Display Surface Research Articles

Extending drag-and-drop to new interactive environments: A multi-display, multi-instrument and multi-user approach

Drag-and-drop is probably one of the most successful and generic representations of direct manipulation in today’s WIMP interfaces. At the same time, emerging new interactive environments such as distributed display environments or large display surface environments have revealed the need for an evolution of drag-and-drop to address new challenges. In this context, several extensions of drag-and-drop have been proposed over the past years. However, implementations for these extensions are difficult to reproduce, integrate and extend. This situation hampers the development or integration of advanced drag-and-drop techniques in applications. The aim of this paper is to propose a unifying implementation model of drag-and-drop and of its extensions. This model–called M-CIU–aims at facilitating the implementation of advanced drag-and-drop support by offering solutions to problems typical of new emerging environments. The model builds upon a synthesis of drag-and-drop implementations, an analysis of requirements for meeting new challenges and a dedicated interaction model based on instrumental interaction. By using this model, a programmer will be able to implement advanced drag-and-drop supporting (1) multi-display environments, (2) large display surfaces and (3) multi-user systems. Furthermore by unifying the implementation of all existing drag-and-drop approaches, this model also provides flexibility by allowing users (or applications) to select the most appropriate drag-and-drop technique depending on the context of use. For example, a user might prefer to use pick-and-drop when interacting with multiple displays attached to multiple computers, push-and-throw or drag-and-throw when interacting with large displays and possibly standard drag-and-drop in a more traditional context. Finally, in order to illustrate the various benefits of this model, we provide an API called PoIP which is a Java-based implementation of the model that can be used with most Java-based applications. We also describe Orchis, an interactive graphical application used to share bookmarks and that uses PoIP to implement distributed drag-and-drop like interactions.

Generating vivid colors on red-green-blue-white electonic-paper display

Color characteristics of an RGBW (red, green, blue, white) electrophoretic display (EPD) prototype developed by Samsung Electronics are analyzed. EPD shows strong crosstalk between subpixels because of both the fringe field between subpixels and the scattering phenomena at the display surface. An RGB-to-RGBW color-decomposition algorithm optimized to EPD characteristics is developed that compensates for color deterioration due to the fringe field and scattering phenomena. For the four-color-decomposition algorithm, white is added to the primary colors to enhance the reflectance of the vivid colors while minimizing chroma loss. The psychophysical experimental result shows that images rendered with the algorithms developed in this study are preferred more than 90% of the time over those rendered with algorithms from previous studies. This research proves that, in spite of the limited physical property of EPD, the color quality can be improved dramatically through the use of well-designed color-rendering algorithms.

Bulge-Form Tool Design in the Precise Reclamation of a Digital Paper Display Surface

The low yield of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-film deposition is an important factor in optoelectronic semiconductor production. An effective reclamation process was developed that uses ultrasonic electroetching and a designed bulge-form tool to remove the defective ITO nanostructure from the optical polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces of digital paper. In the current experiment, the assistance of ultrasonics was found to be more effective than pulsed current, requiring no increase in electric power. The large length of the bulge-form tool’s cathode, with a small gap width between the cathode and the workpiece, requires less time to do the same amount of ITO etching. The small end radius of the cathode, combined with enough electric power, results in very fast etching. Additionally, electric power, when combined with a fast feed rate, provides highly effective etching. A higher rate of removal of the defective ITO nanostructure corresponds to high temperature, a large electrolyte flow rate, or a high rotational speed of the electrodes. Importantly, ultrasonic electroetching with the designed bulge-form tool requires only a short period of time to remove the ITO’s thin-film coatings easily and cleanly.

P‐33: SAW Touch on Large Area Displays

AbstractSAW touch integrated as a Man‐Machine Interface with large area PDP or LCD systems in Kiosks and Signage applications works by channeling acoustic pluses along transmitter‐receiver arrays on the bezel underside with low acoustic loss coupled to the display surface via silicone seal.

Advances towards high‐resolution pack‐and‐go displays: A survey

Abstract— Tiled displays provide high resolution and large scale simultaneously. Projectors can project on any available surface. Thus, it is possible to create a large high‐resolution display by simply tiling multiple projectors on any available regular surface. The tremendous advancement in projection technology has made projectors portable and affordable. One can envision displays made of multiple such projectors that can be packed in one's car trunk, carried from one location to another, deployed at each location easily to create a seamless high‐resolution display, and, finally, dismantled in minutes to be taken to the next location — essentially a pack‐and‐go display. Several challenges must be overcome in order to realize such pack‐and‐go displays. These include allowing for imperfect uncalibrated devices, uneven non‐diffused display surfaces, and a layman user via complete automation in deployment that requires no user invention. We described the advances we have made in addressing these challenges for the most common case of planar display surfaces. First, we present a technique to allow imperfect projectors. Next, we present a technique to allow a photometrically uncalibrated camera. Finally, we present a novel distributed architecture that renders critical display capabilities such as self‐calibration, scalability, and reconfigurability without any user intervention. These advances are important milestones towards the development of easy‐to‐use multi‐projector displays that can be deployed anywhere and by anyone.

Surface Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus with “Click” Chemistry

Surface Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus with “Click” Chemistry

３次元映像情報メディア技術 奥行きモデルを用いた擬似広視野映像の実時間生成

Interactive contents with high quality images is now widely available. One way to make this content more realistic is to display it covering the viewer's entire field of view. The problem is that the view-angle of the existing content is not adequate for large display surfaces because the content is designed to be displayed on household TV monitors with a target view-angle of approximately 30 degrees. To achieve realism, we have to enlarge the view-angle of these images in real-time. Therefore, we developed a technique that reconstructs wide view-angle images by extracting peripheral images from time-series image frames in real-time. A simple 3-D model approximating target scenes enables real-time processing and a reduction of the uncomfortable feeling that happens when reconstructed peripheral images are distorted. We used our method with actual game content and objectively and subjectively evaluated the image quality and processing time. The evaluation results demonstrated that our technique effectively enhanced the fun of content itself.

Reconstruction of a grounded object in an electrostatic halfspace with an indicator function

This article explores the use of capacitance measurements made between electrodes embedded in or around a display surface, to detect the position, orientation and shape of hands and fingers. This is of interest for unobtrusive 3D gesture input for interactive displays, so called touch-less interaction. The hand is assumed to be grounded and formally the problem is a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in which Cauchy data on the boundary ∂H (the display surface) is used to reconstruct the zero potential contour of the unknown object D (the hand). The problem is solved with the so-called factorisation method developed for acoustic scattering and electrostatic problems. In the factorisation method, a test function gz is used to characterise points , in which is the Dirichlet to Neumann map on the display surface. We demonstrate a suitable test function gz appropriate to the boundary conditions present here. In the application, ΛD is obtained from measurements at finite precision as a finite matrix and the calculation of is implicitly regularised. The resulting level set P(z) is finite and differentiable everywhere. The level representing the object ∂D is found through minimising the cost function. Numerical simulations demonstrate that for realistic electrode layouts and noise levels the method provides good reconstruction. The application of explicit regularisation filters can be beneficial and allows a trade-off between resolution and stability.

Cinema audio processing system

In a multi viewer environment where multiple viewers simultaneously experience an audio-visual production, with the visual production occurring on a display surface, a method of increasing the perceived reality of the audio stream of the production, the method comprising the steps of: (a) locating a series of speakers along a periphery of the viewing audience; (b) panning an audio stream between the series of speakers so as to provide for the sense of an audio sound moving along the side of the viewing audience. In preferred embodiments, the output of one of the speakers is delayed relative to another speaker.

Shadow elimination and blinding light suppression for interactive projected displays.

A major problem with interactive displays based on front projection is that users cast undesirable shadows on the display surface. This paper demonstrates that shadows can be muted by redundantly illuminating the display surface using multiple projectors, all mounted at different locations. However, this technique alone does not eliminate shadows: Multiple projectors create multiple dark regions on the surface (penumbral occlusions) and cast undesirable light onto the users. These problems can be solved by eliminating shadows and suppressing the light that falls on occluding users by actively modifying the projected output. This paper categorizes various methods that can be used to achieve redundant illumination, shadow elimination, and blinding light suppression and evaluates their performance.

TU-EE-A3-05: Current Challenges in DICOM GSDF Calibration For Medical Displays

Purpose: Over the last few years liquid crystal displays have replaced the traditional light box in medical imaging. When display systems are used for primary diagnosis they need to comply with the DICOM GSDF standard. Previous work already demonstrated that limited grayscale depth and viewing angle dependency of LCD results into lower calibration accuracy. As original contribution this paper investigates the impact of spatial noise and non‐uniformities on calibration accuracy. Additionally we will also quantify the relative importance of each of those three shortcomings of medicalLCDs.Method and Materials: To study the effect of non‐uniformity and spatial noise on DICOM GSDF compliance, we compare the observed transfer curve after calibration with the target DICOM GSDF curve and this for multiple locations across the display. The display used is a 5 Mega Pixel monochrome medicalLCD display. We also analyze the typical GSDF compliance metrics dL/L and JNDs/step and compare these plots for the other effects of viewing angle dependency and grayscale depth. Results: Current calibration practice is to characterize the native transfer curve of the display at only one position (often the centre). However there is significant variation in native transfer curve across the display surface and therefore calibration will only be accurate at the position where the characterization took place. On other display positions the average target luminance distortion compared to GSDF ranges from a few JNDs to over 20 JNDs. A technique of spatial noise‐reduction can solve this problem. We also observe that spatial‐noise is much more important than viewing angle and grayscale depth for typical usage. Conclusion: This paper has demonstrated that non‐uniformities and spatial noise can result into poor calibration accuracy. Also a possible solution to the problem has been described. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Barco Medical Imaging Systems.

An Investigation on How Building Video Editor

The research aims to investigate the way of building a system to deal with video files, especially those kinds of files which are not supported by Windows Operating System like files of type “.AVI”, these files are like “.mpg” or MPEG, “.mov”, “.DAT”, …, and other kinds. Tow versions of program “Video Editor” have been built by using two different methods, to be characterized by the following abilities: 1. Forming special display surfaces to operate the different kinds of video files, besides the ability to stop them as “Pause” and “Stop”, then reoperating them again. 2. Ability of operating video with or without sound, “Mute/UnMute”. 3. Control on the height of Volume, “Minimize/Maximize Sound”. 4. Control on the balance of Volume, from which speaker out, “Both/Right/Left Speaker”. 5. Display video on the whole screen, “Full Screen”. 6. Taking any “Capture Frames” from the movie during its operating and storing it as Bitmap Picture “.Bmp”. 7. Giving data about the present video file “File Information”. “Video Editor” are written by using Visual C++6.0 and on PIII Computer.

A Multi-Projector Display System with Virtual Camera Method for Distortion Correction on Quadric Surface Screens

Multi-projector technology has been under consideration in recent years. This technology allows the generation of wide field of view and high-resolution images in a cost-effective manner. It is expected to be applied extensively to training simulators where vivid immersive sensations and precision are required. However, in many systems the viewing frustums cannot be automatically assigned for distributed rendering, and the required manual setup is complicated and difficult. This is because the camera should be coincide exactly with a desired eye point to avoid perspective distortions. For the actual applications, the camera is seldom able to be set up at the desired eye point because of physical constraints, e.g., a narrow cockpit with many instruments. To resolve this issue, we have developed a virtual camera that yields high-precision calibration regardless of the camera position. This method takes advantage of the quadratic nature of the display surface. We developed a practical real-time multi-projector display system for applications such as training simulators, that require high-accuracy in geometry and rapid response time.

73.3: Ultra-Miniature Projector: A High Resolution, Battery Powered Laser Display

Symbol Technologies has developed a micro laser projection display (LPD), which employs red, green, and blue lasers to produce full color, XGA resolution images. Since lasers are small, power efficient light sources, the device is miniature (3.5 cubic inches) and can be battery operated (5 watts average power consumption). The projected image is always in focus regardless of the distance between the projector and the display surface. The LPD device produces images with 24 bit color depth within an unparalleled color gamut.

13.3: Improvement for DICOM GSDF Calibration for Medical Displays

The Gray Scale Standard Display Function (GSDF) for calibration of medical displays is a useful model, but as such not sufficient to achieve highest possible image quality. We will discuss a method to improve calibration accuracy over the complete display surface.

Focus cues affect perceived depth.

Depth information from focus cues--accommodation and the gradient of retinal blur--is typically incorrect in three-dimensional (3-D) displays because the light comes from a planar display surface. If the visual system incorporates information from focus cues into its calculation of 3-D scene parameters, this could cause distortions in perceived depth even when the 2-D retinal images are geometrically correct. In Experiment 1 we measured the direct contribution of focus cues to perceived slant by varying independently the physical slant of the display surface and the slant of a simulated surface specified by binocular disparity (binocular viewing) or perspective/texture (monocular viewing). In the binocular condition, slant estimates were unaffected by display slant. In the monocular condition, display slant had a systematic effect on slant estimates. Estimates were consistent with a weighted average of slant from focus cues and slant from disparity/texture, where the cue weights are determined by the reliability of each cue. In Experiment 2, we examined whether focus cues also have an indirect effect on perceived slant via the distance estimate used in disparity scaling. We varied independently the simulated distance and the focal distance to a disparity-defined 3-D stimulus. Perceived slant was systematically affected by changes in focal distance. Accordingly, depth constancy (with respect to simulated distance) was significantly reduced when focal distance was held constant compared to when it varied appropriately with the simulated distance to the stimulus. The results of both experiments show that focus cues can contribute to estimates of 3-D scene parameters. Inappropriate focus cues in typical 3-D displays may therefore contribute to distortions in perceived space.

Computer graphics instruction in VizClass

VizClass is a university classroom environment designed to offer students in computer graphics and engineering courses up-to-date visualization technologies. Three digital whiteboards and a three-dimensional stereoscopic display provide complementary display surfaces. Input devices include touchscreens on the digital whiteboards, remote keyboards, data gloves, and hand-position sensors.We use observations, interviews, and surveys to examine the pedagogical impacts of VizClass for teaching and learning computer graphics and virtual reality. Preliminary findings include positive student and teacher attitudes and greater learner engagement in after-class collaborations.

Picture Perception in Infants: Do 9-Month-Olds Attempt to Grasp Objects Depicted in Photographs?

Two experiments tested the DeLoache, Pierroutsakos, Uttal, Rosengren, and Gottlieb (1998 claim that 9-month-old infants attempt to grasp objects depicted in photographs. In Experiment 1, 9-month-olds viewed an object, a photograph of the object, and 2 flat, nonpictorial displays. On average, they reached for the photograph and nonpictorial displays with their hands approximately horizontal and close to the display surfaces, but reached for the object with their hands oriented obliquely and at significantly higher heights. The infants also exhibited similar behaviors when touching the photograph and nonpictorial displays. In Experiment 2, 9-month-olds exhibited similar behaviors when touching a photograph of an object and a photograph of textured carpet. The results of both experiments suggest that 9-month-olds treat photographs of objects as 2-dimensional surfaces and not as graspable objects.

Deformation simulation of the panel mold in the pressing process

In the pressing process of picture tube panel, the thermal and mechanical loads cause the mold blocks to deform. This deformation results in large deviations on the display surface of the panel. A thermoelastic model is presented in this paper to predict the deformation of the mold during pressing, which suggests the amounts that the mold cavity should be machined by. The model is based on the steady mold temperature field and thermoelastic boundary element method. Quadratic subparametric elements are used in the thermoelastic analysis, and a semi-analytical scheme coupled with element subdivision is employed for the integration. The predicted deformation has been side verified by comparing the dimensional accuracy of the panels produced by the molds considering a uniform shrinkage and considering the predicted mold deformation.

Camera-based calibration techniques for seamless multiprojector displays

Multiprojector, large-scale displays are used in scientific visualization, virtual reality, and other visually intensive applications. In recent years, a number of camera-based computer vision techniques have been proposed to register the geometry and color of tiled projection-based display. These automated techniques use cameras to "calibrate" display geometry and photometry, computing per-projector corrective warps and intensity corrections that are necessary to produce seamless imagery across projector mosaics. These techniques replace the traditional labor-intensive manual alignment and maintenance steps, making such displays cost-effective, flexible, and accessible. In this paper, we present a survey of different camera-based geometric and photometric registration techniques reported in the literature to date. We discuss several techniques that have been proposed and demonstrated, each addressing particular display configurations and modes of operation. We overview each of these approaches and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We examine techniques that address registration on both planar (video walls) and arbitrary display surfaces and photometric correction for different kinds of display surfaces. We conclude with a discussion of the remaining challenges and research opportunities for multiprojector displays.