Display Concepts Research Articles

Evaluation of micro-hologram activation for dynamic display applications

We explore the implementation of dynamic behavior in holographic displays through the activation of static elementary holograms. This research takes place in an ambitious concept of near-eye display, free of any focusing optical system. We investigate the dynamic addressing of holographic elements with a size of about 27 µm, distributed on centimeter-size samples. We project dynamic images with a resolution of 10 × 10 pixels. This first demonstration validates the ability to activate pixelated holograms with low cross talk, with an SNR of about 26. We project various images and analyze their rendering in an optical scheme consistent with visual behavior, using the integration time of a camera to mimic visual persistence. We demonstrate the image projection in a free space optical set-up using an SLM. This demonstration may pave the way to further potential developments implementing photonic integrated circuits inside the display.

Head-Up Haptic Display Using Dual-Mode Haptic Actuator for Vehicles

Driving assistance modules are important components to improving driver safety in driving environments, which can create overloaded multisensory information. This paper introduces the concept of a head-up haptic display that assists drivers in keeping their visual attention focused, and then offers a haptic actuator that may be used as the main component in the head-up haptic display. We selected magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE) as the base material and adopted a porous structure to reduce its initial stiffness. Furthermore, we fabricate a haptic actuator based on an MRE having a porous structure (pMRE) and a solenoid. The current to the solenoid generates a magnetic field that causes the pMRE to stiffen, thereby increasing the resistive force. As soon as the current input is removed, the pMRE becomes soft again. We simulated the solenoid coil and the magnetic path to further maximize the magneto-motive force generated by the solenoid coil and experimentally optimized the pMRE. We showed that the proposed haptic actuator creates not only a sufficient resistive force but also vibration to generate various haptic sensations. Moreover, we constructed a head-up haptic display using four haptic actuators and demonstrated the possibility of utilizing a new user interface to increase driving safety.

Tactical Conflict Avoidance of Manned Traffic - Display Concepts for UAV Pilots

The number of collisions between manned and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has risen due to the increased use of UAVs. Pilots of manned aircraft can visually detect the usually much smaller UAVs only very late or not at all, which is why UAVs are required to avoid manned aircraft in lower airspace by most regulations. For the task of collision avoidance, the UAV pilot needs appropriate traffic awareness. While operating UAVs within the visual line of sight (VLOS), the UAV pilot can monitor the surrounding traffic himself, but operation beyond the visual line of sight (BVLOS) requires an additional airspace observer or a supporting detect-and-avoid system. In this work, a traffic display concept supporting UAV pilots is derived and proposed using the human-centered design process. Commonly used collision avoidance displays of manned and unmanned aviation are reviewed and the user context for the proposed traffic display is introduced. An online survey is conducted to gather user preferences for several 2D graphical elements of the traffic display. 25 experienced UAV pilots participated in the survey. The data is analyzed using Gwet’s AC1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$AC_1$$\\end{document} agreement coefficient. Overall, fair agreement can be observed with individual coefficients for different 2D graphical elements ranging from poor to almost perfect agreement. With a developed heuristic, preferred 2D graphical elements are extracted and combinations reviewed to derive a complete traffic display design. The proposed traffic display design, based on user preferences, will be implemented for further evaluation in human-in-the-loop experiments.

Waveguide holography for 3D augmented reality glasses

Near-eye displays are fundamental technology in the next generation computing platforms for augmented reality and virtual reality. However, there are remaining challenges to deliver immersive and comfortable visual experiences to users, such as compact form factor, solving vergence-accommodation conflict, and achieving a high resolution with a large eyebox. Here we show a compact holographic near-eye display concept that combines the advantages of waveguide displays and holographic displays to overcome the challenges towards true 3D holographic augmented reality glasses. By modeling the coherent light interactions and propagation via the waveguide combiner, we demonstrate controlling the output wavefront using a spatial light modulator located at the input coupler side. The proposed method enables 3D holographic displays via exit-pupil expanding waveguide combiners, providing a large software-steerable eyebox. It also offers additional advantages such as resolution enhancement capability by suppressing phase discontinuities caused by pupil replication process. We build prototypes to verify the concept with experimental results and conclude the paper with discussion.

Flight Guidance Concepts to Mitigate Flight Control System Degradation in Urban Air Mobility Scenarios

Continued safe flight under all foreseeable scenarios will be crucial to assure airworthiness and build trust in future vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) urban air mobility (UAM) concepts. Successful pilot intervention will be especially important for handling emergency procedures. This paper demonstrates the use of human-centric flight guidance concepts to mitigate the effects of non-catastrophic failures in future VTOL UAM aircraft. Specifically, a single failure in the lateral steering function of an automatic flight control system is considered. A new waypoint guidance law is proposed to generate the required roll command to manually steer the aircraft toward a predefined safe landing zone. Two display concepts are proposed to aid the manual execution of the roll steering command: a head-down display (HDD), and a head-mounted display (HMD). The guidance law and the display concepts were integrated into a high-fidelity, wide field-of-view rotorcraft simulation environment. Human-in-the-loop experiments were performed with non-pilot test subjects. The effectiveness of the guidance law and display concepts along with the associated piloting performance and human factor impacts were assessed. The results indicated that all test subjects were able to reach a close vicinity of the final waypoint. The HMD induced lower workload whereas the HDD resulted in better tracking performance.

ОТ МАРГИНАЛОВ К МЕЙНСТРИМУ: СМЕНА ИМИДЖА ЛИДЕРОВ ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ ПРАВОРАДИКАЛЬНЫХ ПОПУЛИСТОВ

This article examines the personalisation of politics and its impact on the changing image of leaders of Western European right-wing populist parties. As these parties strive to gain recognition in the political mainstream, the characteristics associated with their leaders undergo notable transformations. Analysing these changes provides a fuller picture of ideological shifts within far-right populism. The study uses data from various sources including media, party websites, official websites, social media and personal websites. The concept of gender display is used as a methodological toolkit to analyse leadership trends. Cases of nontraditional leaders whose image revival is inextricably linked to their parties' entry into the political mainstream, such as Tom Van Grieken and Marine Le Pen, are given particular attention. The analysis revealed several major trends in changing leadership portraits, including increased female representation, a trend towards younger leadership, a high emphasis on education, significant professional experience, personification of the family institution, and long-standing ties to party structures from their youth. Moreover, whilst Tom Van Grieken strategically adopts a more positive, approachable image to distance himself from past stereotypes, Marine Le Pen's leadership challenges traditional gender roles in politics, redefining power and effectiveness by skilfully combining masculine and feminine qualities.

14.1: Invited Paper: R2R gravure printed flexible carbon nanotube‐based TFT active matrixes and its flexible display application

14.1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> R2R gravure printed flexible carbon nanotube‐based TFT active matrixes and its flexible display application

Reimagining Places, Reconstructing Histories: Augmented Reality Art and Heritage Apps as an Ultimate Display

Abstract This article employs Ivan Sutherland’s 1965 concept of the Ultimate Display to discuss the experience generated by augmented reality art and cultural heritage. Analyzing projects that reimagine or reconstruct reality, the author discusses the social impact and cultural workings of these apps. The article shows how such apps can facilitate kinesthetic performances that intervene in established cultural narratives and open a window to new social realities. In this context, the author also introduces her project CHAR, an online collection of AR art and cultural heritage apps, which illustrates how Sutherland’s vision has been materialized through the mapping of AR-reconstructed realities.

61‐3: Invited Paper: Research on Switchable Privacy Mode Applied to Automotive Displays

The concept of switchable privacy display has been successfully applied to notebooks and other consumer display products [1]. However, when applied to automobile display modules, their unique application scenarios, such as display to the co‐driver's side or CID, should also be considered (see Figure 1‐1 for viewing angle requirements). And BOE has developed display modules for application in automotive displays.

Multifocal Near-Eye Display: Timing of Optical Diffuser Elements and Synchronization to DLP-Based Projection Microunit

Abstract The paper present the key technical details of a multifocal near-eye display concept. Along with an overview of the basic architecture, a particular implementation that utilises a digital light processing (DLP®) based spatial light modulator as the image source is provided in the study. The investigated approach involves the utilisation of a small-scale volumetric screen formed by a stack of fast-switching optical diffuser elements based on liquid crystal technology. The volumetric screen is illuminated by a rear image projector. To make the whole system functional and small, the challenge lies within the development of integrated control board for the projection modules as well as the synchronization of the DLP® projector image output to the optical diffuser element switching-cycle. The main difficulty of the development process is accounting for the peculiarities of in-house developed diffuser elements and the off-the-shelf DLP®, which is the main focus of this paper. There is no direct control over the full set of DLP® operational parameters, an indirect method for adjusting frame dead time is proposed, showing that an increase in dead time close to 0.3 ms (from 0.3 ms to 0.6 ms in the particular setup) can be achieved without significantly sacrificing image colour depth or quality. Tuneable dead time mitigates the limitations set by the non-instantaneous switching of liquid crystal diffuser elements as longer dead times allow for the removal of image bleeding between frames.

How users of automated vehicles benefit from predictive ambient light displays

With the introduction of Level 3 and 4 automated driving, the engagement in a variety of non-driving related activities (NDRAs) will become legal. Previous research has shown that users desire information about the remaining time in automated driving mode and system status information to plan and terminate their activity engagement. In past studies, however, the positive effect of this additional information was realized when it was integrated in or displayed close by the NDRA. As future activities and corresponding items will be diverse, a device-independent and non-interruptive way of communication is required to continuously keep the user informed, thus avoiding negative effects on driver comfort and safety. With a set of two driving simulator studies, we have investigated the effectiveness of ambient light display (ALD) concepts communicating remaining time and system status when engaged in visually distracting NDRAs. In the first study with 21 participants, a traffic light color-coded ALD concept (LED stripe positioned at the bottom of the windshield) was compared to a baseline concept in two subsequent drives. Subjects were asked to rate usability, workload, trust, and their use of travel time after each drive. Furthermore, gaze data and NDRA disengagement timing was analyzed. The ALD with three discrete time steps led to improved usability ratings and lower workload levels compared to the baseline interface without any ALD. No significant effects on trust, attention ratio, travel time evaluation, and NDRA continuation were found, but a vast majority favored the ALD. Due to this positive evaluation, the traffic light ALD concept was subsequently improved and compared to an elapsing concept in a subsequent study with 32 participants. In addition to the first study, the focus was on the intuitiveness of the developed concepts. In a similar setting, results revealed no significant differences between the ALD concepts in subjective ratings (workload, usability, trust, travel time ratings), but advantages of the traffic light concept can be found in terms of its intuitiveness and the level of support experienced.

Can a legacy be surpassed? Human-Factors Evaluation in system design

Taxiing on airports is assisted by digital airport maps for pilots. When introducing new features or a new system philosophy for these assistance systems, the conduct of Human-Factor Evaluations (HFE) is advisable to ensure a pilot-centered system design. This study examines whether a crew can conduct taxi operations at least as reliably with a novel, dynamic display concept as with a legacy, static display concept. We provide an insight into an HFE conducted to compare the two display concepts in a real-time flight simulator study regarding their functionality, design, and display dynamics. The study focused on the impact of using the systems in an operational environment. Nineteen professional airline crews (pilot taxiing / pilot non-taxiing) took part in the study. They performed three scenarios in a within-subjects design. The scenarios varied in time of day, taxiing direction as well as visibility conditions and were designed as a double set to prevent learning effects in the A/B comparison. Objective and subjective measures were collected for situational awareness, workload, taxiing performance, and usability. Results provide a detailed evaluation of both systems, indicating that the new application supports pilots equally well or better in the majority of investigated aspects.

Emerging Nanopixel Light-Emitting Displays: Significance, Challenges, and Prospects.

The requirement for increased resolution has created the concept of displays with nanoscale pixels; that is, each subpixel consists of multiple or even a single nanolight source, which is considered the ultimate light source for light field, near-eye, and implantable displays. However, related research is still at an early stage, and further insights into this future display concept should be provided. In this Perspective, we provide our proposed term for this future display, namely, nanopixel light-emitting display (NLED). We present an overview of nanolight-emitting diodes, which are considered the core component of NLEDs. Then, a roadmap to realize NLEDs from the view of material design is provided. Finally, we introduce our proposed operation mode (nonelectrical contact and noncarrier injection mode) for NLEDs and recommend possible nanopixel-level drive approaches. We hope that this Perspective will be helpful in designing innovative display technologies.

Manipulation of quantum dot emission with semiconductor metasurfaces exhibiting magnetic quadrupole resonances.

Optical metasurfaces were suggested as a route for engineering advanced light sources with tailored emission properties. In particular, they provide a control over the emission directionality, which is essential for single-photon sources and LED applications. Here, we experimentally study light emission from a metasurface composed of III-V semiconductor Mie-resonant nanocylinders with integrated quantum dots (QDs). Specifically, we focus on the manipulation of the directionality of spontaneous emission from the QDs due to excitation of different magnetic quadrupole resonances in the nanocylinders. To this end, we perform both back focal plane imaging and momentum-resolved spectroscopy measurements of the emission. This allows for a comprehensive analysis of the effect of the different resonant nanocylinder modes on the emission characteristics of the metasurface. Our results show that the emission directionality can be manipulated by an interplay of the excited quadrupolar nanocylinder modes with the metasurface lattice modes and provide important insights for the design of novel smart light sources and new display concepts.

Real-Time Multibody Model-Based Heads-Up Display Unit of a Tractor

The concept of heads-up display can be used to provide augmented information onto the windshield of a tractor. The objective of this paper is to introduce a detailed real-time multibody model that is used in the design of a novel heads-up display unit of a tractor. To this end, a tractor is described using a multibody dynamics approach. A heads-up display unit is designed using a series of tasks that are associated with sets of logical conditions and instructions. These conditions and instructions, in turn, determine/design the analog and digital gauges. The gauges are linked with the virtual sensors installed at a number of locations on the tractor. In this study, the heads-up display unit includes elements, such as tachometer, speedometer, roll inclinometer, gear indicator, fuel gauge, and bucket height, tilt, and weight indicators. The effectiveness of the heads-up display unit is determined based on a goal of moving a certain amount of sand from one place to another. The results demonstrate the utility of the heads-up display unit.

The Development of Digital Pocketbook Based on the Ethnoscience of the Singkawang City to Increase Students' Scientific Literacy on Heat Matter and Its Transfer

Many factors cause low student scientific literacy, one of which is due to the inappropriate use of the selected learning media in the learning process. This study aims to produce ethnoscience-based digital pocketbooks that are feasible and attractive to use by students and are effective in improving students' scientific literacy. The ADDIE model research procedure used includes five stages, namely: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The sample consisted of 141 fifth grade students in three Singkawang City Public Elementary Schools. Data collection techniques in the form of interviews, validation, questionnaires, and scientific literacy tests. Based on the results of the analysis stage, it was found that the KI and KD were related to cultural elements and local wisdom of the city of Singkawang. The design stage is obtained by designing a book framework, presentation of material, instruments. The development stage obtained material, graphic, and linguistic feasibility. Phase I validation was 3.25 with a percentage of 81.41% and stage II was 3.72 with an eligibility percentage of 92.92%. The results of the practitioner validator were 3.8 with a percentage of 95% and were classified as valid. Implementation stage, validation of the attractiveness of student and student responses to linguistic aspects of 3.31 and 3.46, respectively. While the material and graphic aspects of the student's response have a value of 3.23 and 3.22 respectively in the attractive criteria and student responses have a value of 3.33 and 3.39 respectively in the very interesting category. This means that ethnoscience-based digital pocketbooks are generally feasible, easy to understand, and interesting to use because they have a new display concept that is coherently integrated with local culture and a design that is in line with developments. Students' scientific literacy skills increased with an effect size value of 0.621 with moderate criteria at 73% presentation. It can be concluded that ethnoscience-based digital pocketbooks can effectively improve students' scientific literacy skills.

Foveated display system based on a doublet geometric phase lens.

We propose a new concept of a foveated display with a single display module. A multi-resolution and wide field of view (FOV) can be simultaneously achieved using only a single display, based on temporal polarization-multiplexing. The polarization-dependent lens set functions as an optical window or beam expander system depending on the polarization state, which can provide two operating modes: fovea mode for a high-resolution and peripheral mode for a wide viewing angle. By superimposing two-mode images, the proposed system supports a foveated and wide FOV image without an ultra-high-resolution display. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed configuration through the proof-of-concept system.

Does a Confidence Level for Automated Driving Time Estimations Improve the Subjective Evaluation of an Automation HMI?

Current research in human factors and automated driving is increasingly focusing on predictable transitions instead of urgent and critical take-overs. Predictive human–machine interface (HMI) elements displaying the remaining time until the next request to intervene were identified as a user need, especially when the user is engaging in non-driving related activities (NDRA). However, these estimations are prone to errors due to changing traffic conditions and updated map-based information. Thus, we investigated a confidence display for Level 3 automated driving time estimations. Based on a preliminary study, a confidence display resembling a mobile phone connectivity symbol was developed. In a mixed-design driving simulator study with 32 participants, we assessed the impact of the confidence display concept (within factor) on usability, frustration, trust and acceptance during city and highway automated driving (between factor). During automated driving sections, participants engaged in a naturalistic visual NDRA to create a realistic scenario. Significant effects were found for the scenario: participants in the city experienced higher levels of frustration. However, the confidence display has no significant impact on the subjective evaluation and most participants preferred the baseline HMI without a confidence symbol.

Voices on display: Handwriting, paper, and authenticity, from museums to social network sites

The study examines the communicative functions that handwriting (mode) and paper (medium) have come to serve in increasingly digital and intermedial environments. The study begins in museums, where handwritten documents are profusely on display nowadays, and where the display affordances and communicative functions of handwriting are productively explored. Three curatorial display strategies are outlined. These are arranged chronologically, and range from traditional displays, where paper documents are presented inside glass cases, through artistic installations, where documents and handwriting are aesthetically simulated, to interactives, where the audiences/users themselves generate documents on-site. Exploring these strategies illuminates the concept of display as an agentic amalgamation of showing and telling, which produces authentic performances of voice-as-participation. These performances facilitate a move from private to public spheres – in museums and online. The study then proceeds to examine public displays of handwritten documents outside museums, specifically on social network sites. It asks whether and how conceptual sensitivities and sensibilities that originated in displays of handwritten artifacts in museums can shed light on the newer communicative functions of paper in digital environments. It also asks what are the intermedial consequences of the juxtaposition of analogue and digital surfaces. The study points at the current resurrection of handwriting and paper. It argues that the popularity of paper and handwriting results from their evolution into ubiquitous resources for display on and off the web, specifically as authentic bearers of voice that index human action and agency.

Accumulative Display Updating for Intermittent Systems

Electrophoretic displays are ideal for self-powered systems, but currently require an uninterrupted power supply to carry out the full display update cycle. Although sensible for battery-powered devices, when directly applied to intermittently-powered systems, guaranteeing display update atomicity usually results in repeated execution until completion or can incur high hardware/software overheads, heavy programmer intervention and large energy buffering requirements to provide sufficient display update energy. This paper introduces the concept, design and implementation of accumulative display updating, which relaxes the atomicity constraints of display updating, such that the display update process can be accumulatively completed across power cycles, without the need for sufficient energy for the entire display update. To allow for process logical continuity, we track the update progress during execution and facilitate a safe display shutdown procedure to overcome physical and operability issues related to abrupt power failure. Additionally, a context-aware updating policy is proposed to handle data freshness issues, where the delay in addressing new update requests can cause the display contents to be in conflict with new data available. Experimental results on a Texas Instruments device with an integrated electrophoretic display show that, compared to atomic display updating, our design can significantly increase accurate forward progress, decrease the average response time of display updating and reduce time and energy wastage when displaying fresh data.