Disposable Sensor Research Articles

Feather-like Gold Nanostructures Anchored onto 3D Mesoporous Laser-Scribed Graphene: A Highly Sensitive Platform for Enzymeless Glucose Electrochemical Detection in Neutral Media.

The authors present a novel sensing platform for a disposable electrochemical, non-enzymatic glucose sensor strip at physiological pH. The sensing material is based on dendritic gold nanostructures (AuNs) resembling feather branches, which are electrodeposited onto a laser-scribed 3D graphene electrode (LSGE). The LSGEs were fabricated via a one-step laser scribing process on a commercially available polyimide sheet. This study investigates several parameters that influence the morphology of the deposited Au nanostructures and the catalytic activity toward glucose electro-oxidation. The electrocatalytic activity of the AuNs-LSGE was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and amperometry and was compared to commercially available carbon electrodes prepared under the same electrodeposition conditions. The sensor demonstrated good stability and high selectivity of the amperometric response in the presence of interfering agents, such as ascorbic acid, when a Nafion membrane was applied over the electrode surface. The proposed sensing strategy offers a wide linear detection range, from 0.5 to 20 mM, which covers normal and elevated levels of glucose in the blood, with a detection limit of 0.21 mM. The AuNs-LSGE platform exhibits great potential for use as a disposable glucose sensor strip for point-of-care applications, including self-monitoring and food management. Its non-enzymatic features reduce dependence on enzymes, making it suitable for practical and cost-effective biosensing solutions.

Electrochemical Disposable Biosensor to Monitor Dabigatran in Point-of-Care Anticoagulation Therapy.

Dabigatran etexilate, an oral prodrug, is often used to treat complications linked to thrombosis. Dabigatran (DAB, active form) does not need to be monitored. However, there are several conditions, such as reduced renal function, traumatic bleeding, emergency surgery, the need for thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke, or the requirement to use other forms of anticoagulation, where knowing the concentration of DAB in the blood is indispensable. Unfortunately, there are no convenient DAB-specific point-of-care tests available. To solve this problem, two disposable sensors were constructed and optimised in this work to detect the anticoagulant drug DAB using novel co-facing disposable electrodes, which allows a calibration-free quantitation of the electroactive mediator concentration. A trypsin-based sensor was evaluated. This sensor performed well in a 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.8) solution. However, trypsin was inhibited by alpha-1 antitrypsin when a plasma sample was introduced into the sensor. This problem was overcome by plasma filtration. This sensor showed a detection limit of 50.7 ng mL-1 DAB in plasma and a quantification range of 177-500 ng mL-1. A thrombin-based sensor was also constructed. This sensor performed well in ten-fold diluted plasma, overcoming the filtration problem observed with the trypsin-based sensor. This sensor showed a detection limit of 9.6 ng mL-1 DAB in plasma and a quantification range of 11.5-140 ng mL-1. Its extensive pH stability range, the possibility of working at physiological pH, low volume, low cost, and fast turnaround response (less than 20 s) make the calibration-free thrombin-based sensor a suitable point-of-care test to measure DAB concentration in the blood.

Disposable sensor electrode modified with strontium vanadate-graphene nanocomposites for rapid analysis of hazardous insecticide carbofuran in environmental media samples

Pesticides are inevitably used in intensive agrochemical practices to meet the global food demands of a continuously increasing population; however, the widespread and heavy use of pesticides disturbs the ecological balance and poses a threat to human health. Carbofuran (CBF) is a representative carbamate insecticide that affects the environment and human health. Therefore, highly accurate on-site CBF residue monitoring is essential for environmental media samples. This study realized the sensitive and rapid electrochemical sensing of CBF using monoclinic strontium vanadate (pyrovanadate)-supported graphene nanocomposite (SV-Gr). The SV-Gr nanocomposite was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the physicochemical properties of the SV-Gr nanocomposite were characterized via spectroscopic analyses. The SV-Gr-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) exhibited good analytical performance in CBF detection, with a high sensitivity of 1.05 µA µM–1 cm–2 and an acceptable linear range (0.01–17.91 µM). Moreover, SV-Gr/SPCE exhibited good selectivity for highly interfering carbamate pesticides. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed SV-Gr/SPCE sensor was investigated in environmental media samples, which achieved greater than 96 % of recoveries for all samples; thus, it is suitable for the sensitive and rapid detection of CBF in a real environment.

Volatile organic compound sensing in breath using conducting polymer coated chemi-resistive filter paper sensors.

In this work, a disposable sensor array was designed based on the chemi-resistive behavior of the conducting polymers to detect three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., acetone, ethanol, and methanol in air and breath. Four disposable resistive sensors were designed by coating polypyrrole and polyaniline (in their doped and de-doped forms) on filter paper substrates and tested against VOCs in air. Change in conductivity of the polymer resulting from exposure to various VOC concentration was measured as percentage resistance change using a standard multimeter. The lowest concentration detected for acetone, ethanol, and methanol vapors was 400ppb, 150ppb, and 300ppb, respectively within 2min. These VOC-responsive sensors, housed in an indigenous inert chamber, showed good stability, repeatability, and reversibility while sensing, thus making it suitable for environmental pollutant detection at room temperature. Furthermore, the non-specific nature of these easy to fabricate sensors towards all VOCs is considered favorable and upon classifying with principal component analysis (PCA), the gases were qualitatively distinguished in separate clusters. These developed sensors were also tested and analyzed using VOC spiked real breath samples as proof of concept.

Development of interdigitated electrode based enzyme sensor for triglyceride monitoring using engineered oxygen insensitive glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase

Triglycerides (TG) are an important biomarker of various diseases including hyper-lipidemia. Current emergent requirements for TG sensing include the development of electrochemical sensors for easy, cost-effective, disposable and single use triglyceride sensors. We propose a TG sensor using an engineered glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase (GlpO) and electrochemical detection. In this study, we aimed to develop an electrochemical TG sensor based on engineering the oxidative half reaction of GlpO to be oxygen insensitive, with the employment of an interdigitated electrode (IDE). To construct an oxygen insensitive mutant GlpO, we constructed a double mutant, Met104Phe/Asp169Glu, which revealed an engineered GlpO exhibiting repressed oxidase activity, while its dye-mediated dehydrogenase activity enhanced. The electrochemical enzyme sensor was constructed for the measurement of TG based on engineered GlpO using disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) or disposable IDE using Ru complex as the electron mediator. By using the disposable IDE sensor, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for Glp was achieved, with the sensitivity of 0.4 µA/mM. The improved sensitivity was 2.4 times higher than that of SPCE (0.17 µA/mM), with LOD of 0.022 mM. Furthermore, the dry sensor strip, where the double mutant GlpO and Ru complex were dropcasted and dried on the IDE, was prepared and the Glp concentration was successfully measured in the delipidized serum solution. Therefore, by the employment of the established pretreatment method for TG to release Glp, a highly sensitive, accurate, easy and rapid electrochemical measurement method for TG will be developed using constructed M104F/D169E mutant GlpO with the combination of IDE.

Influence of CO2 laser beam modelling on electronic and electrochemical properties of paper-based laser-induced graphene for disposable pH electrochemical sensors

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) allows for the fabrication of cost-effective, flexible electrodes on a multitude of recyclable and sustainable substrates, for implementation within electrochemical biosensors. This work expands on current LIG research, by experimentally modeling the effects of several CO2 laser irradiation variables towards resulting conductive and electrochemical properties of paper-derived LIG. Instead of relying on the established paradigm of manipulating power and scan speed of the laser irradiation process for optimized outcomes, modeling of underlying laser operation principles for pulse modulation, regarding pulse repetition frequencies, pulse duration and defocus are presented as the key aspects dominating graphitization processes of materials. This approach shows that graphitization is dominated by appropriate pulse durations, dictating the time the substrate is exposed to each laser pulse, with laser fluence and irradiation defocus influencing the resulting conductive properties, with sheet resistances as low as 14 Ω sq−1. Similarly, fabrication settings controlled by these parameters have a direct influence on the properties of LIG-based electrochemical three-electrode cells, with optimized fabrication settings reaching electrochemically active surface area as high as 35 mm2 and heterogeneous electron transfer rates of 3.4 × 10−3 cm.s−1. As a proof-of-concept, the production of environmentally friendly, accessible, and biocompatible pH sensors is demonstrated, using two modification approaches, employing riboflavin and polyaniline as pH-sensitive elements.

Polyaniline/poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) modified cellulose as promising material for sensors design

A material based on cellulose coated with polyaniline/poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (Cell/PANI-PAMPSA) was synthesized in a simple way starting from cellulose fibres, aniline and using PAMPSA as dopant. The morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity were investigated by means of several complementary techniques. The obtained results highlight the excellent features of the Cell/PANI-PAMPSA composite with respect to the Cell/PANI one. Based on the promising performance of this material, novel device functions and wearable applications have been tested. We focused on its possible single use as: i) humidity sensors and ii) disposable biomedical sensors to provide immediate diagnostic services as close to the patient as possible for heart rate or respiration activity monitoring. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Cell/PANI-PAMPSA system has been used for such applications.

A low-cost and disposable capillary-based paper sensor for measuring blood-plasma viscosity using a smartphone app

A low-cost and disposable capillary-based paper sensor for measuring blood-plasma viscosity using a smartphone app

Disposable sensor based on carbon electrodes modified with cobalt-doped titanium dioxide nanocrystals for electrochemical detection of amoxicillin

In this study, we propose the combination of stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and a new nanocomposite based on titanium dioxide-cobalt (1.0 w/w %) (TiO2-1%Co) for the analysis of Amoxicillin (AMX) in pharmaceutical samples. The modification process by drop casting approach of the SPCE was performed with TiO2-1%Co and provided an increase in analytical sensitivity. Detailed morphological, structural, and electrochemical characterizations of the electrodes surface were investigated. The results obtained from characterization showed that the TiO2-1%Co nanocrystals were distributed on the surface of the carbon electrode. The detection of AMX (pH 7.0) was performed with square wave voltammetry using optimized conditions and resulted in a satisfactory linear response (R2 = 0.99) in the range of 20 to 150 μmol L−1, and the estimated limits of detection and quantification were 5.8 μmol L−1 and 19.5 μmol L−1, respectively. Repeatability studies (intra-day and inter-day) of modified electrodes revealed relative standard deviation values ranging from 5.8 to 8.1%. The selectivity of the proposed sensor indicated an acceptable interference (lower than 5%). Additionally, the results obtained with TiO2-1%Co/SPCE for real pharmaceutical samples were compared with UV–Vis Spectroscopy, and was possible to infer that the analytical responses were adequate concerning the labeled values, there are no statistical differences between the reference analysis and the proposed electrochemical method with a confidence level of 95%. The modified electrode offered some advantages such as a disposable sensor, low cost, low sample volume, high repeatability, and reproducibility. The proposed combination of SPCE modified with novel TiO2-1%Co nanocrystals is an attractive strategy for AMX analysis.

Rapid detection of bacterial load in food samples using disposable respirometric sensor sachets

We describe a new sensor platform for simple on-site analysis of total aerobic viable counts (TVCs) in food samples, which uses disposable sealable plastic sachets with phosphorescent oxygen sensor inserts and liquid growth media. Food samples are collected, placed directly in the sachets, which are then sealed and incubated at 30 °C while monitoring (hourly or endpoint) sensor signals non-invasively with a commercial handheld reader FirestingO2. The growth of microbiota produces characteristic respiration profiles, from which sample initial TVC load is quantified: the Threshold Time (TT, in hours), when the sensor signal reaches the set signal threshold, is determined and calibration equation is applied to it to calculate sample TVC load. The initial calibration equation, which provides the conversion of measured TT values (hours) into TVC, was generated with pure Escherichia coli culture: log(CFU/g) = 8.30–0.60 *TT25 ° for signal threshold of 25 degrees phase. Another calibration equation, which provides a better representation of whole food microbiota, was generated with a panel of 90 different food samples: log(CFU/g) = 8.53–0.60 *TT25°. This simple sensor system shows good correlation with traditional plate counting TVC method (ISO 4833) and suitability for autonomous on-site or in-field operation. Time to result of 1–6 h provided by the sensor sachet system is more than seven time faster than for the standard method.

Expanding the possibilities for an instrument-free method to reproducible resetting of the standard potential (E°) of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes

Improving the reproducibility of the standard potential (E°) of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) is of utmost importance on the way to simpler measurements with disposable sensors and sensors in locations where maintenance is challenging. In this work, an earlier introduced instrument-free method to reset the E° to a specific potential is developed by short-circuiting SC-ISEs with a solid-state Ag/AgCl quasi reference electrode (QRE) in a certain concentration of chloride and the primary ion of the SC-ISE. The short-circuiting method is evaluated for SC-ISEs based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as solid contacts, while a typical valinomycin-based spin-coated K+-selective membrane is used as a model ion-selective membrane. The capacitance of the Ag/AgCl QRE used in this work is orders of magnitude larger than the capacitance of the solid contact of the studied SC-ISEs. Therefore, upon short-circuiting, the potential of the QRE remains practically constant, while the potential of the SC-ISE is shifted until the potential difference between the SC-ISE and QRE approaches zero. When short-circuiting the SC-ISE with an Ag/AgCl QRE, the calibration curves can be shifted reversibly up and down on the potential axis in a reproducible and controlled manner. The calibration curve can be shifted by applying current pulse on SC-ISEs.

Calibration-free disposable electrochemical sensor with co-facing electrodes: Theory and characterisation with fixed and changing mediator concentration

The use of electrochemical sensors containing oxidoreductase enzymes or redox-active substrates has become an area of particular interest due to its wide potential applications. This work presents the construction, theory and characterisation of a calibration-free disposable electrochemical sensor with co-facing electrodes. Each co-facing electrode is used as an anode or cathode to achieve high sensitivity based on a reversible redox mediator-recycling signal amplification system. Furthermore, this system can simultaneously report on the concentration and diffusion coefficient of the limiting electrochemical mediator. Supporting experimental evidence is provided in systems where the viscosity of the solution is systematically varied. The theory for a constant limiting electrochemical mediator concentration is presented and extended to treat the case where the mentioned concentration increases linearly with time. The theory is applied to three specific cases to validate the developed theory. The sensor presented in this paper may be applied to developing novel low-volume and high-sensitivity disposable, point-of-care electrochemical biosensors.

Development of the Force Detecting Liner for Total Knee Arthroplasty

With the increase in the prevalence of knee arthritis, the market for liners with force detection devices has expanded. The force detection device assists the doctor to adjust the installation position angle of the prosthesis liner during the operation. Pressure sensors made of flexible materials which are attractive for use in force detection due to their high sensitivity, fast response time, and low cost. Here, the pressure-sensing device with bendable and disposable flexible sensor arrays for force detection is fabricated. The spatial resolution of force detection is greatly improved by designing the sensor array layout through finite element simulation. The device also achieves synchronous dynamic monitoring of axial stress and tangential stress inside the knee joint, filling in the research gap of tangential stress inside the knee joint. The pressure sensors offer a dynamically stable, wide range, high sensitivity, and great consistency avenue for knee arthroplasty.

A Disposable Soft Magnetic Ribbon Impedance-Based Sensor for Corrosion Monitoring

We present a new approach for the real-time monitoring of chemical corrosion based on radio-frequency (RF) impedance technology and soft ferromagnetic ribbons. The impedance (Z) of a commercial METGLAS® 2714A ribbon was measured in real time for 5 μL of drop-casted HNO3 of various concentrations. Variations in the concentration of the drop-casted acid were assessed by considering the difference in Z (η) with and without the acid treatment. We found a large and linear increase in η (from ~5 to ~35 mΩ) and a large linear decrease in measurement time (from ~240 to 70 s) with increases in acid concentration (from 0.9 to 7.4 Molar), which is promising for the development of disposable chemical sensors for the strength estimation of corrosive chemicals and for the monitoring of time-dependent chemical corrosion processes. Since the ribbon used is commercially available at a low cost and as the measurement system is quick and low power-consuming, the proposed sensor can be used as an easy, quick, and low-cost chemical probe in industry and for environmental hazard management purposes.

Optimization design of interdigitated microelectrodes with an insulation layer on the connection tracks to enhance efficiency of assessment of the cell viability

BackgroundMicroelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (µEIS) is a tiny device that utilizes fluid as a working medium in combination with biological cells to extract various electrical parameters. Dielectric parameters of biological cells are essential parameters that can be extracted using µEIS. µEIS has many advantages, such as portability, disposable sensors, and high-precision results.ResultsThe paper compares different configurations of interdigitated microelectrodes with and without a passivation layer on the cell contact tracks. The influence of the number of electrodes on the enhancement of the extracted impedance for different types of cells was provided and discussed. Different types of cells are experimentally tested, such as viable and non-viable MCF7, along with different buffer solutions. This study confirms the importance of µEIS for in vivo and in vitro applications. An essential application of µEIS is to differentiate between the cells’ sizes based on the measured capacitance, which is indirectly related to the cells’ size. The extracted statistical values reveal the capability and sensitivity of the system to distinguish between two clusters of cells based on viability and size.ConclusionA completely portable and easy-to-use system, including different sensor configurations, was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. The system was used to extract the dielectric parameters of the Microbeads and MCF7 cells immersed in different buffer solutions. The high sensitivity of the readout circuit, which enables it to extract the difference between the viable and non-viable cells, was provided and discussed. The proposed system can extract and differentiate between different types of cells based on cells’ sizes; two other polystyrene microbeads with different sizes are tested. Contamination that may happen was avoided using a Microfluidic chamber. The study shows a good match between the experiment and simulation results. The study also shows the optimum number of interdigitated electrodes that can be used to extract the variation in the dielectric parameters of the cells without leakage current or parasitic capacitance.

Disposable p-coumaric acid sensor containing reduced graphene oxide, nickel nanoparticles and biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer for fruit peel analysis

This work reports the development of a disposable molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on the electropolymerization of 3-indoleacetic acid on an electrode containing reduced graphene oxide and nickel nanoparticles for the sensitive and selective detection of p-coumaric acid. The molecularly imprinted sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained results showed that reduced graphene oxide and nickel nanoparticles increased the sensitivity of the sensor for selective recognition of p-coumaric acid. Under optimal conditions, the developed sensor presented linear concentration ranges from 1.0 × 10−10 to 1.0 × 10−8 mol L−1. The detection and quantification limits calculated for this sensor were 8.1 × 10−11 and 2.7 × 10−10 mol L−1, respectively. The proposed device exhibited excellent selectivity, repeatability and stability over time, as well as good accuracy for the detection of p-coumaric acid. As a proof of concept, the sensor was applied for the determination of this molecule in banana and orange peels. The mean recovery values obtained during the analyses ranged from 96% to 102%, with relative standard deviations of ≤ 4.8%.

Nanoengineered disposable sensor fabricated with lanthanum stannate nanocrystallite for detecting animal feed additive: Ractopamine

Ractopamine (RA) has been at the forefront of feed additives as a nutrient repartitioning mediator that recuperates the growth rate, decreases animal fat, and guarantees food safety. However, inappropriate and abusive usage of RA to enhance economic efficiency can negatively impact the environment–animal–human interactions. Therefore, the call for monitoring and quantifying RA is highly desired. In this work, the potentiality of La2Sn2O7 as an electrode modifier on the surface of the portable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was examined for its precision, disposability, and ability to detect RA. The superior electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated La2Sn2O7/SPCE fortifies its standpoints by displaying a wide linear working range of 0.01–501.2 µM, an enhanced sensitivity, a better stability, a lower LOD of 0.86 nM, and an increased selectivity toward the detection of RA. Furthermore, the investigation of the constructed electrochemical sensor with real-time food samples underpins its practicality and feasibility.

Zinc oxide nanorod/polymethylene blue (deep eutectic solvent)/gold nanoparticles modified electrode for electrochemical determination of serotonin (5-HT)

Low or high levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the blood serum are linked to various diseases such as Alzheimer's, depression, anxiety, and carcinoid syndrome. In this study, a disposable sensor was developed for the low-cost, rapid, and practical determination of 5-HT. Firstly, zinc oxide nanorods (ZnONR) were modified on the surface of SPCEs by amperometric method. Then, electropolymerization of methylene blue (MB) on SPCE/ZnONR electrodes was carried out in ethylene glycol/choline chloride, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) suitable for green chemistry. Finally, AuNP was coated on SPCE/ZnONR/PMB(DES) electrodes by electrodeposition method. The materials of ZnONR, PMB(DES), and AuNP were characterized by FE-SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD. Sensitivity, linear range, the limit of detection, and limit of quantification of the 5-HT sensor were found to be 0.8976 µA µM−1, 0.1 µM – 25 µM, 1.91 nM, and 6.38 nM, respectively. Reproducibility, repeatability, stability (application and storage), reusability, and fouling effect of the 5-HT sensor were examined. The behavior of the developed 5-HT sensor in the presence of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, which are electroactive analytes that can interfere, was examined and it was found that the sensor was much more sensitive to 5-HT compared to other analytes. As a real sample application of the developed 5-HT sensor, the 5-HT determination was carried out in human blood serum samples, and high recoveries were obtained. As a result, a simple, practical, fast, high selectivity, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and the low-cost, disposable electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of 5-HT. The developed 5-HT sensor can be used in point-of-care tests.

2D Enantioselective Disposable Stochastic Sensor for Fast Real-Time Enantioanalysis of Glutamine in Biological Samples

As protein is both a structural component and a metabolic intermediary, amino acids play a crucial function in the body. When it comes to proteins, only the L-configuration of chiral amino acids is found. At the molecular level, symmetry is disrupted; however, the scientific basis for this symmetry breaking is not yet known. Enantioanalysis of chiral compounds such as amino acids plays a very important role in the correct diagnosis of illnesses, such as cancer. The enantiomers of glutamine—a chiral amino acid—were investigated in biological samples using a disposable stochastic sensor. The disposable stochastic sensor based on immobilization of maltodextrin (DE 4.0–7.0) on the surface of a disposable sensor based on graphene decorated with Ag was designed, characterized, and validated for screening tests of whole blood and tissue samples. The stochastic sensor was designed using cold plasma deposition of graphene decorated with Ag on plastic material. The sensor was enantioselective, being able to discriminate between the enantiomers of glutamine. High sensitivities were recorded for both enantiomers, while the limits of determination were 100 fmol L−1 for L-glutamine and 1 fmol L−1 for D-glutamine. High recoveries were determined for the assay of one enantiomer in the presence of the other, despite the ratio between the two enantiomers.

Effectiveness of Using the FreeStyle Libre® System for Monitoring Blood Glucose during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Diabetic Individuals: Systematic Review.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science/engineering that is aiming to spread technological systems. The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic and public health turbulence around the world. Among the many possibilities for using AI in the medical field is FreeStyle Libre® (FSL), which uses a disposable sensor inserted into the user's arm, and a touchscreen device/reader is used to scan and retrieve other continuous monitoring of glucose (CMG) readings. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the effectiveness of FSL blood glucose monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42022340562). The inclusion criteria considered studies involving the use of the FSL device during the COVID-19 pandemic and published in English. No publication date restrictions were set. The exclusion criteria were abstracts, systematic reviews, studies with patients with other diseases, monitoring with other equipment, patients with COVID-19, and bariatrics patients. Seven databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Scielo, PEDro and Cochrane Library). The ACROBAT-NRSI tool (A Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies) was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the selected articles. A total of 113 articles were found. Sixty-four were excluded because they were duplicates, 39 were excluded after reading the titles and abstracts, and twenty articles were considered for full reading. Of the 10 articles analyzed, four articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus, six articles were included in the current systematic review. It was observed that among the selected articles, only two were classified as having serious risk of bias. It was shown that FSL had a positive impact on glycemic control and on reducing the number of individuals with hypoglycemia. The findings suggest that the implementation of FSL during COVID-19 confinement in this population can be confidently stated to have been effective in diabetes mellitus patients.