with vertical/braking/push-off peak forces and impulses. The group mean asymmetry scores were evaluated using the "symmetry angle" (SA) formula, where scores of 0% and 100% correspond to perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively. There was no influence of distance interval on SA scores for any of the nine biomechanical variables (P ≥ 0.095). The SA scores were ∼1%-2% for contact time (1.3 ± 0.5%), peak vertical forces (1.8 ± 0.9%), and vertical impulse (1.7 ± 1.0%). The SA scores were ∼3%-8% for duration of braking (3.6 ± 1.1%) and push-off (3.2 ± 1.4%) phases, peak braking (5.0 ± 2.1%) and push-off (6.9 ± 3.1%) forces as well as braking (7.6 ± 2.3%) and push-off (7.7 ± 3.3%) impulses. The running velocity progressively decreased at 300 m and 500 m compared to that at 100 m but levelled off at 700 m (P < 0.001). There were no modifications in gait asymmetries, as measured at 200-m distance intervals during 800-m track running in physical education students. The 800 m self-paced run did not impose greater mechanical constraints on one side of the body. Experimental procedures for characterizing the gait pattern during 800 m track running could be simplified by collecting leg mechanical data from only one side.

Comparison of the Baseline USL Calculation Methods for Loosely Coupled and Novel Neutronic Systems

The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of different upper subcritical limit (USL) calculational methods for loosely coupled and novel neutronic systems. This study varied the separation distance over five center-to-center separation distance intervals for four loosely coupled models and explored seven single-system neutronic models. Each of these 27 systems was simulated using MCNP6.2 with 200 randomly perturbed, continuous-energy ENDF/B-VII.1 cross-section files that are in the TENDL 2019 library. The distribution of the k eff values from these perturbed runs was used to calculate stochastic 99/99 USL values for each model iteration. USLs were also estimated for these 20 systems using the Whisper 1.1 code, and the Whisper-identified relevant benchmarks were used to further analyze the relationship between the region-wise USL calculation and the overall system USL calculations. Sensitivity data files were produced using MCNP6.2 and then used with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory TSURFER and USLSTATS methods to estimate USLs for a cross-method USL comparison. A c k windowing study was performed when using the USLSTATS method to determine the efficacy of the method using datasets with differing degrees of similarity to the given application case. The results show that USLs for each of the loosely coupled system models were higher USLs than the calculated stochastic USLs. The single-system uranium models also displayed a consistently lower stochastic USL as compared to the USL calculational methods, while the single-system plutonium models showed close agreement between the stochastic USLs and the other USL calculational methods.

Research on the direction perception of cruising copepods by the fish lateral line using pressure difference matrix and residual neural network regression method

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are high-end marine equipment. In turbid, dimly lit waters that require high concealment, traditional methods struggle to detect targets effectively. Fish, however, can accurately perceive nearby targets using lateral line systems even in harsh environments. This provides inspiration for intelligent detection in AUVs. In this study, the flow field cloud around copepods and visualization of pressure difference matrix are analyzed. A method combining the pressure difference matrix and residual neural network regression is proposed to study how fish lateral lines perceive the direction of cruising copepods. Furthermore, the effects of three key parameters on direction perception are discussed, including perception time scale, initial vertical distance and training angular intervals number. The results indicate that most predicted directions are close to the true directions, with only a small number of misjudgments occurring in the vicinity of the opposite or perpendicular directions to the true direction. Moderate perception time scales (100 ms), shorter vertical distances (2.5 mm), and reasonable training angular intervals number (24 or 36) all lead to lower perception error. This study provides a quantitative analysis of fish lateral line perception mechanism, offering valuable theoretical guidance and technical support for intelligent detection in AUVs.

THE IMPACT OF DUST POLLUTION FROM UNPAVED ROADS IN THE AKAMAS PENINSULA, CYPRUS, USING UAV AND SENTINEL-2 IMAGES

Abstract. This study examines the effects of dust in the Akamas National Park in Cyprus generated from traffic over the unpaved roads on the roadside vegetation. The Akamas National Park is located on the western tip of Cyprus and covers an area of about 230 km2, containing valleys, gorges and wide sandy bays. Akamas is a mountainous, relatively inaccessible area to standard vehicles and protected from man-made development. It is home to hundreds of animal species and plants that are essential for the ecology of the Mediterranean region. There are several unpaved roads to access the area and more than one million people visit the Akamas peninsula each year, mostly in the summer period, primarily in 4X4 and all-terrain vehicles, which are rented in the nearby area. This unregulated traffic results in dust, especially during the dry weather conditions in the summer that can fall up to a kilometre away on all sides of the vehicle. In this study, images acquired from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) of the roads within the Akamas peninsula were compared with Sentinel-2 satellite images during different seasons. Using the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Sentinel-2 images, it was shown that the vegetation nearest to the unpaved roads exhibited pronounced stress compared to the vegetation that was more distant. Also, spectral signatures as well as infrared and thermal images were taken at different distance intervals from the unpaved road.

Deep Learning-Based Consistent Object Detection in Distance on Highly Perspective Region

CCTVs are commonly used for traffic monitoring and accident detection, but their images suffer from severe perspective distortion causing object size reduction with distance. This issue is exacerbated in tunnel CCTVs, positioned low due to space constraints, leading to challenging object detection, especially for distant small objects, due to perspective effects. To address this, this study proposes a solution involving a region of interest setup and an inverse perspective transformation technique. The transformed images, achieved through this technique, enlarge distant objects, maintaining object detection performance and appearance velocity across distances. To validate this, artificial CCTV images were generated in a virtual tunnel environment, creating original and transformed image datasets under identical conditions. Comparisons were made between the appearance velocity and object size of individual vehicles and for deep learning model performance with multiple moving vehicles. The evaluation was conducted across four distance intervals (50 m to 200 m) from the tunnel CCTV location. The results reveal that the model using original images experiences a significant decline in object detection performance beyond 100 m, while the transformed image-based model maintains a consistent performance up to the distance of 200 m.

Non-Destructive Detection of Water Content in Pork Based on NIR Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy

Water is one of the important factors affecting pork quality. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spatially resolved (SR) spectroscopy was used to detect the water content of pork. The SR spectra of 150 pork samples were collected within the light source–detector (LS-D) distance range of 4–20 mm (distance interval 1 mm). Models were established based on single-point SR spectra of 17 different LS-D distances and combination SR spectra. The results indicated that combination SR spectra achieved better model performance than the single-point SR spectra, and the LS-D distance significantly affected the model accuracy. The optimal LS-D distance combination of 5, 7, 10, and 12 mm provided the best detection model with the calibration determination coefficient (R2C) of 0.915 and prediction determination coefficient (R2P) of 0.878. Using the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm, 24 characteristic wavelengths were selected. The model built with the characteristic wavelengths also exhibited good detection accuracy, with a R2C of 0.909 and a R2P of 0.867, and the number of wavelengths was greatly reduced compared to the full-wavelength model. This study demonstrated that SR spectroscopy combined with the optimized LS-D distances and screened characteristic wavelengths can be a powerful tool for detecting the water content of pork.

Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Sonication Parameters on Necrotic Lesions Induced in Tissues by HIFU Ablative Device for Preclinical Studies

We have designed and built ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU ablative device for preclinical studies on small animals. Before this device is used to treat animals, ex vivo tissue studies were necessary to determine the location and extent of necrotic lesions created inside tissue samples by HIFU beams depending on their acoustic properties. This will allow to plan the beam movement trajectory and the distance and time intervals between exposures leading to necrosis covering the entire treated volume without damaging the surrounding tissues. This is crucial for therapy safety. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of sonication parameters on the size of necrotic lesions formed by HIFU beams generated by 64-mm bowl-shaped transducer used, operating at 1.08 MHz or 3.21 MHz. Multiple necrotic lesions were created in pork loin samples at 12.6-mm depth below tissue surface during 3-s exposure to HIFU beams with fixed duty-cycle and varied pulse-duration or fixed pulse-duration and varied duty-cycle, propagated in two-layer media: water-tissue. After exposures, the necrotic lesions were visualized using magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging (photos) after sectioning the samples. Quantitative analysis of the obtained results allowed to select the optimal sonication and beam movement parameters to support planning of effective therapy.

Electrocardiographic Changes During and After Alcohol Withdrawal.

Our study aimed to examine the possible risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death by calculating the electrocardiographic changes and indicators of ventricular repolarization during and after alcohol withdrawal. One hundred participants who were identified with alcohol withdrawal and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were collected between July 2020 and August 2020. The distance interval between Q and T waves, corrected distance interval between Q and T waves, T peak/distance interval between Q and T waves, and T peak/corrected distance interval between Q and T waves interval ratios ratios were measured in 12-lead electrocardiographic measurements during the withdrawal period and after withdrawal symptoms subsided in patients with a Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised score >7 and a Framingham heart risk score <10%. There was a significant difference between the patient's heart rate, distance interval between Q and T waves, corrected distance interval between Q and T waves interval, and T peak/distance interval between Q and T waves values during withdrawal (input) and after alcohol withdrawal (output) (P < .05). The mean corrected distance interval between Q and T waves interval input value (433.63 ± 17.79) is significantly different and higher than the output value of the mean corrected distance interval between Q and T waves (420.67 ± 13.78) (P < .05). Similarly, the mean T peak input value (81.36 ± 5.90) is significantly different and higher than the mean T peak output value (79.94 ± 5.39) (P < .05) and the mean T peak/input value of the distance interval between Q and T waves (0.222 ± 0.00) than the mean T peak / output value of the distance interval between Q and T waves (0.214 ± 0.00) (P < .001). These consequences suggest the risk for an accelerated hazard of ventricular arrhythmias in participants with alcohol withdrawal. Significantly, considering the improvement of the electrocardiographic changes of the patients after terminating alcohol intake, a possible cardiac arrhythmia may be more common during this period. Close monitoring of electrocardiograms and timely withdrawal treatment can prevent life-threatening arrhythmias in alcohol withdrawal patients.

Genetic insights into crossbred dairy cattle of Pakistan: exploring allele frequency, linkage disequilibrium, and effective population size at a genome-wide scale.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) affects genomic studies accuracy. High-density genotyping platforms identify SNPs across animal genomes, increasing LD evaluation resolution for accurate analysis. This study aimed to evaluate the decay and magnitude of LD in a cohort of 81 crossbred dairy cattle using the GGP_HDv3_C Bead Chip. After quality control, 116,710 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) across 2520.241Mb of autosomes were retained. LD extent was assessed between autosomal SNPs within a 10Mb range using the r2 statistics. LD value declined as inter-marker distance increased. The average r2 value was 0.24 for SNP pairs < 10kb apart, decreasing to 0.13 for 50-100kb distances. Minor allele frequency (MAF) and sample size significantly impact LD. Lower MAF thresholds result in smaller r2 values, while higher thresholds show increased r2 values. Additionally, smaller sample sizes exhibit higher average r2 values, especially for larger physical distance intervals (> 50kb) between SNP pairs. Effective population size and inbreeding coefficient were 150 and 0.028 for the present generation, indicating a decrease in genetic diversity over time. These findings imply that the utilization of high-density SNP panels and customized/breed-specific SNP panels represent a highly favorable approach for conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and implementing genomic selection (GS) in the Bos indicus cattle breeds, whose genomes are still largely unexplored. Furthermore, it is imperative to devise a meticulous breeding strategy tailored to each herd, aiming to enhance desired traits while simultaneously preserving genetic diversity.

Pengaruh Jarak Tanam dan Interval Waktu Defoliasi Daun terhadap Produksi Benih Jagung (Zea mays L.)

One of the efforts to increase corn seed production with repairs cultivation corn plants techniques. The way to repairs with modification planting distance and leaf defoliate. This study aims to determine the effect of the planting distance and time intervals of leaf defoliation toward production of corn seed. The research was conducted on the research fields in State Polytechnic of Jember from August until November 2022. The research used factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) method with 3 replications. The data will be analyzed using ANOVA and continued with DMRT test at 5% level. The first factor is the planting distance of (70 × 20 cm), (70 × 25 cm), and (70 × 30 cm). The second factor is the time intervals of leaf defoliation 56 days after planting, 63 days after planting, and 70 days after planting. The result showed that the planting distance and time intervals of leaf defoliation gave the significant effect for almost all parameters. The interaction between planting distance of (70 × 30 cm) and time intervals of leaf defoliation 70 days after planting has significant effect on the parameters of cob weight (316,01 gram), seed weight per cob (201,58 gram), and seed production per hectare (7,04 ton/Ha).

Eucheumatoid seaweed farming in the southern Philippines

Eucheumatoid seaweed farming (ESF) is an important enterprise that provides livelihood opportunities for tropical coastal communities. In this work, we surveyed the current practices of ESF in Tawi-Tawi and Sulu, southern Philippines, where major commercial ESF activities in the country are currently practiced. Seaweed farmers (N = 143) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire containing relevant information on the current farming practices. Results revealed that ESF is one of the primary livelihood sources for coastal inhabitants in the southern Philippines. Most farmers were male, 21–50 years old, and practiced farming for 6–10 years. Farmers mostly owned a farm with an area of 25–400 m2, mainly filled with the rhodophyte elkhorn sea mosses, either Kappaphycus alvarezii or K. striatus. Vegetative cuttings, the major seedling source, were tied using plastic straw into a 6–10 m rope line with a distance interval of 10–20 cm. Inorganic nutrient enrichment is practiced to increase growth and lessen ice-ice disease occurrence. The modified fixed-off bottom (stakes with floaters) is the most predominant farming method. Farms were visited 2–3 times a week for maintenance. Farming is year-round, with peak seasons between August and November. Harvesting is typically done after 21–30 days. Seaweeds are usually dried using the hanging method, which takes 4–6 days. Dried Kappaphycus fronds command higher prices (90–140 PHP/kg) compared to Eucheuma denticulatum (10–50 PHP/kg). Few farmers received government support; therefore, farmers reported many problems affecting their production. This study provides an update on the current ESF practices in the southern Philippines, which have not been well-documented for almost two decades.