Abstract
Current research in human factors and automated driving is increasingly focusing on predictable transitions instead of urgent and critical take-overs. Predictive human–machine interface (HMI) elements displaying the remaining time until the next request to intervene were identified as a user need, especially when the user is engaging in non-driving related activities (NDRA). However, these estimations are prone to errors due to changing traffic conditions and updated map-based information. Thus, we investigated a confidence display for Level 3 automated driving time estimations. Based on a preliminary study, a confidence display resembling a mobile phone connectivity symbol was developed. In a mixed-design driving simulator study with 32 participants, we assessed the impact of the confidence display concept (within factor) on usability, frustration, trust and acceptance during city and highway automated driving (between factor). During automated driving sections, participants engaged in a naturalistic visual NDRA to create a realistic scenario. Significant effects were found for the scenario: participants in the city experienced higher levels of frustration. However, the confidence display has no significant impact on the subjective evaluation and most participants preferred the baseline HMI without a confidence symbol.
Highlights
The ongoing development of automated driving functions in the automotive industry and the presence of SAE International Level 2 systems such as the Tesla Autopilot on the market give rise to new challenges for the internal human–machine interface (HMI) design
Level 3 automated driving systems will be restricted to certain parts of a drive
With limited availability comes the possibility of interrupting an non-driving related activities (NDRA), potentially causing negative effects such as annoyance and higher workload
Summary
The ongoing development of automated driving functions in the automotive industry and the presence of SAE International Level 2 systems such as the Tesla Autopilot on the market give rise to new challenges for the internal human–machine interface (HMI) design. Users do not need to monitor the system [2] and engaging in non-driving related activities (NDRA) becomes legal. Danner et al [4] and Hecht et al [5] identified information about the remaining automated driving time as a main user need, as different activities were found to require different time budgets and time budget information may help users to develop a correct mental model
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