Vibration Energy Dissipation Research Articles

Effect of low-temperature precipitates on microstructure and pseudoelasticity of an Fe–Mn–Si-based shape memory alloy

Fe–Mn–Si-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) have attracted much research attention due to their potential applications for vibration mitigation, energy dissipation, and re-centering in the construction sector. Because of the crucial impact of precipitation on the pseudoelasticity (PE) behavior of Fe-SMAs, the equilibrium phase diagram of an Fe–17Mn–5Si–10Cr–4Ni–1(V C) (wt%) SMA was used in this study to identify a low-temperature precipitate and study its effect on the microstructure and PE of the alloy after a low-temperature aging process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed that aging at 485 °C for 6 h after aging at 750 °C for 6 h led to the precipitation of fresh, parallelogram-shaped, (Cr–V–C)-rich precipitates along with elliptical-shaped, V-rich precipitates in the austenite grains of the recrystallized samples. Numerous parallel stacking faults (SFs) were formed due to the presence of the precipitates within the austenite grains. It is postulated that such an arrangement of SFs can further improve the PE by reducing the activation energy for the nucleation of ɛ-martensite laths and inhibiting them from colliding with each other and consequent formation of α'-martensite, resulting in a residual strain reduction to 2.7% after 4.0% tensile straining. • The equilibrium phase diagram of an Fe–17Mn–5Si–10Cr–4Ni–1(V C) (wt%) shape memory alloy is studied to identify a low-temperature precipitate. • The effect of the low-temperature precipitate on the microstructure and pseudoelasticity of the alloy is investigated. • Primary aging at 750 °C followed by aging at 485 °C leads to the formation of fresh, parallelogram-shaped, (Cr–V–C)-rich precipitates along with elliptical-shaped, V-rich precipitates. • It is postulated that the parallel alignment of stacking faults can improve the pseudoelasticity by reducing the probability of the collision of ε-martensite laths with each other and consequent α’-martensite formation.

Modeling of dissipation of vibration energy in problems of structural dynamics

This paper has proposed a model that reflects a process of energy dissipation in dynamic oscillatory systems. According to the hereditary theory of viscoelasticity, a relationship between stress and strain is realized in an integral form. At the same time, the weakly singular kernel of heredity simultaneously describes both internal friction and deformation of aftereffects (creep and relaxation). Application of the developed model is shown through the description of free and forced vibrations of dissipative mechanical systems. A new opportunity can optimize the damping properties of materials of vibrating structures, which is important in solving the problem of introducing new materials. In mechanics, a new approach was proposed, which consists of the fact that by knowing the rheological parameters of material, one can find the damping coefficients directly without resorting to experiment.

A Simplified Approach for Analysis of MDOF Systems Considering Soil - Structure Coupling

It is common to design structures on the fundamental assumption that the base is fixed and that the ground motion experienced by its base is the same as the free-field ground motion. For structures supported on soft soil, the base motion experienced by the structure is generally different from the free-field motion, as it could include possible sliding and rocking motion of the flexible medium and dissipation of vibration energy through the soil in the form of damping. The seismic response of a structure at a particular location depends on the characteristics of ground motion at source, and; modified mode shapes and vibration periods because of soil structure coupling. Thus, the ground motion that reaches the foundation can be significantly different from that at bedrock level and there is a possibility of response amplification when vibration period of the structure is close to that of the input ground motion modified by local soil conditions. Soil Structure Coupling (SSC) is a process wherein the structure and its supporting soil medium interact with one another to influence the behaviour of both. SSC normally leads to an increase in natural period of the structure, increased damping and an increase in lateral displacements of the structure. The effect of SSC is commonly ignored, because it is often a valid assumption. However, such effects can, in particular circumstances, be detrimental to the structure. The paper presents a simplified procedure for finding out the response of three-storey structure due to the effect of SSC. A simple practical method to assess the likely impact of SSC on the response of a MDOF structure is presented, which can help the researchers understand the detailed behaviour of soil and structure during seismic events. Detailed step-by-step procedure is presented by solving a numerical problem.

Vibration isolation performance and optimization design of a tuned inerter negative stiffness damper

A tuned inerter negative stiffness damper (TINSD) is a vibration isolation and energy dissipation device providing a negative stiffness effect, which has the dual damping enhancement effect of negative stiffness and inertance. To date, there have been several studies on TINSDs; however, these studies are incomplete in terms of optimization, isolation system parameter analysis and application in seismic engineering. Therefore, a systematic study of a TINSD in an isolation system is needed. This paper presents a theoretical and numerical study of a SDOF-TINSD system and a realistic structure-TINSD subjected to ground motion. The absolute transmissibility and stability condition of the SDOF-TINSD are derived, and the absolute stiffness value of the negative stiffness element should be less than the primary structural stiffness. The TINSD parameters are optimized based on the H∞ and H2 norms, and analytical solutions for the optimal parameters are obtained. The parameter and sensitivity analyses of the TINSD are carried out. For a known inertance-mass ratio, the vibration isolation performance can be improved by the negative stiffness. The TINSD is very sensitive to deviations of the positive stiffness ratio, and its optimal parameters require special attention. Finally, the vibration control effect of the optimal TINSD is evaluated for harmonic excitation, stationary random excitation and seismic excitation, and an optimization method based on nonstationary random seismic waves (NRSW) for isolators in realistic structures is proposed. The control effect of the TINSD is better than that of the TID and TVMD with the same inertance-mass ratio. Moreover, the TINSD optimized by NRSW has a better seismic response control effect than the H∞ and H2 optimization methods.

Energy Transfer and Restructuring in Amorphous Solid Water upon Consecutive Irradiation.

Interstellar and cometary ices play an important role in the formation of planetary systems around young stars. Their main constituent is amorphous solid water (ASW). Although ASW is widely studied, vibrational energy dissipation and structural changes due to vibrational excitation are less well understood. The hydrogen-bonding network is likely a crucial component in this. Here, we present experimental results on hydrogen-bonding changes in ASW induced by the intense, nearly monochromatic mid-IR free-electron laser (FEL) radiation of the FELIX-2 beamline at the HFML-FELIX facility at the Radboud University in Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Structural changes in ASW are monitored by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy and depend on the irradiation history of the ice. The experiments show that FEL irradiation can induce changes in the local neighborhood of the excited molecules due to energy transfer. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm this picture: vibrationally excited molecules can reorient for a more optimal tetrahedral surrounding without breaking existing hydrogen bonds. The vibrational energy can transfer through the hydrogen-bonding network to water molecules that have the same vibrational frequency. We hence expect a reduced energy dissipation in amorphous material with respect to crystalline material due to the inhomogeneity in vibrational frequencies as well as the presence of specific hydrogen-bonding defect sites, which can also hamper the energy transfer.

Enhanced energy dissipation benefit of negative stiffness amplifying dampers

Negative-stiffness devices are of rapidly increasing interest for high-performance vibration control. With a tuning spring in series, the negative-stiffness device forms an enhancement mechanism for the dashpot, named the negative stiffness amplifying damper (NSAD), which is much more efficient in dissipating energy than the viscous damper alone. Based on the observed enhancement phenomenon, this study reveals the theoretical basis of the energy dissipation enhancement benefit by deriving the analytical enhanced energy dissipation formula. The basic concept and physical realization methods for the negative-stiffness device are introduced, based on which the mechanical models of NSAD and NSAD-equipped structures are established for dimensionless response analysis. Following a stochastic framework, the stochastic responses of the NSAD-equipped structure are solved in closed form. Correspondingly, simple and easy-to-understand equations are derived and denoted as the “enhanced energy dissipation formula” to quantify each component's contribution in the NSAD explicitly. Inspired by the formula, a design framework with two strategies is proposed for NSADs with a synthetic consideration of the energy dissipation enhancement mechanism and target control performance. Following the design principle, detailed design formulae are derived in a simple form. Finally, a design procedure is provided and applied to a series of design cases for illustration. The results show that the energy dissipation enhancement mechanism enables NSADs to offer improved energy dissipation efficiency over conventional dampers without sacrificing the vibration isolation effect or the excessive damping force. The analytical formula clearly explains the theoretical basis by quantifying the NSAD components’ contribution to the vibration control and energy dissipation enhancement effects. Based on this newly explained benefit, the design framework successively provides a high-efficiency energy dissipation device that fulfills its intended control performance. In addition, the easy-to-use design formulae are derived for the new design strategy to allow the direct design of NSADs.

Design of Experiments to determine the influence of test procedure on Experimental Modal Analysis

This study conducts a fractional factorial design to evaluate the influence of test settings on the results of Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) which is the method often used to determine natural frequencies and damping rate of structures. The structures in this work are simple beams cut from lightweight rail-way vehicle car bodies. The original specimens have very low structural damping, whereas others have been supplemented with Constrained Layer Damping (CLD) patches to significantly increase vibration energy dissipation. It will be shown that test settings do influence Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) results in ways that are seldom intuitive or foreseeable. The statistical significance of some factors, or combinations thereof, proves that their effects are not entirely attributable to random phenomena. The results show that a statistical analysis like the one presented in this paper should be conducted prior to extracting accurate damping data from EMA tests. The technique reduces the number of tests needed to assess the influence of settings. This technique, not only highlights the statistically significant factors, but also quantifies their influence, thus helping the researcher make an informed decision regarding test settings. • The analysis of variance determines which factors do have a significant influence on EMA analysis. • Test settings depend on beam type, modal parameters, and support configuration. • Test settings have a strong influence on modal damping. • The fractional factorial design reduces the number of tests necessary. • The proposed statistical analysis should be conducted prior to extracting accurate damping data.

Ultrafast Excitonic Response in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites Driven by Intense Midinfrared Pulses.

Two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (2DHPs) are natural quantum-well-like materials, in which strong quantum and dielectric confinement effects due to the organic spacers give rise to tightly bound excitons with large binding energy. To examine the mutual interactions between the organic spacer cations and the inorganic charge-residing octahedral framework in 2DHPs, here we perform femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy by direct vibrational pumping of the organic spacers, followed by a visible-to-ultraviolet probe covering their excitonic resonances. Measurements on prototypical lead-bromide based 2DHP compounds, (BA)_{2}PbBr_{4} and (BA)_{2}(FA)Pb_{2}Br_{7} (BA^{+}=butylammonium; FA^{+}=formamidinium), reveal two distinct regimes of the temporal response. The first regime is dominated by a pump-induced transient expansion of the organic spacer layers that reduces the exciton oscillator strength, whereas the second regime arises from pump-induced lattice heating effects primarily associated with a spectral shift of the exciton energy. In addition, vibrational excitation enhances the biexciton emission, which we attribute to a stronger intralayer exciton confinement as well as vibrationally induced exciton detrapping from defect states. Our study provides fundamental insights regarding the impact of organic spacers on excitons in 2DHPs, as well as the excited-state dynamics and vibrational energy dissipation in these structurally diverse materials.

Normal incidence sound absorption of an acoustic labyrinthine metal-fibers-based porous metamaterial at high temperature

This work studies the sound absorption performance of acoustic labyrinthine porous metamaterials (ALPM) at high temperature. The proposed metamaterial is constructed by perforating a homogeneous metal-fibers-based porous matrix with folded slits. These macroscopic perforations provide long channels for sound waves to enter the structure, allowing sound waves to enter the porous material due to the pressure diffusion effect, resulting in excellent subwavelength absorption at high temperatures. Based on the double porosity theory and temperature-dependent parameters, we develop a high-temperature theoretical model and validate it by numerical method. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the peak frequency of the ALPM moves to higher frequencies and the half-absorption bandwidth becomes wider. The discussion of sound absorption mechanism based on the pressure distribution results shows that with the increase of temperature, the pressure diffusion effect exists in a wider frequency range, which helps to suppress the propagation of long-wavelength sound waves at high temperature. The study of particle vibration velocity and energy dissipation density shows that the higher the temperature, the stronger the motion of air particles, and more sound energy is dissipated in the porous material, resulting in enhanced sound absorption. The ALPM can be regarded as a combination of homogeneous porous material and space-coiled resonator. Compared to these two components, the ALPM exhibits excellent sound absorption in the frequency range of 200Hz to 600Hz, especially at high temperatures. The proposed porous metamaterials show promising applications in low-frequency sound absorption at high temperature.

Quantitative Power Flow Characterization of Energy Harvesting Shock Absorbers by Considering Motion Bifurcation

Vibration energy harvesting technology can capture ambient energy forms. Using an energy harvesting shock absorber (EHSA) is one of the methods to achieve this function. The EHSA with mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) has motion bifurcation, which can improve energy harvesting performance and reduce the impact between gears. However, the motion bifurcation makes it difficult to quantitatively predict the vibrational energy dissipation and energy harvesting of the MMR−EHSA. Evaluating the performance of an MMR−EHSA during the design phase becomes highly complex. In this paper, a novel nonlinear dynamics model of MMR−EHSAs is established to solve motion bifurcation and quantitative power flow. Furthermore, the proposed MMR−EHSA prototype is fabricated, and dynamics testing is initiated to verify the theoretical model under harmonic vibration. The testing results show that the theoretical model can predict the working characterization of MMR−EHSAs. The resistance of optimal harvesting energy and maximum damping power is revealed by the quantitative power flow model under harmonic vibration. In addition, the working performance under random vibration is discussed. The proposed nonlinear dynamics model has advantages when solving random vibration input and has potential for practical application.

Simplified modeling of rubberized concrete properties using multivariable regression analysis

The studies on rubberized concrete have increased dramatically over the last few years due to being an environmentally friendly material with enhanced vibration behavior and energy dissipation capabilities. Nevertheless, multiple resources in the literature have reported reductions in its mechanical properties directly proportional to the rubber content. Over the last few years, various mathematical models have been proposed to estimate rubberized concrete properties using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and fuzzy logic-based methods. However, these models are relatively complicated and require higher computation efforts than multivariable regression ones when it comes to the daily usage of practicing engineers. Additionally, most of the study has mainly focused on the compressive strength of rubberized concrete and rarely went into more details considering other properties and sample sizes. Therefore, this study focuses on developing simple yet accurate rubberized concrete multivariable regression models that can be generalized for various mixtures of rubberized concrete considering different sample sizes.

Dynamic property control of bridge girders

The dynamic properties of bridge girders depend on the design solutions, namely the replacement of the roadway slab by the orthotropic, deviation from standard solutions in the formation of longitudinal schemes, and the use of a new type of supports causing the dissipation of vibration energy and gyropendulum effect.The control for dynamic properties with regard to multifactorial defects, is characterized by ignoring the shock dampers of vehicles moving on the roadway. In this case, it is advisable to control the dynamic properties with regard to the energy dissipation of oscillatory processes within the internal and external strain boundaries, each of which can be functionally solved by the dependencies between the parameters of static and dynamic conditions of elasticity and plasticity. Long experience in diagnosing bridges under varying conditions of moving load allows identifying critical moments and limiting values of dynamic properties, at which the integrity of the span-vehicle system is violated. The difference in the operation of the system elements is complicated by the influence of a wide range of dynamic impacts, whose nature is opposite to the mechanical impact of vibra-tion dampers such as all-round moving supports. In this case, the criterion for the dynamic property control are anti-phase vibrations of the girder and supports and their stiffness ratio. Based on the results, the dynamic property control includes the identification of the critical speed of the moving load based on various forms of energy of the deformed state of the structure, including resonance; conditions of the energy dissipation of the vibration process of the span-vehicle system; new parameters and requirements for bridge structures with controlled dynamic properties adequate to those of numerical simulation of bridge girders of 40 to 60 or 80 m and longer; optimization and modernization of bridge vibration-based diagnostics.

High-efficiency piezoelectric energy harvester for vehicle-induced bridge vibrations: Theory and experiment

Massive dissipated vibration energy of railway bridges is a sustainable energy source that can be harvested by piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. It provides a promising solution for powering bridge health monitoring systems. However, it remains challenging to achieve high energy output for the harvested energy to be of utility value. An efficient dynamic-magnified piezoelectric energy harvester (D-M PEH) is proposed, which reaches an energy output as high as 0.55 W under a harmonic acceleration excitation of unit amplitude and low frequency. The high energy output is achieved by incorporating a dynamic amplifier as well as several composite piezoelectric transducer cells (PT-cells) with d33-mode. The lumped parameters of the PT-cell are theoretically derived by considering the stacking deformation caused by the inverse piezoelectric effect. The energy harvesting performances of the D-M PEH are then investigated both theoretically and experimentally. When a train passes through the bridge, the maximum output voltage and power of the proposed D-M PEH can reach 603 V and 0.728 W, respectively. The output power is much higher than that of reported piezoelectric energy harvesters installed on railway bridges. The prototype system holds great potential to be part of the smart railway.

A Nonlinear Energy Sink Design to Attenuate the Torsional Oscillations of Lightly Loaded Gear Pairs

Nonlinear energy sinks (NES) have recently attracted significant interest for the suppression of unwanted vibrations in a variety of mechanical systems. The key advantage in employing this (vibration absorber) approach is the broadband nature of the interactions with a primary system for which vibration energy dissipation is required. Thus, the effectiveness of the NES is decoupled from the need of tuning to specific frequencies. Nevertheless, NES for rotational fluctuations of powertrains have received limited attention in the literature. In this work, a design for a rotational NES to mitigate speed fluctuations in gear trains is presented and tested experimentally. The development of the proposed system is underpinned by previous optimisation studies conducted by the authors, where a disk was utilised as an inerter NES. A set of beams couple the inerter with the wheel gear of a spur gear pair with a nonlinear restoring torque, which is designed to approach the desired essential nonlinearity within realistic practical tolerances. Static and dynamic identification is conducted to confirm the desired characteristics. Despite uncertainties in the prototype testing, the approach is found to reduce the speed fluctuations on the gear pair output shaft, with appropriate predictability established for the model and the design procedure.

Analysis of vibration attenuation characteristics of large thickness carbon fiber composite laminates

The vibration attenuation and damping characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates with different thicknesses were investigated by hammering experiments under free boundary constraints in different directions. The dynamic signal testing and analysis system is applied to collect and analyze the vibration signals of the composite specimens, and combine the self-spectrum analysis and logarithmic decay method to identify the fundamental frequencies of different specimens and calculate the damping ratios of different directions of the specimens. The results showed that the overall stiffness of the specimen increased with the increase of the specimen thickness, and when the thickness of the sample increases from 24mm to 32mm, the fundamental frequency increases by 35.1%, the vibration showed the same vibration attenuation and energy dissipation characteristics in the 0° and 90° directions of the specimen, compared with the specimen in the 45° direction, which was less likely to be excited and had poorer vibration attenuation ability, while the upper and lower surfaces of the same specimen showed slightly different attenuation characteristics to the vibration, the maximum difference of damping capacity between top and bottom surfaces of CFRP plates is about 70%.

Damping Cutters with Variable Rigidity

Purpose of research. The most important task in the field of mechanical engineering is to increase production efficiency through the rational use of equipment, increase in labor productivity, and reduce the labor intensity of technological operations while ensuring the required quality. In manual production, only the working movements of the tool are mechanized. Installation, adjustment and replacement of the tool, as well as control over its condition, are carried out by the operator or the fitter. The solution to the problem of increasing the productivity of turning operations is possible only by automating auxiliary movements.One of several existing ways to reduce non-regrowth time is the automatic replacement of non-regrowth cutting inserts in turning tools. However, the known designs of such assembled cutters do not allow achieving the required quality of processing due to the ineffectiveness of damping vibrations arising during the cutting process. The machining accuracy during cutting largely depends on the design of the tool and the materials used in its manufacture. These materials in the construction of the tool dissipate vibration energy, thus reducing vibration and ensuring the required accuracy.The purpose and objectives of the development are to improve the quality of processing and tool life through design solutions that increase the rigidity of the cutters and significantly damping vibrations during turning. Methods. Use of high damping material to reduce vibration.Results. Increasing the efficiency of damping vibrations of the cutter due to vibration isolation of its prefabricated parts from the holder with a material with high damping.Conclusion. The proposed damping cutter with automatic change of the cutting insert allows you to achieve a technical result to improve the quality of processing, tool life and increase time between insert changes.

Parameter Optimization and Application for the Inerter-Based Tuned Type Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

As an acceleration-type mechanical element, inerter element has been widely used in the dynamic suppressing field. In this paper, a tuned mass damper with inerter (TMDI) is presented for vibration control and energy dissipation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the TMDI, the simplified model of TMDI coupled with a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structure has been established. Numerical optimization has been conducted with the goal of minimizing the maximum transfer function amplitude of displacement for the damped primary structure. The control performance and robustness for TMDI has been evaluated with the SDOF system in the frequency and time domain, compared with the classical TMD device. Lately, multiple active TMDI (MATMDI) has been proposed as a vibration suppression strategy for a multi-story steel structure. The performances of passive and active control methods have been evaluated in the time domain via real earthquake excitations, and it has proven that the MATMDI is more effective at reducing the response of the structure and the stroke of devices. The results show that the proposed optimal TMDI system can sufficiently harvest vibrational energy and enhance the robustness of structure.

Solution structures and ultrafast vibrational energy dissipation dynamics in cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine.

Steady-state and time-resolved infrared (IR) studies of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) were carried out, using the asymmetric nitro-stretch as probe, to investigate its solution structures and vibrational energy transfer processes in pure dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in a DMSO/water mixture. A linear IR spectrum in the nitro-stretching mode region shows two major bands and one minor band in DMSO but changes to the two major bands mainly picture when adding water as an antisolvent of HMX, suggesting a transition from well-solvated and less perfect β-conformation to a less-solvated and close-to-perfect β-conformation. The latter bears a similar asymmetric nitro-stretch vibration profile to the β-polymorph in the crystal form. Density functional theory computations of the nitro-stretching vibrations suggest that HMX in DMSO may be in a NO2 group rotated β-conformation. Two-dimensional IR cross-peak intensity reveals intramolecular energy transfer between the axial and equatorial nitro-groups in the β-HMX on the ps time scale, which is slightly faster in the mixed solvent case. The importance of water as an antisolvent in influencing the equilibrium solvation structure, as well as the vibrational and orientational relaxation dynamics of HMX, is discussed.

The Role of Cytoskeleton Revealed by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Digital Holographic Microscopy.

The connection between cytoskeleton alterations and diseases is well known and has stimulated research on cell mechanics, aiming to develop reliable biomarkers. In this study, we present results on rheological, adhesion, and morphological properties of primary rat cardiac fibroblasts, the cytoskeleton of which was altered by treatment with cytochalasin D (Cyt-D) and nocodazole (Noc), respectively. We used two complementary techniques: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Qualitative data on cell viscoelasticity and adhesion changes at the cell–substrate near-interface layer were obtained with QCM, while DHM allowed the measurement of morphological changes due to the cytoskeletal alterations. A rapid effect of Cyt-D was observed, leading to a reduction in cell viscosity, loss of adhesion, and cell rounding, often followed by detachment from the surface. Noc treatment, instead, induced slower but continuous variations in the rheological behavior for four hours of treatment. The higher vibrational energy dissipation reflected the cell’s ability to maintain a stable attachment to the substrate, while a cytoskeletal rearrangement occurs. In fact, along with the complete disaggregation of microtubules at prolonged drug exposure, a compensatory effect of actin polymerization emerged, with increased stress fiber formation.

Research on Identification Model of Continuous Compaction Based on Energy Dissipation

A continuous compaction control energy model suitable for contact decoupling between the vibrating wheel and the filling body surface is established through analyzing the energy state of the filling body in the compaction detection stage and calculating nonlinear vibration energy dissipation rate based on the basic principle of continuous compaction control technology and the principle of energy conservation. The significance of the parameters contained in the energy model is analyzed, and the energy index-dissipation measured value (DMV) for evaluating the continuous compaction quality is put forward in combination with engineering practice. The feasibility of DMV is verified, and the applicability of DMV is discussed according to the field test results. The results show that the variation range of the DMV index is about 1.66–2.73 times of the Evd index, the DMV has good repeatability and sensitivity for both coarse-grained and fine-grained filler, and it is less affected by the interference caused by the small fluctuation of mechanical parameters, and has good stability for the local unevenness of filler in horizontal direction. The engineering application shows that the correlation coefficient between energy index DMV and Evd index reach more than 0.87, there is a good correlation between DMV and the conventional quality inspection index Evd, indicating that the energy model is applicable.