Subjective Dispositions Research Articles

Influences of Resources and Subjective Dispositions on Formal and Informal Volunteering

This study investigated the influences of resources and subjective dispositions on formal and informal volunteering. The author examined whether resources are associated with formal volunteering, while subjective dispositions are associated with informal volunteering, using data from representative national Japanese samples (SSP-P2010 data). The results suggested that socioeconomic resources (namely education) are more strongly related to formal volunteering than to informal volunteering, while subjective dispositions (empathy and religious mind) are associated with both formal and informal volunteering. The main finding of the present study was that empathy and religious mind are the essential facilitators of both types of volunteering with different characteristics.

Communicating Shared Knowledge in Infancy

Object-directed emotion expressions provide two types of information: They can convey the expressers’ person-specific subjective disposition toward objects, or they can be used communicatively as referential symbolic devices to convey culturally shared valence-related knowledge about referents that can be generalized to other individuals. By presenting object-directed emotion expressions in communicative versus noncommunicative contexts, we demonstrated that 18-month-olds can flexibly assign either a person-centered interpretation or an object-centered interpretation to referential emotion displays. When addressed by ostensive signals of communication, infants generalized their object-centered interpretation of the emotion display to other individuals as well, whereas in the noncommunicative emotion-expression context, they attributed to the emoting agent a person-specific subjective dispositional attitude without generalizing this attribution as relevant to other individuals. The findings indicate that, as proposed by natural pedagogy theory, infants are prepared to learn shared cultural knowledge from nonverbal communicative demonstrations addressed to them at a remarkably early age.

Waves of media democratization

The article aims to provide a more historically grounded approach to the relationship between communication and participation, by distinguishing different waves of media democratization. The article first discusses the concept of participation and some of its complexities, and then sketches a series of intense moments of participation in and through the media in (mainly the second half) the 20th and the 21st century. At the same time, care is taken not to organize a linear-historical narrative, keeping in mind that the history of the democratization of Western societies and their media spheres is characterized by a series of continuities and discontinuities, dead ends and sedimented practices. Despite these ever-present fluctuations, the article argues that we can still see that structures, cultural resources and subjective dispositions have over time been geared more towards participation and equality, also within the media sphere.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM JAMINAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DIRUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH Dr. SOETOMO SURABAYA (Studi Iniplementasi Program Jamkesmas Pada Aspek Pelayanan Bagi Pasien Luar Provinsi Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soetomo Surabaya)

RSUD Dr. Soetomo was the biggest hospital at East Indonesia that selected become one of recommended hospital to Jamkesmas patient from around of East Indonesia. That reason tfiat make searcher will concern searching to implementation Jamksesmas program that have been in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya especially to one of provinces patient. Problem resume in that searching was how did factors support and blocked implementation Jamkesmas program in Dr. Soetomo hospital The goal of this research is to descript about implementation of Jamkesmas program and factors that support and blocked to service aspect by patients from other. Method that have been used in this research was qualitative searching metode in the descript if type. Collecting file was did with indeepth interview technique, observation and documentation. Definite informan technique used key informan, that he or she know much about the field of this research titan other people around. File analyst process was did collecting also combain file that be goten and set up relation file network Searching product show that Jamkesmas program implementation and Dr. Soetomo hospital was transmission and consistency in communication, staff quality and quality progress method in staff sources, responding Jamkesmas subject and commitment disposition subject, level coordination and service standard in bureaucracy. Structure and factor blocked Jamkesmas program implementation was clear communication, staff quantity in the sources of staff and facility.

Weekday Psychiatry Faculty Rounds on Emergency Department Psychiatric Patients Reduces Length of Stay

In the face of increasing volume of emergency department (ED) patients with primary psychiatric illness and increasing length of stay (LOS), a department of psychiatry initiated a program whereby faculty members of the department of psychiatry from a hospital conducted rounds in the ED each weekday on these patients. A retrospective data review was performed to assess the effect of these rounds on the LOS and disposition of these patients. The LOS and dispositions of subjects before and after the initiation of psychiatry rounds were compared, with a 2-month washout period between. Subjects had a primary psychiatric diagnosis with a LOS of 12 hours or greater. The LOS and disposition of each subject was queried from the hospital data system. Quantile regression analysis and Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. There were 355 subjects in the preimplementation period and 512 in the postimplementation period. The proportion of patients discharged remained unchanged (preimplementation 49.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 44.3 to 54.9; postimplementation 49.0%, 95% CI = 44.6 to 53.4), but more patients were admitted to the hospital (24.2%, 95% CI = 19.9 to 29.0 vs. 32.8, 95% CI = 28.8 to 37.1) and fewer were transferred to other psychiatric facilities (25.6%, 95% CI = 21.2 to 30.5 vs. 18.0% 95% CI = 14.7 to 21.6; p = 0.005 by Fisher's exact test). Quantile regression demonstrated that among subjects with the longest LOS, those in the postimplementation group experienced a reduction in their waiting times. Weekday rounds in the ED by psychiatry faculty are associated with a reduction in the LOS for psychiatric patients, mainly due to reduced LOS of those patients with the longest stays.

Legitimacy, Industry Maturity and Organizational Foresight

The dispositions and invisible cognitive structures central to organizational foresight are more likely to emerge in young or transforming industries, which are less constrained by the need to achieve institutional legitimacy.Five key points:•Organizational foresight, conceived of as the ability to transgress boundaries and evaluate different futures, is seen as vital to an organization’s capabilities.•The roots of the awareness and perception from which organizational foresight emerge are often unconscious, being embedded in invisible cognitive structures which organize practices.•The emergence of organizational foresight is intimately linked to the institutional context of the firm, the modes of legitimacy which dominate that environment, and how balanced these conditions are with the subjective disposition of the organization.•The stability and convergence that characterize mature industries orientate organizations towards institutional legitimacy and the conservation of existing social relations and practices.•In emerging or transforming industries, there is a greater possibility for a disjuncture to occur between industry conditions and the situated practice of the organization, which may generate organizational foresight and opportunities to achieve strategic legitimacy.

What Conscience Can Do for Equity

The paper argues that there are good reasons to frame the categories of equitable liability around the concept of conscience. A quick look at recent case law reveals an increasing use of conscience categories to discourage overly selfish behaviour among parties to commercial relationships. Critics discard ‘conscionability’ as an empty category of reference, or see it as a dangerously subjective point of reference. I want to show that the critics assume a very specific, and controversial, model of conscience in which it is a mere subjective psychological disposition to follow one’s hunch about right and wrong. Instead, conscionability should be interpreted in accordance with the Kantian objectivist model, as referring to the point of convergence between people’s motivation to do good and their commitment to objective moral norms. On this model, conscience has a strong public aspect as the reasons on which it operates apply to all reasonable human beings at all times.

What Conscience Can Do for Equity

The paper argues that there are good reasons to frame the categories of equitable liability around the concept of conscience. A quick look at recent case law reveals an increasing use of conscience categories to discourage overly selfish behaviour among parties to commercial relationships. Critics discard ‘conscionability’ as an empty category of reference, or see it as a dangerously subjective point of reference. I want to show that the critics assume a very specific, and controversial, model of conscience in which it is a mere subjective psychological disposition to follow one’s hunch about right and wrong. Instead, conscionability should be interpreted in accordance with the Kantian objectivist model, as referring to the point of convergence between people’s motivation to do good and their commitment to objective moral norms. On this model, conscience has a strong public aspect as the reasons on which it operates apply to all reasonable human beings at all times.

Book Review: Freud’s Schreber between Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis: On Subjective Disposition to Psychosis

Book Review: Freud’s <i>Schreber</i> between Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis: On Subjective Disposition to Psychosis

That is your evidence?: Classifying stance in online political debate

A growing body of work has highlighted the challenges of identifying the stance that a speaker holds towards a particular topic, a task that involves identifying a holistic subjective disposition. We examine stance classification on a corpus of 4731 posts from the debate website ConvinceMe.net, for 14 topics ranging from the playful to the ideological. We show that ideological debates feature a greater share of rebuttal posts, and that rebuttal posts are significantly harder to classify for stance, for both humans and trained classifiers. We also demonstrate that the number of subjective expressions varies across debates, a fact correlated with the performance of systems sensitive to sentiment-bearing terms. We present results for classifying stance on a per topic basis that range from 60% to 75%, as compared to unigram baselines that vary between 47% and 66%. Our results suggest that features and methods that take into account the dialogic context of such posts improve accuracy.

Children— Democracy and Emancipation

Modern conceptions of politics are intrinsically related to theories of subjectivity shaped by a teleological narrative expressing claims about instrumental rationality, moral and psychological autonomy, and individualized selfhood. Consequently, children have been considered to be lacking both the credentials necessary to act and participate in politics and the subjective dispositions of proper political subjects. This overwhelming conception of subjectivity as a purposefully and rationally oriented individual produced by a sovereign politics may be contested. Empirical data deriving from recent research on children’s and youth’s participation in schools are presented to show how children and youth effectively manage “to speak” and build a different point of view from those of adults about their school experience. Such research provokes analysis of insidious but unpublicized forms of domination and resistance. The inclusion of children in politics seems to depend on our capacity to overcome taken-for-granted truths about adult-centered society.

CHARACTER, PSYCHOANALYTIC IDENTIFICATION, AND NUMERICAL IDENTITY

AbstractIdentification figures prominently in moral psychological explanations. I argue that in identification the subject has an ‘identity‐thought’, which is a thought about her numerical identity with the figure she identifies with. In Freud's psychoanalytic psychology character is founded on unconscious identification with parental figures. Moral philosophers have drawn on psychoanalysis to explain how undesirable or disadvantageous character dispositions are resistant to insight through being unconscious. According to Richard Wollheim's analysis of Freud's theory, identification is the subject's disposition to imagine, unconsciously, her bodily merging with the figure she identifies with. I argue that this explanation of identification is not adequate. Human character is held to be capable of change when self‐reflection brings unconscious identifications to conscious self‐knowledge. I argue that for self‐knowledge these identifications must be an intelligible part of the subject's self‐conception, and that Wollheim's ‘merging phantasy’ is not intelligible to the subject in this way. By contrast, the subject's thought that she is numerically identical to the figure she identifies with does provide an intelligible starting‐point for reflecting on this identification. This psychoanalytic account provides a clear conception of identification with which to investigate puzzle cases in the moral psychology of character.

The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch's Lives by Jeffrey Beneker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. Pp x, 258.

440 PHOENIX study of later audiences has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent decades. Roselli does not hide the fragmentary and contradictory state of the evidence for ancient audiences, and he takes important steps towards reconciling and explaining much of it. Although he discusses some modern theoretical frameworks for understanding theater audiences, particularly in his introduction and first chapter, he does not allow unifying theories to guide the inclusion or exclusion of evidence. The result is a rich and winding path through a huge amount of material. Kathryn Bosher† The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch's LIVES. By Jeffrey Beneker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. Pp x, 258. Plutarch has been getting some well-deserved attention recently, with monographs appearing on less familiar works (e.g., L. Van Hoof, Plutarch’s Practical Ethics [Oxford 2010]), new commentaries on neglected Lives (e.g., F. Titchener, Plutarch’s Life of Nicias [Leuven 2013]), and with this work a new interpretative approach to some familiar material. Beneker’s aim is to examine “how eros can act as a lens both for his [Plutarch’s] interpretation of historical sources and for his composition of political biographies” (3). After a brief introduction, the first chapter sets the stage by examining Plutarch’s conception of eros, its relationship to philia, and the place of both within the bonds of marriage. Beneker carefully charts the complex philosophical roots of Plutarch’s understanding of moral virtue, focusing particularly on two of his treatises: the anti-Stoic tract On Moral Virtue and the Dialogue on Love. Beneker argues essentially for an Aristotelian basis with an overarching Platonism and there emerge two points which will be important for his interpretation of the role of eros in the Lives. First, Plutarch’s sophrosyne is, as it is for Aristotle, “a moderate emotional response to pleasures of the body” (16) and is distinguished from enkrateia by the fact that the enkratic man succeeds in his struggle against desires but it is always a struggle (this point emerges more fully in Chapter Five). Secondly, eros in a moderated form is an essential component of the philia of a marriage relationship. Here Beneker uses the Brutus/Porcia and Pericles/Aspasia relationships to show how Plutarch’s “ethics underlie the representation of these characters and their relationships” (54) and are important indicators of the psychological dispositions of the biographical subjects. Thus, such healthy relationships symbolise the subject’s capacity for rational response in the face of passions in whatever arena they appear, particularly in political/military matters. Chapter Two elaborates on how Plutarch’s understanding of moral virtue shapes his approach to history in the Lives and so helps him shape his source material to create a more realistic psychological portrait in which moral causes predominate over others. The Pelopidas/Marcellus pair is drawn on as an example: both were experienced generals who died rashly in battle. Plutarch’s sources do not, for him, adequately explain why this happened, but Plutarch, reinterpreting the material through an ethical lens, is able to argue that both men were not adequately trained and so their passion overwhelmed their reason. In the light of this broader discussion in the opening two chapters, Beneker then turns to examining the role of eros in three pairs of lives: Alexander/Caesar (Chapter Three), BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 441 Demetrius/Antony (Chapter Four), and Agesilaus/Pompey (Chapter Five). It is not coincidental that it is in the opening to the first pair that we find Plutarch’s well-known comments that he is writing lives, not histories, and that character is not always best observed in great deeds. No other characters in the corpus surpassed Alexander and Caesar in the greatness of their accomplishments but it is how they respond psychologically to various facets of desire which Beneker argues is key to understanding their characters. Alexander’s success is shown to be predicated upon his ability to control his bodily appetites and desires. Like Cyrus in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia he shows the utmost respect for captured noblewomen even in the face of overwhelming beauty and virtue. Further, his conduct in his erotic relationships mirrors the type approved of in the...

Book review: Freuds Schreber between psychiatry and psychoanalysis. On subjective disposition to psychosis.

Book review: Freuds Schreber between psychiatry and psychoanalysis. On subjective disposition to psychosis.

Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure

As ropivacaine and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys, we studied their disposition in subjects with renal dysfunction. Twenty patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency and 10 healthy volunteers received ropivacaine 1 mg kg(-1) i.v. over 30 min. The concentrations of ropivacaine and its main metabolites, pipecoloxylidide (PPX) and 3-hydroxy-ropivacaine, were measured in plasma and urine for 16-48 h. The relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) was assessed. A model for estimating non-renal clearance of a metabolite of ropivacaine is described. Renal dysfunction had little or no influence on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. The median plasma concentrations of unbound ropivacaine were similar in uraemic and non-uraemic subjects. Renal clearance of PPX correlated significantly with CL(CR) (R(2)=0.81). Lack of correlation between total PPX exposure, expressed as area under the total plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity, and CL(CR) suggests that the clearance of PPX also includes non-renal elimination. However, in two uraemic patients, there was increased exposure to PPX resulting from low non-renal elimination. The pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine is not affected by renal failure. Although the renal clearance of PPX correlates with CL(CR), non-renal elimination seems to compensate for reduced renal clearance in most patients. PPX may accumulate in plasma during long-term postoperative infusions, in particular in patients with co-existing low non-renal elimination. Systemic toxicity is still unlikely because PPX is markedly less toxic than ropivacaine.

Modeling and predicting drug pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment

Current guidance issued by the US FDA to assess the impact of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of a drug under development has recently been updated to include evaluation of drugs with nonrenal elimination routes. Renal impairment not only affects elimination of the drug in the kidney, but also the nonrenal route of drugs that are extensively metabolized in the liver. Renal failure may influence hepatic drug metabolism either by inducing or suppressing hepatic enzymes, or by its effects on other variables such as protein binding, hepatic blood flow and accumulation of metabolites. Prior simulation of the potential exposure of individuals with renal impairment may help in the selection of a safe and effective dosage regimen. In this article, we discuss the application of a systems biology approach to simulate drug disposition in subjects with renal impairment.

Being Catholic as Reflexive Spirituality: The Case of Religiously Involved Filipino Students

What does being Catholic mean to religiously involved Filipino students? Drawing from qualitative research with undergraduates involved in campus-based Catholic organisations, this article argues that their religious identity is best characterised in terms of a reflexive spirituality. Reflexive spirituality is defined as the subjective spiritual disposition of engaging with Catholicism to ascertain its most important elements and distinguish them from the less essential ones, leading to a more meaningful internalisation and exercise of the religion. Countering any expectations of traditional religiosity, its main themes among my informants include a personal and experiential relationship with God, an action-orientated relationality, and a religious critique of the Catholic leadership and peers. Collectively, these dimensions of personal meaning, relationality, and critique help in a more effective internalisation of Catholicism. Hence, although they may have resonances with their Evangelical peers, these students do not necessarily leave the religion. As it develops tacitly among Filipino Catholic youth who are not systematically organised, this reflexive spirituality may be seen as an undercurrent of experiential religion of humanity within institutionally conservative Philippine Catholicism today.

Sociological Analysis and Socio-Political Change: Juxtaposing Elements of the Work of Bourdieu, Passeron and Lyotard

The paper considers the relationship between sociological analysis and political action by subjecting the work of Bourdieu to scrutiny, especially in relation to the work of some of his contemporaries – Raymond Aron, Jean-Claude Passeron, and Jean-François Lyotard. The first part of the discussion focuses on educational research carried out collaboratively by Bourdieu and Passeron in the 1960s and considers the shared assumptions that underpin their projects. The paper discusses their philosophical divergence after the beginning of the 1970s, suggesting that Bourdieu's development was essentially in the Durkheimian tradition whereas Passeron's was more sympathetic to the legacy of Weber. Bourdieu's inclination to regard objective science as the product of subjective disposition meant his social science became inseparable from his socio-political mission, whereas Passeron distanced himself from Bourdieu's phenomenological or ontological reflexivity. The second part of the paper suggests Bourdieu is trying to practise phenomenological sociology within a historical social situation that, after 1979, was rapidly transforming into the postmodern condition, the diagnosis of which Lyotard had provided as an extension of his own reading of Husserl. The paper goes on to argue that, while La distinction sought to reconcile modernist sociology with postmodernism, Bourdieu could not relinquish what Aron regarded as the totalizing orientation of ‘sociologism’. Although Lyotard, in contrast, pursued the implications of his own insights in a philosophical exegesis of Kant, the paper explores how there may yet be scope for some more fruitful view of the contemporary relationship between sociology and politics in mass democracy, particularly if we advocate socio-analytic reflexivity in association with a recognition of the ‘différend’.

CYP3A5 but Not CYP2D6 Polymorphism Contributes Significantly to the Variability in Dextropropoxyphene Disposition

This study evaluated the effect of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on dextropropoxyphene disposition in healthy subjects. A total of 14 healthy male Chinese subjects received a single oral dose of a combination tablet of 325 mg of paracetamol and 32.5 mg of dextropropoxyphene. Serial blood samples were collected for up to 24 hours to determine plasma concentrations of paracetamol, dextropropoxyphene, and nordextropropoxyphene by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 genotyping were performed using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. No CYP3A4 mutant alleles were detected in the study subjects. There were no significant differences (P > .05) in dextropropoxyphene and nordextropropoxyphene pharmacokinetics among CYP2D6 genotypes. In contrast, plasma concentrations of dextropropoxyphene were significantly higher (peak plasma concentration, 54.4 ± 25.5 vs 31.0 ± 10.9 ng/mL; area under the plasma concentration-time curve, 260.8 ± 88.1 vs 142.3 ± 42.4 ng x h/mL, both P < .05) and apparent oral clearance value was significantly lower (2.2 ± 0.9 vs 3.6 ± 1.4 L/h/kg, P < .05) in CYP3A5*3/*3 (n = 8) than CYP3A5*1/*3 (n = 5) subjects. Nordextropropoxyphene exposure also tended to be higher in CYP3A5*3/*3 subjects, but the difference was not statistically significant between the 2 groups. One subject who was identified as a CYP3A5*1/*1 carrier exhibited a very high apparent oral clearance value of 12.5 L/h/kg. No significant difference in paracetamol pharmacokinetics was observed among CYP2D6 or CYP3A5 genotypes. These results suggest that CYP3A5 but not CYP2D6 polymorphisms appear to exert a significant influence on dextropropoxyphene disposition.

Blessing the World: Ritual and Lay Piety in Medieval Religion (review)

Reviewed by: Blessing the World: Ritual and Lay Piety in Medieval Religion Daniel G. Van Slyke Blessing the World: Ritual and Lay Piety in Medieval Religion. By Derek A. Rivard. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. 2009. Pp. xii, 332. $39.95 paperback. ISBN 978-0-813-21545-7.) One hundred years after Adolf Franz published his monumental two-volume Die Kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1909), a scholar has dared to explore in a sustained fashion the complex meanings and anthropological import of the Latin blessings that Franz chartered. In Blessing the World: Ritual and Lay Piety in Medieval Religion, Derek A. Rivard conducts an ambitious study of ritual blessings in continental Latin sources, especially from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries. Rivard’s first and shortest chapter, “The History and Theology of Christian Blessing,” sketches the development of blessings from the Old Testament to the Middle Ages and introduces key liturgical books to be studied. The next three chapters constitute the heart of Blessing the World and its major contribution. Each chapter explores a category of ritual blessings as a “window through which to explore the relationship between the human and the divine in medieval religion” (p. 6). Chapter 2, “Sacred Places and Sacred Space,” analyzes blessings related to agriculture, homes, bridal chambers, work spaces, cemeteries, and churches—including consecrations and reconciliations. Chapter 3, “Sacred Persons: Blessing the Laity,” discusses how blessings instilled divine power in “the visible and tangible elements of special social status” (p.172)—namely, pilgrims’ staves and purses, and knights’ swords, standards, lances, and armor. Chapter 3 also addresses twelve sample rites of blessing related to illness, pestilence, healing, and childbirth. Rivard devotes chapter 4 to “Sacred Vessels, Objects, and Events,” including ships, nets, wells, dishes, vessels, ordeals, and judicial duels. The theological problems of and lukewarm clerical attitudes toward ordeals and duels are noteworthy. Central to the structure and content of each section in the main chapters is a set of rituals drawn from Latin liturgical books copied between the ninth and the sixteenth centuries. Rivard applies “a textual approach drawn more from religious studies than from history and focusing primarily on the broad ideas, beliefs, and trends found within” various formulae of the rituals themselves (p. 2). His translations accurately render the original Latin texts, which are consistently placed in footnotes. The conclusion highlights general themes across individual rites, including the “adaptability” of divine power, [End Page 526] which blessings portray as capable of meeting every need (pp. 209, 214); the “ambiguity” that resulted because petitioners could only guess at how God might respond to the blessing; “belief in the deep engagement of the sacred with the natural world” (p. 271); the notion of a “contract” between God and his worshipers; and the relationship of the sacred to the demonic and profane. Rivard’s most refreshing conclusions regard the “positive perspective on the natural and social world” (p. 280) exhibited by the blessings and the extent to which they were influenced by the piety and concerns of the laity. Rudolf Otto’s anthropological theories, and particularly his notion of the numen, exert a pervasive influence over the study. Commentators on medieval religion such as Augustine Thomson, Keith Thomas, and R. N. Swanson provide categories for Rivard’s interpretation of the rituals. Yet Rivard draws more from Franz and the primary sources than any more recent scholarship. Desiderata include outlines of each rite to contextualize individual formulae. It is surprising, for example, to read suddenly “the seventeenth prayer” of a given blessing (p. 110). The reader also must keep in mind that the texts studied are multivalent and open to other interpretations. For example, what Rivard calls the “ambiguity” of the divinity might be better understood in terms of the subjective disposition of the faithful, even in the medieval mentalité. This study exhibits a lack of familiarity with patristics, liturgiology, palaeography, and theology, which are intimately related to the topic. For example, Rivard follows the formidable but in some respects outdated surveys of Josef Jungmann, Theodor Klauser, and Cyrille Vogel in attributing the Apostolic Tradition to Hippolytus (p. 29), despite more recent research on the document by Paul Bradshaw and...