Herpes Research Articles

Mechanisms of ferroptosis and the relationship between ferroptosis and ER stress after JEV and HSV infection.

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, which is different from apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy in morphology and biochemistry. Ferroptosis is characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane rupture in morphology, and the accumulation of intracellular iron, lipid peroxidation (LPO), decrease of GSH and inhibition of GPX4 in biochemistry. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) are both common neurotropic viruses that can cause neurological disorders, such as severe encephalitis. JEV and HSV have been demonstrated to be able to induce ferroptosis. This process is closely related to the inhibition of the GSH-GPX4 system, ACSL4 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 ubiquitination. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms by which JEV and HSV induced ferroptosis in the current study. In addition, we found a strong relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ferroptosis, and we therefore speculated that sustained ER stress might be a prerequisite for ferroptosis in JEV and HSV-induced diseases.

Поражение плаценты и плода вирусом герпеса 2 типа

The review objective is to summarize the available information on herpes infection in the mother-placenta-fetus and newborn baby system. A great variety of risk factors for the transmission of HPV infection to the fetus, such as: the infection activity in the mother, the immune status of the pregnant woman, viral load during infection, etc. lead to placental and fetal lesions of different types.

Герпетические инфекции и воспалительные заболевания кишечника

It is well known that herpes viruses are pantropic; therefore, herpes infections have a varied clinical picture. There are studies establishing a connection between the course of inflammatory bowel diseases, the effectiveness of their treatment, and the detection of herpesvirus DNA in the mucous membrane of the colon. The article examines a case of reactivation of a chronic herpetic infection with a predominant clinical picture of colitis against the background of immunosuppression after successive coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 and rotavirus infections. Against the background of antiviral therapy, clinical improvement was noted, laboratory parameters and histological analyzes were normalized.

Challenges for early diagnosis of neonatal herpes infection in Japan.

This study aimed to analyze the recent prevalence of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection, maternal symptoms in the presence of neonate who has herpes simplex virus infection, and mode of delivery in Japan. We requested 2.078 obstetrical facilities that are members of the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG) to provide information on neonatal herpes simplex virus infection involving deliveries at or after 22 weeks of gestation between 2020 and 2022. Of these, 1.371 (66.0%) facilities responded with information that could undergo statistical analysis. There were 10 cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection, and the incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in Japan was about 1 in 1.4 × 105 live births. There were no characteristic maternal findings common to cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. The incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in Japan was low. We could not identify any characteristic maternal findings common to cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.

A Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Fixed Drug Eruption with a Special Focus on the Causative Agent and the Clinical Patterns.

Fixed drug reaction (FDE) is characterized by the development of well-circumscribed, round, erythematous macules and plaques on cutaneous or mucosal surface following ingestion of the offending drug. To study the etiological agents responsible for FDE and to study the clinical patterns of FDE due to different drugs. It was a hospital-based observational cross-sectional clinical study. The study period was 24 months. Fifty patients were included. The study was done after a literature search, hypothesis generation, protocol write-up, ethical submission, ethical clearance, patient enrollment, data collection, data analysis, and research. The patients were selected on the basis of the Naranjo scoring system. The patients with a history of combination drug intake were not included in the study. A total of 0.11% patients presented with FDE in the study period. Out of them, 52% of the patients belonged to 20-39 years age group, having sex ratio of 1.6:1. About 64% of the patients presented with multiple lesions, whereas 36% had a single lesion. A total of 46% patients presented with first episode and 54% had recurrent episodes. The mean time intervals of first and subsequent episodes were 6.5 days and 4.3 hours, respectively. Also, 16% patients had a history of herpes infection. Extremities were more affected followed by trunk and mucosa. Fluoroquinolones were the most common etiological agent found in 56% patients having cutaneous (48%) and mucosal lesions (14%). The most common drug was norfloxacin (36%) followed by both paracetamol (12%) and metronidazole (12%). Fluoroquinolones were the most common drugs implicated in bullous lesions and generalized bullous FDE. The study population was small and the study was for a limited period of time. The patient should be aware of the offending drug and opt for any alternative agent after visiting the physician.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of Kyllinga nemoralis leaves and stems methanolic extract

This present study aimed to investigate the potential stems and leaves methanolic extract of Kyllinga nemoralis as an antiviral agent against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1). The leaves and stems of K. nemoralis methanolic extract were assessed in the cytotoxicity test using the MTT assays. The plaque reduction assay was evaluated in the post-treatment assay, pre-treatment assay, virucidal assay, time-addition test, and time-removal test. Cytotoxicity screening of stems and leaves of K. nemoralis against Vero cells shows that the cytotoxicity concentration of 50% of cell viability (CC50) values was 0.75 mg/mL, which indicates that K. nemoralis is non-cytotoxic and safe. The antiviral assay provides a Selective Index (SI) value (CC50/EC50) to determine the good SI for antiviral activity. In post-treatment, the SI value for this extract against HSV-1 was 8.33. In pre-treatment, the SI value for this extract was 21.43. In the virucidal test, the SI value for this extract was 24.19 mg/mL. In the time addition assay, the plaque inhibition reached 43% when the extract was added at 2 h.p.i, and it dropped to 15% at 10 h.p.i. In the time removal assay, the plaque inhibition reached 50% after the extract was removed at 2 h.p.i., and it increased to 87% at 24 h.p.i. This study showed that K. nemoralis has potential as a drug used to fight herpes infections.

Unusual presentation of trigeminal post-herpetic neuralgia as Hemicrania Continua: A case study

Introduction: Cranial post-herpetic neuralgia sometime becomes refractory to medications. Before increasing the medications detailed history of headache phenotype is very important. Case report: A 41-year-old male developed a herpes infection in the right side first division of the trigeminal nerve two years back before presenting to us. He complained of continuous background dull aching headache (VAS 3 to 4) in the right orbito-fronto-temporal region. Besides this he used to experience sharp shooting severe pain (VAS 8 to 9) for one to two hours, occurring two to three times a day every five to six days for the last two years in same distribution. Episodes of exacerbation were associated with cranial autonomic symptoms (CAS), including right-side eye redness, lacrimation, and nasal congestion. His examination revealed nothing additional than allodynia in the same distribution. His MRI brain revealed no significant abnormality. Different medications were tried but in vain. He was started on Indomethacin to which he responded dramatically. Discussion: Non responsive cases of PHN form a refractory group and might be subjected to unnecessary medications or interventions. Secondary hemicrania continua have been reported due to different causes other than herpes. So, after ruling out secondary causes indomethacin challenge should be the next step in the diagnostic workup.

Integrative Analysis of miRNA and circRNA Expression Profiles and Interaction Network in HSV-1-Infected Primary Corneal Epithelial Cells

Purpose Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are products of alternative splicing with roles as competitive endogenous RNAs or microRNA sponges, regulating gene expression and biological processes. However, the involvement of circRNAs in herpes simplex keratitis remains largely unexplored. Methods This study examines circRNA and miRNA expression profiles in primary human corneal epithelial cells infected with HSV-1, compared to uninfected controls, using microarray analysis. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the potential function of the dysregulated circRNAs and microRNA response elements (MREs) in these circRNAs, forming an interaction network between dysregulated circRNAs and miRNAs. Results A total of 332 circRNAs and 16 miRNAs were upregulated, while 80 circRNAs and six miRNAs were downregulated (fold change ≥2.0 and p < 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on parental genes of dysregulated circRNAs to uncover potential functions in HSV-1 infection. Notably, miR-181b-5p, miR-338-3p, miR-635, and miR-222-3p emerged as pivotal miRNAs interacting with multiple dysregulated circRNAs. Conclusions This comprehensive study offers insights into differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs during HSV-1 infection in corneal epithelial cells, shedding light on circRNA-miRNA interactions’ potential role in herpes simplex keratitis pathogenesis.

Spectroscopic inspection, DFT analysis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of new 2-(phenylamino)acetohydrazide hydrazone based- transition metal complexes

The binuclear Pd(II) and mononuclear Zn(II), Ru(III) and Pt(IV) chelates were synthesized based on new hydrazone ligand derived from 2-(phenylamino)acetohydrazide and 3-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (dehydroacetic acid DHA) (H2L). Variable characterization tools were used to confirm the exact structures. Spectral data show that (H2L) ligand acts as monobasic tridentate with ONO donor form. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and magnetic moment measurements demonstrated that the Ru(III) and Pt(IV) chelates possess an octahedral environment while Zn(II) and Pd(II) chelates possess square planar environment. The geometry of each complex was optimized using DFT calculation. The stability of the compounds was elucidated by the TGA technique. Antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated and the results showed that the complexes demonstrated superior inhibitory action to ligand and display excellent antimicrobial activities against the tested microorganisms. Zn(II) mononuclear chelate showed the greatest effect against both types of bacterial strains. Antiviral activity was evaluated against Coxsackie virus (Cox B4), Herpes simplex (HSV1) and Hepatitis AVirus(HAV). The binuclear Pd(II) chelate revealed high activity against the three studied viruses while the mononuclear Ru(III) chelate revealed similar activity against the two types only. The cytotoxicity results supported the greatest effect of Zn(II) and Pd(II) against MCF-7 type. Zn(II) chelate revealed the best result against Hep-G2 type. Finally, we can conclude that binuclear Pd(II) chelate was active against all studied disease types, while not all mononuclear chelates are active. The microbial and tumor inhibition activity was compared with the theoretical molecular docking results with the specification of the active species in the selected proteins.

Unbound Bilirubin and Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy in Infants Born Late Preterm and Term with Significant Hyperbilirubinemia

To compare the association of unbound bilirubin (UB), total serum bilirubin (TSB), and bilirubin:albumin molar ratio (BAMR) with acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), as assessed by bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) score, in infants with significant hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥20mg/dL or underwent exchange transfusion). In this prospective cohort study, infants ≥34weeks of gestational age with significant hyperbilirubinemia during the first 2 postnatal weeks were eligible, unless they had craniofacial malformations, chromosomal disorders, TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex) infections, surgery, or a family history of congenital deafness. TSB, serum albumin, and UB were measured at hospital admission using the colorimetric, bromocresol green, and modified peroxidase method, respectively. Infants were evaluated on admission for ABE using a standardized neurologic examination and assigned a BIND score by trained physicians. Infants with a total BIND score of 0 were deemed to not have ABE, whereas those with a score ≥1 were deemed to have ABE. A total of 151 infants were studied, among whom 37 (24.5%) had ABE. Of these, 19 had mild ABE (BIND score 1-3) and 18 had moderate-to-severe ABE (BIND score 4-9). On logistic regression, UB, but not TSB or BAMR, was associated with ABE (aOR 1.64; 95% CI 1.17-2.3). On ordered logistic regression, UB, but not TSB or BAMR, was associated with severity of ABE (aOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.28-2.4). Our findings of the association between UB and ABE indicate that BIND scoring may be useful for evaluation of ABE in infants ≥34weeksof gestational age.

Cellular Processes Induced by HSV-1 Infections in Vestibular Neuritis.

Herpesvirus is a prevalent pathogen that primarily infects human epithelial cells and has the ability to reside in neurons. In the field of otolaryngology, herpesvirus infection primarily leads to hearing loss and vestibular neuritis and is considered the primary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis. In this review, we provide a summary of the effects of the herpes virus on cellular processes in both host cells and immune cells, with a focus on HSV-1 as illustrative examples.

Cutting Edge: PDGF-DD Binding to NKp44 Costimulates TLR9 Signaling and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells.

NKp44 is a human receptor originally found on activated NK cells, group 1 and group 3 innate lymphoid cells that binds dimers of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-DD). NKp44 is also expressed on tissue plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), but NKp44-PDGF-DD interaction on PDCs remains unstudied. Engagement of NKp44 with PDGF-DD invitro enhanced PDC secretion of IFN-α, TNF, and IL-6 in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN, but not TLR7/8 ligands. In tissues, PDCs were found in close contact with PDGF-DD-expressing cells in the high endothelial venules and epithelium of tonsils, melanomas, and skin lesions infected with Molluscum contagiosum. Recombinant PDGF-DD enhanced the serum IFN-α response to systemic HSV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model. We conclude that NKp44 integrates with TLR9 signaling to enhance PDC cytokine production. These findings may have bearings for immune responses to TLR9-based adjuvants, therapy for tumors expressing PDGF-DD, and infections with DNA viruses that induce PDGF-DD expression to enhance viral spread.

Herpesvirus infections and HIV (diagnosis and clinical features)

Objective. Epidemiologic analysis of the incidence, prevalence, and structure of various forms of herpesvirus infections (HVI) in patients with and without HIV infection. Material and Methods. The study included 8729 adult patients with HIV-negative status, as well as 937 HIV-infected patients of both sexes aged over of 18 years, with established diagnoses of manifest HVI in 224 cases. The methods used were epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and statistical methods of data processing (Excel, Statistica 10). Results. Among the total number of adult patients, herpes zoster (HZ) was detected in 4446 patients without HIV infection. In 218 patients, a combined course of HVI and HIV infection was detected, of which 203 (22.02%) patients were hospitalized with clinically and laboratory confirmed HVI with moderate to severe course. The frequency of combination of HVI+HIV in relation to the entire group of HVI in hospitalized patients was 1.94%. Among all identified forms of HVI, the most common was HZ – 89.16%, while herpes simplex – 10.71%, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection including infectious mononucleosis – 5.80%, and cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) – 2.68%. In hospitalized patients with HVI and HIV, HZ was diagnosed in 89.16% of cases, herpes simplex in 6.90%, infectious mononucleosis in 2.46%, and CMVI in 1.48%. Among outpatients with HIV infection, the most common forms of HVI were herpes simplex in 47.61%, EBV infection, including infectious mononucleosis, in 38.09%, and CMVI in 14.29%. Among HIV-infected patients, the main reason for hospitalization was HZ (89.16%). HZ in the presence of HIV infection prevailed among young patients under 40 years of age, and patients over 55 years of age with HZ were significantly more common among patients without HIV infection. Among patients with HZ and HIV infection, severe and generalized forms, cases of meningitis and meningoencephalitis, and damage to 2 dermatomes were significantly more common. The incidence of postherpetic neuralgia and neuropathy among patients with HZ without HIV infection was 14.10% of cases, among patients with HZ and HIV infection in 10.49%. Cases of acute cerebral circulatory failure occurred only among patients of older age groups without HIV infection with the presence of HZ. The most common cause of death among all examined patients with HVI was HZ – 71.43% with complications (encephalitis, pneumonia).

Screening and verification of antiviral compounds against HSV-1 using a method based on a plaque inhibition assay

BackgroundHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is a common viral disease that mainly causes oral lesions, but can also cause genital lesions in some instances. Current treatments with nucleoside analogs are limited by the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, novel anti-HSV-1 drugs are urgently needed.MethodsIn this study, we screened a library of 2080 compounds for anti-HSV-1 activity using a plaque formation assay. We selected 11 potential inhibitors of HSV-1 and further evaluated their antiviral effects by plaque reduction assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).ResultsFive compounds, namely ginsenoside Rd, brassinolide, rosamultin, 3’-hydroxy puerarin, and clinafloxacin HCl, showed potent anti-HSV-1 activity and completely suppressed plaque formation at a concentration of 10 µM. Among them, clinafloxacin HCl, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibited a high selectivity index for HSV-1.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that these five compounds have potential antiviral properties against HSV-1 and may have different mechanisms of action. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of these compounds and to explore their therapeutic potential for HSV-1 infection.

An examination of the seroprevalence of torch infections and their correlation with adverse reproductive outcomes in females exhibiting a bad obstetric history

: The term TORCH infections refer to a group of diseases including Toxoplasma, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections. These are a set of pathogens capable of traversing the placental barrier, subsequently causing congenital infections. Often these infections are asymptomatic initially and pose significant diagnostic challenges during gestation, potentially leading to undesirable obstetric outcomes. This research intends to explore the correlation between TORCH infections and perinatal outcomes within pregnancies deemed high-risk.: We examined 143 high-risk pregnant patients aged 18-46 from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at the Baghdad Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital. Hundreds of normal pregnancy group were also included. The high-risk group encompassed women with recurring pregnancy loss, fetal congenital anomalies, intrauterine fetal death, and low birth weight intrauterine neonatal death. The presence of IgG and IgM antibodies against TORCH agents in patients’ serum control serum were assessed using ELISA kits. We compared perinatal outcomes between TORCH seropositive and seronegative high-risk pregnant women.: Among the 143 high-risk pregnancies, a significant proportion of young, low-parity women from diverse residences were co-seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex infections. Of these, 55 cases (48.4%) were seropositive for all the four TORCH agents compared to 88 cases (38%) were seropositive for antibodies to one to three of the TORCH agents. IgG seropositivity was 74.5%, while IgM seropositivity was 31.8% for Toxoplasma gondii, 3.6% for CMV and 0% for RV infections, respectively. Significantly, high-risk pregnancies with TORCH seropositivities exhibited a clearly strong correlation with Habitual abortions outcomes.: High-risk manifestations demonstrated for Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex infections strongly associated with habitual abortions compare to high but less significant association in those seropositive to one, two or three of the TORCH agents

Is the level of varicella-zoster virus IgG associated with symptomatic status of genital herpes simplex virus infection? A case-control study.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common infection, affecting the majority of the population by age of 50. Recurrent symptomatic outbreaks, experienced by a minority, have significant psychological and psychosexual effects. The varicella zoster virus (VZV), resembling HSV, shows potential for a functional cure via vaccination. This study seeks to investigate if there is an association between low VZV antibody levels and recurrent HSV outbreaks. A total of 110 patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV were recruited during their sexual health screen. Serum samples were collected between Aug 2019 - July 2022; breaks in the study occurred due to COVID. The primary outcome measure was the serological status of HSV and VZV IgG titre level. The average age was 37.3years (range 21-65years). For people with asymptomatic genital HSV2 the average VZV IgG titre was 2373.9IU/mL (n = 17); and 1219.0IU/mL for the symptomatic group (n = 67); p ≤ 0.00001), with similar results for HSV1. There is a strong association between average higher varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IgG level and being an asymptomatic carrier of herpes simplex sirus (HSV)1&2. A feasibility study to assess the use of the VZV vaccine as a treatment of HSV is planned.

The causal association between COVID-19 and herpes simplex virus: a Mendelian randomization study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a main global public health challenge. Additionally, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are widespread viruses that can cause orolabial herpes and genital herpes. Several clinical case reports have declared a possible association between the two, however, the causal relationship between them has not been clarified. This study utilized a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach for causality assessment between COVID-19 infection and HSV infection based on the latest public health data and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data. Multiple causal estimation methods, such as IVW, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, were employed to validate the causal relation between COVID-19 infection and HSV infection, with COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, and severe COVID-19 as exposures, and HSV1/2 infection as the outcome. A reverse MR analysis was subsequently performed. MR analysis exhibited that COVID-19 infection was relevant to a reduced risk of HSV1 infection (p=7.603239e-152, OR=0.5690, 95%CI=0.5455-0.5935, IVW). Regarding the effect of COVID-19 infection on HSV2, MR analysis suggested that COVID-19 infection was correlated with an augmented risk of HSV2 infection (p=6.46735e-11, OR=1.1137, 95%CI=1.0782-1.1502, IVW). The reverse MR analysis did not demonstrate a reverse causal relationship between HSV and COVID-19. Altogether, COVID-19 infection might cause a decreased risk of HSV1 infection and an elevated risk of HSV2 infection.

Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of nervous system functionality. Currently, the precise etiological factors responsible for NDs remain incompletely elucidated, although it is probable that a combination of aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors participate in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral infections, especially neurotropic viruses, can contribute to the onset and progression of NDs. In this review, emerging evidence supporting the association between viral infection and NDs is summarized, and how the autophagy pathway mediated by viral infection can cause pathological aggregation of cellular proteins associated with various NDs is discussed. Furthermore, autophagy-related genes (ARGs) involved in Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and NDs are analyzed, and whether these genes could link HSV-1 infection to NDs is discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying NDs is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of NDs.

HIV and skin infections

HIV infection alters the skin microbiome and predisposes to a wide range of cutaneous infections, from atypical presentations of common skin infections to severe disseminated infections involving the skin that are AIDS-defining illnesses. Bacterial infection of the skin, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, occurs frequently and can result in bacteremia. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections that are usually localized to the skin may disseminate, and guidance on the treatment of these infections is limited. Herpes simplex can be severe, and less common presentations such as herpetic sycosis and herpes vegetans have been reported. Severe herpes zoster, including disseminated infection, requires intravenous antiviral treatment. Viral warts can be particularly difficult to treat, and in atypical or treatment-resistant cases a biopsy should be considered. Superficial candidosis occurs very commonly in people living with HIV, and antifungal resistance is an increasing problem in non-albicans Candida species. Systemic infections carry a poor prognosis. In tropical settings the endemic mycoses including histoplasmosis are a problem for people living with HIV, and opportunistic infections can affect those with advanced HIV in all parts of the world. Most cutaneous infections can develop or worsen as a result of immune reconstitution in the weeks to months after starting antiretroviral therapy. Direct microscopic examination of clinical material can facilitate rapid diagnosis and treatment initiation, although culture is important to provide microbiological confirmation and guide treatment.

Risk of herpes simplex virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundHerpes simplex virus (HSV) is an opportunistic infection antigen in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, this phenomenon has received limited attention from epidemiologists. Our study aims to determine the HSV infection risk in SOT recipients. MethodsThis was a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database from 2002 to 2015. We used propensity score matching to avoid selection bias and analyzed the association between HSV infection and SOT recipients with multiple logistic regression analysis. ResultsAt a 3-year follow-up, SOT recipients had a higher risk of developing HSV, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.28 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.51–4.29). Moreover, at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups, SOT recipients also had an increased risk of HSV than general patients with aORs of 3.85 (95% CI, 2.29–6.49), 4.27 (95% CI, 2.86–6.36), and 3.73 (95% CI, 2.74–5.08), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, lung transplant recipients (aOR = 8.01; 95% CI, 2.39–26.88) exhibited a significantly higher chance of HSV among SOT recipients, followed by kidney transplant recipients (aOR = 3.33; 95% CI, 2.11–5.25) and liver transplant recipients (aOR = 3.15; 95% CI, 2.28–4.34). ConclusionHSV can develop at any time after organ transplantation. SOT recipients had a higher risk of HSV infection than the general population at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after transplantation, with the highest chance at 1 year after. In addition, the patients who underwent lung transplantion were at higher risk for HSV infection than liver or kidney transplant recipients.