Water Disposal Research Articles

Sanitation Condition and its Association with Menstrual Hygiene of Non-Tribal and Tribal Communities in Selected Districts of West Bengal

Sanitation is described as providing facilities and services to dispose of human urine and faeces safely. Clean water and sanitation facilities during menstruation are essential for women to take care of themselves hygienically and confidently. To achieve the goal, a descriptive cross-sectional study of menstruation women in the selected areas was suggested. First, data on cleanliness and menstrual hygiene were obtained from 435 non-tribal and 353 tribal women who were menstruating. Following that, the data is arranged in a comparative analytical fashion. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0, which included descriptive and inferential statistics. Gender disparity, discriminatory social norms, cultural taboos, poverty, and a lack of basic conveniences such as latrine and sanitary products may cause menstrual health complicated. The shortage of toilet, water, and waste disposal facilities in their homes and workplaces make the situation more complex. Furthermore, women avoid using the public toilet because of its poor condition and often lack running water; as a result, they are only used in extreme instances. The Indian government has a programme to provide toilets to every family, but this issue has received little attention. Menstrual hygiene management is an essential requirement in the country as well. However, the taboos associated with the menstrual cycle and unhygienic sanitation conditions created a barrier.

Impact of urban pattern on operating costs of public services: quantification through the economic weight of services ‘to property’

ABSTRACT Research has shown the existence of strong links between physical configuration of the urban settlements and the economic metabolism of public services. However, this relationship has a different intensity depending on the nature of each service, resting exclusively on the services ‘to property’, that is, those ensuring smooth functionality of the buildings and public spaces. In such services, the operating cost per unit developed area largely depends on representative variables of the urban pattern. For instance, the length of roads per unit developed area impacts the operating costs of linear services, such as street lighting, street cleaning and, together with housing density, on the operating costs of water cycle, waste collection and disposal. Moreover, the maintenance costs of pavements, parks, and gardens are directly proportional to the dimension of the public space. Therefore, the economic weight of services ‘to property’ in the current budget of public administration highlights how vulnerable these budgets are against changes in the urban pattern and determines the expected maximum economic impact of any measure adopted through urban planning. Thus, the main objective of this study is to define, from a theoretical perspective, an indicator representative of the economic weight of the operating cost of the services ‘to property’ upon public administration budgets, capable of delimiting the relationship between the budgets and urban patterns. In addition, to show its utility, this urban-economic indicator has been computed for a sample of medium-sized Spanish cities, showing that, on an average, a quarter of the operating cost of urban public services is directly linked to urban patterns, highlighting the potential impact of urban planning decisions on the economic sustainability of urban settlements.

Recent water disposal and pore pressure evolution in the Delaware Mountain Group, Delaware Basin, Southeast New Mexico and West Texas, USA

Study regionA flat, large, semi-arid plateau in the southwest United States (west Texas and southeast New Mexico) underlain by a deep Paleozoic sedimentary basin, the tectonic Delaware Basin, host of intensive hydrocarbon production. Study focusImpacts of injection of large volumes of water produced from oil and gas wells and injected through 1000 + disposal wells, in particular, pressure buildup, induced seismicity and their potential consequences, in a formation underlying fresh-water aquifers but separated from them by thick layers of evaporites. The target formation is the Delaware Mountain Group (DMG) of Permian age and consisting of up to 4500 ft (~1400 m) of mostly fine-grained, deepwater siliciclastic slope and basin deposits (sandstones, siltstones, and minor limestones). A flow model was developed and calibrated from well log data, stratigraphic data, petrophysical analyses, and core data (123 ×170 mi2 - 1 ×1 mi2 grid size) complemented with dynamic injectivity information based on surface injection pressures and rates of the disposal wells. New hydrological insights for the regionInjection of 5.8 billion barrels (0.92 billion m3) of waste water has generated regional pressure increases in the DMG mostly in the 100–400 psi (0.7–2.8 MPa) range: (1) creating strong artesian conditions that, combined with the presence of numerous historical boreholes, could connect DMG and fresh-water aquifers; and (2) generating conditions leading to actually observed moderate induced seismicity.

Cultivation of seaweeds in food production process waters: Evaluation of growth and crude protein content

There is an increasing demand for sustainably produced, protein-rich, and nutritious food. Seaweeds are promising protein sources for the future if their protein content can be optimized, something which can be achieved by cultivation in elevated nutrient concentrations. Cultivation of seaweeds in integration with fish farms have received much attention lately, but using nutrient-rich process waters from other food industries as feed stock for seaweed has rarely been studied. Here, we demonstrate a simple and sustainable strategy to answer the increasing world demand for food rich in plant-based proteins by connecting food production process waters with seaweed cultivation. We compared growth rates and crude protein content of four different seaweed species, the brown species Saccharina latissima, and the green species Ulva fenestrata, Ulva intestinalis, and Chaetomorpha linum, when cultivated in two dilutions (providing 20 and 200 μM ammonium) of eight different process waters emerging from recirculating salmon aquaculture systems as well as from herring, shrimp and oat processing. Growth rates of the green seaweeds were up to 64% higher, and crude protein content was almost up to four times higher when cultivated in the food production process waters, compared to seawater controls. Growth rates were generally higher in presence of 20 μM compared to 200 μM ammonium, while crude protein content was either unaffected or positively affected by the increasing ammonium concentration. This study indicates the potential for cultivating seaweeds with food production process waters to generate additional protein-rich biomass while nutrients are being circulated back to the food chain. A new nutrient loop is thus illustrated, in which the costly disposal of food production process waters is instead turned into value by seaweed cultivation.

Bacteriological Study of Ballast Water at Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang

The D-2 Ballast Water Management Convention standard regulates the requirements for the disposal of ballast water, which must not contain pathogenic bacteria, which are harmful to health and pollute the environment and the sustainability of local ecosystems. Tanjung Emas was chosen because it is one of the busiest ports in Indonesia to serve domestic shipping. In addition, there has never been a study examining the composition of bacteria carried through ballast water at the port of Tanjung Emas. This study aims to determine the content of pathogenic bacteria carried by the ballast water of ships docked at Tanjung Emas Port compared to the waters around the disposal and river flows around Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang. The samples were taken from 4 ships, 5 waters, and 2 rivers in Tanjung Emas area. The samples were analyzed biochemically to obtain the morphology of the bacteria present. The results showed that ballast water from the ships (KVOG, KMPS, and M) contains pathogenic bacteria: V. cholerae, E. coli, enterococci, S. typhii, S. desenteriae, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and Actinobacteria. All types of that bacteria were also found in the Tanjung Emas waters except Actinobacteria. For three bacteria i.e. V. cholerae, E. coli, and enterococci whose levels exceed the threshold required by the BWM Convention and have the potential to pollute the Tanjung Emas environment. The water from the river did not contribute to the presence of V. cholerae bacteria in port waters, so the ballast water must be treated before being disposed of.

The Relationship Of Sanitation And Refill Water Quality With Stunting Events In The Work Area of Community Health Centers Titi Papan in Medan Deli District

Poor water quality is associated with various water-related diseases, as well as economic losses due to medical expenses and reduced productive days due to illness. According to him, proper drinking water is not necessarily safe. Sanitation is a public health effort that focuses on monitoring various environmental factors in the provision of clean water, disposal of human waste (latrines), waste management and waste water disposal that affect health status. Stunting is a condition where the child's growth is disturbed so that the child becomes shorter than the normal height of the child's age obtained from height measurements. This study aims to determine the quality of refilled water or drinking water consumed by families from refill drinking water depots or drinking water cooked by stunting families in the working area of ​​Titi Papan Health Center. This type of research is descriptive research, with the research design is cross sectional. The result of this study is that sanitation and drinking water quality are significantly related to the incidence of stunting in the working area of ​​the Titi Papan Public Health Center, Medan Deli District. The most dominant variable related to the incidence of stunting at the Titi Papan Health Center, Medan Deli District, was sanitation with a PR value of 16,212 and p<0.05, this means that good sanitation has 16 times the chance of not having stunting compared to poor sanitation.

Zero liquid discharge treatment of brackish water by membrane distillation system: Influencing mechanism of antiscalants on scaling mitigation and biofilm formation

• The anti-scaling performance of PBTCA, DTPMPA, and HPMA in MD system was studied. • Regulation mechanism of antiscalant on the MD fouling layer formation was presented. • Usage of DTPMPA in MD existed the risk of phosphate crystals and membrane wetting. • HPMA was suitable for the long-term operation of zero-liquid discharge MD system. Membrane distillation (MD) is increasingly regarded as a promising technique for brine management and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) disposal of seawater and brackish water owing to its excellent effluent quality and higher salt tolerance. However, membrane fouling issues of MD, especially scaling, have been confirmed as a crucial challenge impeding its large-scale utilization. Presently, the scaling issue of conventional membrane-based desalination techniques including reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF), has been effectively controlled via the usage of antiscalants. Hence, this work applied three representative antiscalants of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA), diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMPA), and polymaleic acid (HPMA) in MD devices to restrain the scaling of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane during the ZLD treatment of synthetic brackish water. Furthermore, influences of antiscalant presence on variations of feed water qualities and the corresponding biofilm formation were also comprehensively studied via the high throughput sequencing method of 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA as well as a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Compared to DTPMPA (77.4%-97.8%) and HPMA (42.1%-97.8%), a higher anti-scaling efficiency was obtained for PBTCA (90.6%-98.1%) in MD system, while the membrane biofilm formed in PBTCA group exhibited a remarkable appearance of live cells (14.046 μm 3 /μm 2 ). The secondary fouling of phosphate scale and pore wetting might be induced by the utilization of DTPMPA in MD plants, sharply increasing the effluent conductivity to 176.4 μS/cm (12 d). Comparatively, HPMA could be largely combined with salt ions to form loose slags with good fluidity, promoting the reuse of MD membranes and the subsequent disposal of MD brine.

Development of iot Based Water Quality Control and Filtration System

Water is the basic and essential resource which is required for every need such as agriculture, industrial activity and for domestic purpose. Especially in the industrial areas although many water monitoring systems were planted, the waste water disposal is minimally controlled. This project not only helps to monitor water at the industrial level but it can be used anywhere water quality plays a major role. The water quality is continuously monitored with the help of sensors (PH, Temperature, Turbidity, conductivity, water level indicator). It also indicates the level of the water and checking the quality of the water with the help of the valve control system, it sends the water with impurities for the filtration system. The entire system is completely controlled by IOT system and it is continuously monitored by the module.

Cascading disposal for food waste by integration of hydrothermal carbonization and supercritical water gasification

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) has drawn great attention as one of the wet biomass conversion technologies. This study investigated a cascading energy recovery process by integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and SCWG, aiming to achieve the efficient disposal and conversion of HTC process water. The physicochemical characteristics of hydrochars produced by HTC at different temperatures and residence times were analyzed. An energy densified hydrochar with calorific value of 22.68 MJ/kg was obtained under 275 °C for 60 min. SCWG was adopted to efficiently achieve the conversion of HTC process water into H2-rich syngas. The effect of reaction temperatures (360 °C, 420 °C, 480 °C), residence times (15 min, 30 min, 45 min) and, and alkali catalysts on gasification characteristics and contaminants removal performance were studied. The highest H2 production of 1151.26 mmol/L was obtained at 480 °C and 45 min with 5 wt% KOH. The highest TOC and COD removal efficiencies of 83.04% and 82.99% were achieved at 480 °C, 45 min, respectively. The efficiencies of SCWG were enhanced by HTC, and less CO2 were generated. This cascading energy recovery process efficiently achieves the conversion of food waste to solid fuel and provides possible optimization of SCWG process.

Factors associated with food safety compliance among street food vendors in Can Tho city, Vietnam: implications for intervention activity design and implementation

BackgroundStreet food plays a valuable role in several Asian countries including Vietnam. Improving the safety of street food is an important responsibility for many local food authorities. This study aims to characterize the business profile of fixed and mobile street food vendors, and to compare their compliance with the food safety criteria.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire and observational checklist to assess the ten Vietnamese food safety criteria prescribed under Decision No. 3199/2000/QD-BYT for street food vendors in Can Tho city. A total of 400 street food vendors, composed of fixed and mobile vendors, in urban areas of the city were randomly selected for the survey.ResultsThe study showed significant differences between the two types of street food vendors in educational level (p = 0.017); business profile, including types of foods vended, area in use, number of employees, training in food safety, and business registration paperwork; and the status of compliance with the ten-food hygiene and safety criteria (p < 0.01). Poisson regression analysis found that education attainment (IRR = 1.228, p = 0.015), food safety training (IRR = 4.855, p < 0.01), total business capital (IRR = 1.004, p = 0.031) and total area in use (IRR = 1.007, p = 0.001) appeared to be significantly positively associated with food safety and hygiene compliance. In contrast, mobile vending type was negatively associated with the likelihood of adhering to the ten criteria (IRR = 0.547, p = 0.005).ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the need for training and education programs to improve food safety knowledge and practice among street food vendors. Basic infrastructure and services, especially clean water, proper sanitation, and waste disposal facilities, should be provided to help street food vendors better practice food safety and hygiene regulations.

Cash transfer program and willingness to pay for environmental services among the ultra-poor in Pakistan.

This study examines the impact of cash support from the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) on willingness to pay for environmental services (WTPfES) among the ultra-poor in Pakistan using a quasi-experimental approach. We conduct empirical analysis using cross-sectional data of 1200 households by applying the regression discontinuity design (RDD) approach. The RDD-based empirical results show that BISP cash support positively impacts the willingness to pay for environmental services such as drinking water, sanitation, and waste disposal management services. The empirical analysis further depicts that cash assistance has a positive and significant impact on the willingness to participate in environmental services at the household and community levels. In addition, the additional income from the BISP helps families achieve better living standards and improve environmental services. The use of environmental services ultimately leads to better health among the target groups. The government may expand unconditional cash support to increase the use of quality environmental services.

Determination of capacity of filters for decontamination of ventilated air of water supply system tanks and water disposal

Determination of capacity of filters for decontamination of ventilated air of water supply system tanks and water disposal

Improper Disposal of Waste Water and Masks during COVID-19, and the Associated Increased Cycle of Infection to Human Health in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Tanzania

Since COVID-19 was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO), wearing of protective equipment, hand washing using soap and frequent use of antiseptic solution are being applied globally to reduce the transmission rate. This study was intended to investigate handling of after wash waste water and masks among Tanzanian residents on the COVID-19 pandemic after it has been, declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) that, wearing of protective equipment, hand washing using soap and frequent use of antiseptic solution should be applied globally to reduce the transmission rate. The assessment of health care waste management in the facilities was conducted in all the 26 regions of Tanzania Mainland. A standardized checklist and tools were used to assess and monitor various aspects related to healthcare waste using open source software for collection (ODK). Data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. It has been indicated that before disposing the used mask, the best protocol is to spray 0.5% (5000 ppm) of chlorine disinfectant on the surface. In this study, about 46% consider used mask as normal municipal waste and 3% do not care they throw away the face masks in the street. Only 18% and 5% of reported to disposal as infectious and highly hazardous waste respectively. It is well documented that due to potential infectious disease like SARS-CoV-2, wastewater should be treated either on-site or conveyed off-site and treated in well-designed method or technology to kill the micro-organisms. The analysis revealed that majority of respondents (74.7%, 73.8%, 48.1% and 65% for healthcare center, district hospitals, regional hospitals and consultant hospitals respectively); dispose the waste in the open space. Continuous awareness creation programs about the negative impact of contaminated face masks and waste water on the health of individuals and introducing laws that can prohibit improper disposal are among the solutions that could help reduce the problem.

Removal of contaminants from waste water by using Murrayakoenigii nanoparticles

Today nanoparticles and nanocomposite are used for removal of metals and biological substances. Magnetic oxide nanoparticles are a class of engineered materials with very small size and which can be operated under the influence of external magnetic field. This is mainly due to their very efficient contaminant removal capacity, fast reaction rate and most importantly due to magnetic properties which enables its easy recovery. These magnetic nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by different methods. These preparation methods have several limitations in terms of operating cost production rates and risk to the environment and humans. In addition to these, magnetic nanoparticles lose their reaction rate due to macromolecules formation and magnetic property and dispensability on exposure of atmosphere. Green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles has remained a comparatively new research area. The problem of treating waste water is being very severe, particularly in developing countries with disposal of untreated waste water. The release of untreated waste water with nutrients and metal concentration leads to worldwide ecological problem in water bodies. The present study revealed Murrayakoenigii (curry leaves) used for producing magnetic nanoparticles in green synthesis method and these magnetic nanoparticles have the potential to remove nutrients like Phosphate ion and Nitrate ion from wastewater and magnetic nanoparticles were characterised by FTIR,XRD and SEM Techniques.

Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

The flow of liquids in open channels has been studied since ancient Rome. However, the vast majority of published reports on flow in open channels are focused on the transport of drinking water and sewage disposal. The literature on the transport of molten metals in open channels is quite scarce. In this work, the uniform flow of pig iron and molten aluminum in rectangular open channels is studied. Specific energy curves are constructed and critical heights are analytically determined. The transition from subcritical to supercritical flow is analyzed as a function of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness of its walls. Manning’s equation is applied to the pig iron flow using data reported in the literature for molten aluminum. The need to correct the roughness coefficient for pig iron is observed in order to obtain results consistent with those previously reported.

Potable water and sewage disposal in modern Manila

Potable water and sewage disposal in modern Manila

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ В ИСТОЧНИКАХ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ПИТЬЕВОГО ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА СЕВЕРЕ КАЛМЫКИИ

Purpose: assessment of water quality in the source of centralized domestic water supply in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny in Oktyabrsky district of Kalmy-kia according to the main monitored indicators. Materials and methods. Water resources in the source of domestic water supply (before and after their treatment) in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny were considered as objects of study. The factual materials for the study were the protocols of laboratory studies of water quality in the distribution network of the settlement of Bolshoy Tsaryn, an explanatory note to the scheme of water supply and disposal of the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny of Oktyabrsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia (2019), separate sections of the Scheme for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies of Endorheic Areas in the Interfluve of the Terek, Don and Volga (2014), as well as materials from previously published studies on the topic under consideration. Results. An analysis of the laboratory testing of samples shows that the water in the considered water supply source is suitable according to radiological indicators and the results of sanitary and hygienic analyzes, however, its quality does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of color (exceeds 20°) and turbidity (more than 2.6 FMU). Conclusions. When comparing analyzes of water samples taken from the network before and after treatment, it can be concluded that its organoleptic properties after purification are reduced by 15.9–26.2 % in terms of “color” and by 25.29–47.4 % in terms of “turbidity”, this is not always enough to meet the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations. To address the issues of increased water color and turbidity, it is necessary to carry out deepening measures in the water intake area, as well as systematic cleaning of the canal's water supply network from sediment. In addition, it is necessary to consider the possibility of drinking water post-treatment through additional filtration.

Implications of sanitation environment on women's health: a case on railway slum of Khulna city in Bangladesh​

Sanitation is a multidimensional concept, mainly including providing service for clean water and safe disposal of human excreta, drainage and waste management. The researcher of the study aims to find out the existing condition of the sanitation environment and women’s health issues for the implication of the sanitation environment. For this purpose, the researcher used the Khulna railway slum informal settlement of Khulna city as the study area and identified the sample size through convenience sampling as the study is explanatory. Under convenience sampling, 134 respondents were surveyed through a face-to-face interview. Through the study, the researcher learns about the existing sanitation environment through the present condition of sanitary facilities, drainage facilities, water facilities and waste management facilities. Furthermore, the sanitation environment is a significant concern in the slums. Because of the poor sanitation environment, the slum women are getting sick. They face physical health issues like cold and cough, diarrhoea, skin disease and urinary tract infection. Moreover, they also experience psychological health issues like depression, loss of sleep and losing confidence. In addition, women experience health issues during pregnancy (eating disorders, weakness, nausea, shortness of breath, back pain, sleep disorder, depression and anxiety disorder) and menstruation period (stomach pain, mood swing, excessive bleeding, rash at external genitalia).

ҚАШҚАДАРЁ ВИЛОЯТИ ИҚТИСОДИЁТИДА САНОАТ КОМПЛЕКСИНИНГ ҲИССАСИ

This article highlights the importance of the industrial complex of the Kashkadarya region in the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The results of the study show that in recent years, the positions of Kashkadarya region in terms of industrial production have been declining among the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The share of the region in the volume of production for the extraction of minerals and discovered minerals; industrial production; water supply, sewerage, waste collection and disposal sectors has been declining over the years. Contrary to this trend, electricity, gas, steam supply and air conditioning sectors are rapidly developing in the region. Based on this, the article developed scientific and practical proposals and recommendations for improving the structure of the regional industrial complex and increasing the efficiency of industries.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ БАЗИ ГЕОДАНИХ РЕЖИМНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ ЗА ГІДРОГЕОЛОГІЧНИМИ УМОВАМИ ТЕРИТОРІЇ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ ТА ЇЇ АНАЛІЗ

Groundwater is the most dynamic and vulnerable component of the geological environment, which in real-time responds to changes in natural and natural-anthropogenic factors and defines the emergence and intensification of the dangerous geological processes, particularly such as landslides, ground subsidence, flooding, etc. To assess the impact of various factors on the exogenous geological processes (EGPs) development and intensification, primarily the most fast-changing ones, in addition to meteorological conditions (precipitation amount and its seasonal distribution) hydrogeological conditions, and the most volatile indicator - groundwater level – are taken into account. Continuous territory monitoring requires numerous complex and diverse problem solutions, including reasonable and comprehensive forecasting of changes under the influence of physical, chemical, and biological factors based on modern information technologies. Given that National Kyiv-Pechersk Preserve territory has a complex relief with a height difference of 74.5 m from south to northeast in real terms, it is necessary to conduct constant monitoring and landslide prevention activities, carry out surface water drainage measures, replace water supply and disposal communications, and determine the impact of changes in groundwater regime on the territory to achieve the ultimate objective. This multifaceted process can be optimized by a geodatabase, the use, and maintenance of which will enable to focus on the study of the hydrogeological conditions, in particular the groundwater regime and the nature of aquifers changes.