Disposal Of Industrial Effluents Research Articles

Effect Of Polluted Surface Water On Groundwater: A Case Study Of Budha Nullah

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources. It is a major source of fresh drinking water in both the rural and urban regions. The groundwater quality, however in recent time has got deteriorated due to the percolation of polluted water in to the soils from the drains, polluted rivers and ponds. As a result its quality has not remained potable in many parts of the country. Contaminated groundwater of Mettupalayam Taluk in Tamil Nadu, Amravati River Basin of Karur District, Tamil Nadu, Eastern Uttar Pradesh are some of the example. Therefore, the evaluation of water quality of the rivers, groundwater and impact of polluted groundwater on environment and health has drawn attention of the researchers. The present thesis is also an attempt on such study. The pollution level of Budha Nullah water and its effect on groundwater and vicinity area have been studied in the present paper. Total eleven groundwater samples, seven Budha Nullah samples and five soil samples were collected from different locations within 6 km stretch of Budha Nullah and its adjoining areas. The samples of the different points were collected from handpumps and tubewells, the water from which is used for drinking and other purposes. All the quality parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (18 TH edition). It was observed that pH of all the collected samples was within permissible limit of 6.5-8.5. The surface water analysis of Budha Nullah reveals high values of Total Dissolved solids up to 1642 mg/L, chlorides up to 400 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand values up to 448mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand varying between 52-195 mg/L, Most Potable Number varying from 240+ upto 2400+ per 100ml, heavy metal like Cr in the Budha Nullah has value 0.031 mg/L, Fe 0.913 mg/L, Mn 0.043 mg/L and Ni 0.222 mg/L. The quality of ground water at many places was found to be unfit for drinking mainly due to high amount of total dissolved solids and most potable number being much higher than the prescribed limit as per ISO 10500 standards. SAR of soil ranges from 3.78 to 6.98 mg/kg, which is optimum value for soil, as soils with SAR value less than 10 are considered good for leaching and water percolation. The reason behind the presence of other form of impurities and heavy metals in the ground water could be due to presence of heavy metals in surface water of Budha Nullah and its seepage in the adjacent groundwater aquifers. Objectives Of Study: The rapid industrialization in Ludhiana, though contributed to economic development, has resulted in heavy losses to economic welfare in terms of effects on agricultural activities, human health and ecosystem at large through air and water pollution. Solid and liquid wastes emanating from the industrial activities are the inevitable by-products of manufacturing process. These wastes contain toxic chemicals such as Chromium salts, sulfides and other substances including heavy toxic trace metals. These materials enter the surface water and subsurface aquifers resulting in water pollution. The town which earned the name of Manchester of Punjab landed into dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted human settlements in the country (G.S Gill et al.,1997). Similarly industries located in Mettupalayam taluk, Tamilnadu dispose their effluents on land, and the farmers of the adjacent farmlands have complained that their shallow open wells get polluted and also the salt content of soil has started building up slowly. Study found that continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution (Mukherjee at el., 2006). In this dissertation an attempt has been made to study the water quality of the Budha Nullah and groundwater. Grab sampling was done from the different locations through the 12 km stretch of Budha Nullah in the Ludhiana city .

Preparation of bifunctional poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane by dual X-linking

A new class of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membranes with increased hydrophobicity, in which hydroxyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) HPDMS macromolecules are cross (X)-linked concurrently with polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) macromolecules and n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) molecules, is reported here. The unique bifunctional PDMS membranes possess improved membrane performance for removal of trace volatile organics from water, thereby showing high potential for treatment of organic polluted water, considering zero discharge and stringent norms for disposal of industrial effluents. Series of the membranes with fixed HPDMS and PMHS ratios but different OTS content varying from 0.1 to 20 wt% were prepared. This resulted in formation of two different types of bifunctional PDMS membranes. The membranes with lower OTS content (<5 wt%) resulted in formation of homogeneous structures in which OTS is X-linked molecularly, whereas nanocomposite structures with the additional presence of very small organosilica particles of about 1–2 nm size, were observed in the membrane with 5 wt% OTS loading. In membranes with excess 10–20 wt% OTS loading, these nanoparticles were aggregated. The nanoscale structure observed by TEM was in accord with the SANS profiles. The membranes were further characterized by SEM, NMR, IR, contact angle, swelling and X-linking density measurements and correlated with their separation performances. The membrane with OTS content of 1 wt% exhibited the best performance in terms of high permselectivity of benzene or dichloromethane over water.

Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on the Abundance of Coliform Bacteria in an Industrial Site of the Hooghly River, India

Industrial effluents from jute, paper, pulp mills and sewage from households are regularly discharged into the Hooghly River. It generates a potential risk for both humans and animals of the area concerned. In the present study, water quality of the Hooghly River passing by the site of a growing township (Naihati, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India) was assessed throughout the year 2010 on the basis of the data collected on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The water samples collected on each month revealed the presence of higher amount of coliform bacteria, Streptococcus sp. and Escherichia coli, than the standard limit. Different physicochemical parameters like chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, alkalinity, chlorinity, nitrate and nitrite of the water at the sampling sites were found to be considerably higher than the levels standardized by WHO (2006). It was found that the relative abundance of Streptococcus and E. coli was influenced by two independent variables (water quality parameters), namely, DO and TDS. The abundance of coliform bacteria in the water sample warrants the adoption of proper measures to reduce the pollution level at the point source on way of scientific disposal of industrial effluents.

STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF EFFLUENT ON GROUND WATER USING REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND MODELING TECHNIQUES

Abstract. The area lies in arid zone of western Rajasthan having very scanty rains and very low ground water reserves. Some of the other problems that are faced by the area are disposal of industrial effluent posing threat to its sustainability of water resource. Textiles, dyeing and printing industries, various mechanical process and chemical/synthetic dyes are used and considerable wastewater discharged from these textile units contains about high amount of the dyes into the adjoining drainages. This has caused degradation of water quality in this water scarce semi-arid region of the country. Pali city is located South-West, 70 Kms from Jodhpur in western Rajasthan (India). There are four Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) treating wastewater to meet the pollutant level permissible to river discharge, a huge amount of effluent water of these factories directly meets the into the river Bandi – a tributary of river Luni. In order to monitor the impact of industrial effluents on the environment, identifying the extent of the degradation and evolving possible means of minimizing the impacts studies on quality of effluents, polluted river water and water of adjoining wells, the contamination migration of the pollutants from the river to ground water were studied. Remote sensing analysis has been carried out using Resourcesat −1 multispectral satellite data along with DEM derived from IRS P5 stereo pair. GIS database generated of various thematic layers viz. base layer – inventorying all waterbodies in the vicinity, transport network and village layer, drainage, geomorphology, structure, land use. Analysis of spatial distribution of the features and change detection in land use/cover carried out. GIS maps have been used to help factor in spatial location of source and hydro-geomorphological settings. DEM &amp;amp; elevation contour helped in delineation of watershed and identifying flow modelling boundaries. Litholog data analysis carried out for aquifer boundaries using specialized software. Establishment of other boundary conditions was based on well data. Calibration and validation of was done using ground water modelling software. Change detection analysis indicated areas of impact on land use/ cover particularly, agriculture activity. Normalised difference vegetation index found to have negative correlation with pollution level. Population dynamics have been studied and it is found to be poorly correlated with land degradation. Water levels do not show significant variations in past twenty years baring normal seasonal fluctuation. Chemical analysis of ground water samples studies in time series. The water quality studied through various parameters shows concentration in mid-reach of the Bandi river. Analysis of litholog data shows three unconfined aquifers. Pump test and resistivity survey was carried out for initial aquifer properties in local water levels. Modelling contaminant migration helped in prediction of the extent of the adversity. Surface flow is checked allowing more water but it is proving to be accumulation point in absence of good rainfall &amp;amp; flow in the river. Hotspots of dumping /active contamination were identified with certain remediation efforts and supply of solid waste to cement industry in addition to bio-filter for heavy metals.

Impact of Unplanned Disposal of Tanneries Effluents on Testes – A Dilemma of Our Society

The modern industrialized society faces serious prob-lems of exposure of its population to the environmen-tal pollutants. Rapid industrialization is beneficial to mankind but at the same time it is creating problems due to unplanned and unwise disposal of industrial eff-luents particularly from the tanneries in the environ-ment. The wastes of industries utilizing the chromium as tanneries have substantial amount of chromium in it. This study was designed to analyze the effects of hexavalent chromium on diameter of seminiferous tub-ules of testes of mice at Animal House of Zoology Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore. This experiment was performed on forty – eight mature adult male albino mice, which were divided into eight groups. Control groups were designated as A 1 , B 1 , C 1 and D 1 , whereas experimental groups A, B, C and D, received chromium (2 mg / kg), i.p., as potassium di-chromate on alternate days for two, four, six and eight weeks respectively. Significant histological changes were recorded in the testes of treated mice, after pro-longed exposure of chromium tubular diameter of the seminiferous tubules was reduced. In case of chronic exposure more drastic deleterious effects will appear. Future research work will add further information in this regard. Key Words: Potassium dichromate, Testes, Semini-ferous tubules, hexavalent chromium.

An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up

Setting up of new industries or expansion of existing industrial establishments resulted in the disposal of industrial effluents, which discharge untreated effluents causing air, water, soil and soil solid waste pollution. These disposed materials have high persistence capacities and also can change in to toxic recalcitrant up on combining with other eco-materials or manmade products. Remediation is the only way to tackle these so called xenobiotic compounds and to reduce the hazards caused by them. Even though, several practices have been implemented for degrading these recalcitrants, bioremediation step is proved to show the significa t impact on them. Giving a brief note on types of xenobionts and their impact on the environment, this study attempts to highlight on different xenobiotic degradation methods like bacterial bioremediation, phycoremediation, phytoremediation, photoremediation etc.

Ground Water Pollution and Emerging Environmental Challenges of Industrial Effluent Irrigation: A Case Study of Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamilnadu

Industrial disposal of effluents on land and the subsequent pollution of groundwater and soil of surrounding farmlands – is a relatively new area of research. The environmental and socioeconomic aspects of industrial effluent irrigation have not been studied as extensively as domestic sewage based irrigation practices, at least for a developing country like India. The disposal of effluents on land has become a regular practice for some industries. Industries located in Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil Nadu, dispose their effluents on land, and the farmers of the adjacent farmlands have complained that their shallow open wells get polluted and also the salt content of the soil has started building up slowly. This study attempts to capture the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of industrial effluent irrigation in different industrial locations at Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil Nadu, through primary surveys and secondary information. This study found that the continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution. The quality of groundwater in shallow open wells surrounding the industrial locations has deteriorated, and the application of polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. In some locations drinking water wells (deep bore wells) also have a high concentration of salts. Since the farmers had already shifted their cropping pattern to salt-tolerant crops (like jasmine, curry leaf, tobacco, etc.) and substituted their irrigation source from shallow open wells to deep bore wells and/or river water, the impact of pollution on livelihoods was minimized. Since the local administration is supplying drinking water to households, the impact in the domestic sector has been minimized. It has also been noticed that in some locations industries are supplying drinking water to the affected households. However, if the pollution continues unabated it could pose serious problems in the future.

Groundwater Pollution Around an Industrial Area in the Coastal Stretch of Maharashtra State, India

The main objective of this paper is to examine pollution threat, especially to the groundwater resources, around Tarapur industrial area (also called the Tarapur MIDC area) located on the Arabian Sea Coast in Thane District of Maharashtra State, India and suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. One hundred and thirty one samples were collected from various sources, such as dugwells, borewells, dug-cum-borewells, effluent sumps, drainage channels (effluent channels), creeks and ocean, for chemical analyses. These analyses show that the area in general is characterized by hard water and high salinity hazard, possibly due to its proximity and hydraulic connection with the sea. Although the potability of groundwater is questionable in certain pockets, it is good enough for irrigation purposes at present. Low pH value and high heavy metal contents in the adjoining Muramba creek water is a matter of great concern and may be attributed to the indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents to the drainage channels connecting the creek. Muramba Creek is well connected with the Arabian Sea, and there are evidences of seawater intrusion around this creek. Because of the fact that Muramba Creek is highly polluted, and is hydraulically connected with the dugwells and borewells surrounding the creek, it cannot be ruled out that the groundwater around this creek is susceptible to contamination. Unless measures are not taken immediately to stop the indiscriminate disposal of the solid wastes and liquid effluents in open ground and drainage channels, and measures are not taken to maintain the appropriate pH values at the effluent treatment facilities before their disposal, the problem would indeed be formidable one day, and it will be too late then for the authorities to take care of the resulting maladies. Few suggestions have been given for controlling and managing the industrial pollution around the Tarapur MIDC area. These suggestions are relevant to other industrial areas situated on the 7,000 km long Indian Sea Coast.

Relationships between chromium biomagnification ratio, accumulation factor, and mycorrhizae in plants growing on tannery effluent-polluted soil

Heavy metal-contaminated land is increasingly becoming an important environmental, health, economic, and planning issue in Pakistan. The unplanned disposal of industrial effluent from tannery, for example, has resulted in a many fold increase in chromium (Cr) in the land near a tannery. This study was undertaken to compare the total and the DTPA-available Cr contents in the soil and the roots and leaves of tree species growing on it with those on the nearby noncontaminated reference site at Kala Shah Kakoo, Panjab, Pakistan. A very reduced plant cover on the tannery effluent-contaminated site was noted and there was a sharp boundary between the polluted and nonpolluted reference sites, suggesting a strong selection pressure. Polluted soil contained considerable higher amounts of Cr as compared to the reference soil but no correlation was found between Cr contents in the dried plant tissue and the total DTPA-extractable Cr. Roots of all the three tree species, i.e. Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia arabica, and Populus euroamericana, growing on both the contaminated as well reference site possessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) infection in their roots and AMF propagules in the associated rhizospheres. D. sissoo and A. arabica roots were also studded with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial root nodules, while those of P. euroamericana possessed AMF as well as ectomycorrhizal infections. The dual infection would encourage mineral nutrition, including Cr. AMF community varied, i.e. trees growing on the reference site were exposed to a wide variety of AMF such as Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora, whereas those on the contaminated site contained only Gigaspora spp. in their mycorrhizospheres, suggesting a selection pressure. Typical Glomus infection patterns in the roots of D. sissoo growing on the contaminated soil but absence of spores of Glomus spp. in the associated rhizospheres indicate the potential error of using AMF spores to extrapolate the root infection. High Cr contents adversely affected the size, diversity, and species richness of AMF as measured by Shannon–Weiner index. The potential of mycorrhizae in protecting the host plant against the harmful effect of heavy metals and in phytoremediation of the Cr-polluted soil is discussed.

Effect of Urbanisation on Groundwater Regime, Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Abstract Groundwater abstraction in Dhaka city has increased more than 700% during the last three decades. Consequently, water level has dropped to 20 m below sea level in the south central part of the city, where the ground surface elevation is 5.7 m. The rate of water level decline varies from 0.75 to 1.5m/year at different observation points within the city. Iso-conductivity map of the groundwater depicts higher electrolytic conductivity (EC) value (500 to 800 μ1S/cm) in the southern part of the city, particularly along the river Buriganga. compared to the northern part (l00-2oo μ1S/cm). Contamination in the aquifer of southern part is attributed to recharge by polluted water from the Buriganga. Monitoring results of deep tube wells (DTWs) and hand tube wells (HTWs), located in municipal waste and industrial effluent disposal sites, show a marked depth variation in groundwater EC. Higher EC values in the HTWs demonstrates contamination in upper part of the aquifer from the disposal sites. Major ions and trace element concentrations of the water samples also reveal similar pattern. Increasing trend in the ionic concentrations. particularly cl- and N03 , as observed in the historical record indicates gradual quality deterioration.

Disposal of industrial effluents into Tees Bay

Disposal of industrial effluents into Tees Bay

The disposal of industrial effluents on pastures

An agricultural project for the disposal of industrial liquid effluent has been initiated by African Explosives and Chemical Industries Limited at their Modderfontein factory. This effluent, which has a high nitrogen content, is sprayed on veld and sown pastures. In spite of two very dry years the effluent has stimulated the growth of both the veld and the pastures and grazing and hay of excellent quality have been obtained. Keywords: liquids|dams|pollution|hay|grazing|growth|spraying|factories|Modderfontein|pastures|effluents|industrial wastes|disposals|veld|nitrogen contents

The disposal of industrial effluent by woods irrigation

A method for the disposal of industrially polluted effluent—by woods irrigation—is described, and the results of hydrologic investigations during the first year of operation are evaluated. It was found that the spraying of 400 to 600 inches depth of water on the woods area did not harm the vegetation, clog the soil, or result in saturation of the area. A maximum of about 50 million gallons of water were removed from the selected 180‐acre disposal area weekly by ground‐water discharge and evapotranspiration. Analyses of well water from the woods area showed no indication of pollution as a result of the disposal operation.