Displacement Type Research Articles

The Investigations to Improvement performance of Non-displacement pile at Southern part of Bandung area

In an ordinary theory mentioning that Bored pile type is non-displacement pile instead of driven pile as displacement type. To change the bored pile become displacement type, need an effort to displace surrounding soil in the vicinity of bored pile, the compaction of concrete during installation is one of the solution. During compaction, the soil displaced and excess pore water pressure increase, then by allowing pore water pressure to dissipate, the ground improvement is happening. The modelling of pile loading test (PLT) were carried out in various w/c ratio in ambient condition on first liquidity index (LI1), LI2 and LI3, The direct shear test (DST) of clay soil (at LI1, LI2 and LI3) and at combination of clay + cement mortar at various w/c ratio were also carried out to encourage and endorse the simulation work. The ground improvement occurs as a results of : 1. Chemical reaction between cement and clay, 2. Enlargement of slip surface diameter at the interface between soil – soil cement mix hardened, 3. Increasing effective stress as an effect of allowing pore water pressure dissipation after compaction. This stabilization produce increasing strength properties up to 75 % at the optimum w/c ratio 0,4. Based on this findings, it recommends to include the ground improvement effect to bored pile foundation.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP DESIGN MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Pumps are the machines that convert the mechanical energy they receive from the power supply into hydraulic energy. Pumps allow the fluid to reach the pump impeller by bringing the low pressure field to the suction line. The impeller directs the fluid to the outlet pipe and transmits it to the desired point. All pumps are divided into two main groups. These are displacement (positive displacement) and dynamic (non-positive displacement) type. The energy given to the flow in positive displacement pumps is periodically. In dynamic pumps, the energy supplied to increase the velocity of the fluid is continuous. Centrifugal pumps are dynamic pumps and are the most widely used pump type in agricultural irrigation. The heart of the centrifugal pump is the impeller. Centrifugal pumps consist of basic elements such as casing, impeller, diffuser, shaft, seals, stuffing box, suction and discharge ports, bearings, and couplings. Performance and lifetime are important for a successful pump. Performance relates to head, capacity and efficiency. The life span is the total running time of the pump. Pump construction material affects the performance, lifetime, operating regime and cost of the pump. In this study, the selection of materials used in making the centrifugal pump components and the factors affecting the material selection will be examined. As a result; factors such as the type of liquid to be conveyed, the substances contained in the liquid, the pumping temperature, the protection against corrosion, the amount of wear, the place of use of the pump, working pressure, working conditions, frequency of failure, operation and maintenance costs and life expectancy of the pump should be considered.

Approach to right-sided pings in the dairy cow

The diagnosis and approach to the right-sided abomasal displacement in the bovine can be frustrating for any dairy practitioner. Right-sided abdominal pings are varied and often troublesome to diagnose, but a systemic workup can assist the practitioner in successful identification and resolution of these cases. This article is a review of types of right-side abomasal displacements in the dairy cow, typical presenting signs, and approaches to correct diagnosis and positive outcomes.

Verification of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Forecasts for Major Stratospheric Sudden Warmings in Northern Winter from 1998/99 to 2012/13

This study reports verification results of hindcast data of four systems in the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction project for major stratospheric sudden warmings (MSSWs) in northern winter from 1998/99 to 2012/13. This report deals with average features across all MSSWs, and possible differences between two MSSW types (vortex displacement and split types). Results for the average features show that stratospheric forecast verifications, when further averaged among the four systems, are judged to be successful for lead times around 10 d or shorter. All systems are skillful for lead times around 5 d, whereas the results vary among the systems for longer lead times. A comparison between the MSSW types overall suggests larger forecast errors or lower skill for MSSWs of the vortex split type, although the differences do not have strong statistical significance for almost all cases. This limitation is likely to at least partly reflect the small sample size of the MSSWs available.

Fundament of input power distribution and phase shifter functions of a step displacer type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator

Abstract Compared with double inlet type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator, step displacer type has higher efficiency. The step displacer has two functions, input power distribution function and phase shifting function, which are fundamental issues of this type refrigerator. The two functions are discussed by an ideal model, and are investigated by a numerical simulation. Theoretically, the exergy flow ratio to the first stage over the second stage depends on the refrigeration temperature ratio and step ratio, the dead volume at the hot end of the pulse tube can be an additional parameter for adjusting the phase angle difference at the cold end of the regenerator.

Dependence of sudden stratospheric warming type‐transition on preceding North Atlantic Oscillation conditions

AbstractMost sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events initiate with their centers being displaced from the pole. Some retain their displaced form until termination but some split into two vortices during their course. Here, we show that existence of a transition during the course of the SSW life cycle can be attributable to the condition of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) preceding before onset: Positive NAO favors SSW of displacement type with no transition while negative NAO favors the displacement–split type. We show that, in positive NAO precondition, vertical flux of wave activity immediately before onset is mostly contributed only by wavenumber 1 component, which contrasts with the relatively stronger contribution of wavenumber 2 in negative NAO precondition. Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulation results are also consistent with the observational findings. Therefore, NAO can be regarded as a useful precursor for determining the type of forthcoming SSW events.

Numerical analysis of thermal post-buckling strength of laminated skew sandwich composite shell panel structure including stretching effect

The computational post-buckling strength of the tilted sandwich composite shell structure is evaluated in this article. The computational responses are obtained using a mathematical model derived using the higher-order type of polynomial kinematic in association with the through-thickness stretching effect. Also, the sandwich deformation behaviour of the flexible soft-core sandwich structural model is expressed mathematically with the help of a generic nonlinear strain theory i.e. Green-Lagrange type strain-displacement relations. Subsequently, the model includes all of the nonlinear strain terms to account the actual deformation and discretized via displacement type of finite element. Further, the computer code is prepared (MATLAB environment) using the derived higher-order formulation in association with the direct iterative technique for the computation of temperature carrying capacity of the soft-core sandwich within the post-buckled regime. Further, the nonlinear finite element model has been tested to show its accuracy by solving a few numerical experimentations as same as the published example including the consistency behaviour. Lastly, the derived model is utilized to find the temperature load-carrying capacity under the influences of variable factors affecting the soft-core type sandwich structural design in the small (finite) strain and large deformation regime including the effect of tilt angle.

Experimental investigation of displacer rod diameter effect on pulse tube cryocooler

Abstract Displacer type pulse tube refrigerator has been the emphasis of research in refrigeration due to its high theoretical efficiency and wide refrigeration temperature range from 77 K to near room temperature. A pulse tube refrigerator with displacer as phase shifter was built and tested. According to the results, there is an optimum displacer rod diameter for getting high efficiency when the parameters of the mass-spring-damper system in displacers almost keep constant. The results also indicated that the cooling power 120 W was obtained at 178.8 K with the input power 684.6 W, which leaded to an efficiency of 11.2% of Carnot, about 25% higher when the inertance tube phase shifter was replaced by displacer.

Algorithm of the automated control of displacement of the load overall center of gravity of railroad car for railway transportation

The algorithm is proposed for the automated control of displacement of the load overall center of gravity relative to transversal and/or longitudinal planes of symmetry of the car during railway transportation and decision-making about availability of commercial damages upon results of the car wheel weighting under way by the weighting equipment in cluded in the set of equipment of the systems of the automated commercial visual inspection of trains and cars. The baseline data for calculations includes results of the car wheel weighting and relative error of measurement of the loads with scale set during certification, and the car container weight accepted according to the data of the car in the Automated database of the freight car fleet of JSC “RZD”. Algorithm of the automated control of each type of displacement includes calculation of the actual displacement of the overall load center of gravity in the car, minimax assessment of the calculated value with regard to the error of determination of the parameters values used for calculation, and the conditions of decision-making about availability of commercial fault. Algorithm of static modeling of the bogie wheels loads on the rail is presented, in which the probabilities of excess of the regulatory maximum allowable value by the actual displacement are determined by the Monte Carlo method (loads of eight wheels are randomly broken out with assumption that distribution of their values is normal). Results of static modeling along with the analysis of the data from transportation documents and video image of the car with the freight allow the operator of the train and car visual commercial inspection station to make decision about necessity of the car field inspection for establishing the fact of commercial fault. Examples of calculation according to the proposed algorithm are provided for the case of control of displacement of the load overall center of gravity relative to the transversal plane of the car symmetry, including comparison with calculations without taking into account the errors. Proposed algorithm can be used in the automated train and car commercial inspection system under way during railway transportation as the element of the digital intelligent technology of commercial inspection being developed in the JSC “RZD”.

The Comprehensive AO CMF Classification System for Mandibular Fractures: A Multicenter Validation Study.

The AO CMF has recently launched the first comprehensive classification system for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) fractures. The AO CMF classification system uses a hierarchical framework with three levels of growing complexity (levels 1, 2, and 3). Level 1 of the system identifies the presence of fractures in four anatomic areas (mandible, midface, skull base, and cranial vault). Level 2 variables describe the location of the fractures within those defined areas. Level 3 variables describe details of fracture morphology such as fragmentation, displacement, and dislocation. This multiplanar radiographic image-based AO CMF trauma classification system is constantly evolving and beginning to enter worldwide application. A validation of the system is mandatory prior to a reliable communication and data processing in clinical and research environments. This interobserver reliability and accuracy study is aiming to validate the three current modules of the AO CMF classification system for mandible trauma in adults. To assess the performance of the system at the different precision levels, it focuses on the fracture location within the mandibular regions and condylar process subregions as core components giving only secondary attention to morphologic variables. A total of 15 subjects individually assigned the location and features of mandibular fractures in 200 CT scans using the AO CMF classification system. The results of these ratings were then statistically evaluated for interobserver reliability by Fleiss' kappa and accuracy by percentage agreement with an experienced reference assessor. The scores were used to determine if the variables of levels 2 and 3 were appropriate tools for valid classification. Interobserver reliability and accuracy were compared by hierarchy of variables (level 2 vs. level 3), by anatomical region and subregion, and by assessor experience level using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests. The AO CMF classification system was determined to be reliable and accurate for classifying mandibular fractures for most levels 2 and 3 variables. Level 2 variables had significantly higher interobserver reliability than level 3 variables (median kappa: 0.69 vs. 0.59, p < 0.001) as well as higher accuracy (median agreement: 94 vs. 91%, p < 0.001). Accuracy was adequate for most variables, but lower reliability was observed for condylar head fractures, fragmentation of condylar neck fractures, displacement types and direction of the condylar process overall, as well as the condylar neck and base fractures. Assessors with more clinical experience demonstrated higher reliability (median kappa high experience 0.66 vs. medium 0.59 vs. low 0.48, p < 0.001). Assessors with experience using the classification software also had higher reliability than their less experienced counterparts (median kappa: 0.76 vs. 0.57, p < 0.001). At present, the AO CMF classification system for mandibular fractures is suited for both clinical and research settings for level 2 variables. Accuracy and reliability decrease for level 3 variables specifically concerning fractures and displacement of condylar process fractures. This will require further investigation into why these fractures were characterized unreliably, which would guide modifications of the system and future instructions for its usage.

Numerical calculation of relative phase permeabilities for two-phase flow in the channel

Two-phase flow through a channel is considered for different viscosity ratios, surface tension (σ) and types of displacement (drainage or imbibition). The simulation is based on the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Numerical calculation results of the relative phase permeability are compared for different mesh sizes. For calculation of relative phase permeability there is a problem with calculation of the average pressure gradient. Following approaches for calculation of average pressure gradient had been chosen: velocity weighted average of the pressure gradient and velocity weighted average of the viscous force. The approach of velocity weighted average of the viscous force gives more accurate results than the approach of velocity weighted average of the pressure gradient. Fingering instability was observed depending on the viscosity ratio and surface tension. All numerical calculations are performed using OpenFOAM finite volume library.

Leakage loss estimation and parametric study on the effect of twist in rotor shape for harnessing Pico hydropower

Renewable energy will play an important role in achieving the energy stability and reducing the dependence on fossil fuels. Hydropower is one of the cheapest and reliable sources of renewable energy. The potential of micro and Pico hydro power is not yet fully explored. They can prove to be decisive in generating clean energy from conventional and un-conventional resources and making the systems energy efficient for sustainable development. The present work illustrates the Pico hydro power generation potential of a new class of hydraulic turbine known as positive displacement turbine (PDT). In addition, a parametric study was done to find the effect of twist in rotor geometry on the flow pulsations, leakage losses and the overall performance of the PDT using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The performance of positive displacement type of hydraulic machines is very sensitive to leakage losses through clearances, which are very difficult to estimate. A mechanism was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze and calculate the leakage losses. From the analysis, it was inferred that twisting the rotor geometry significantly reduced the flow pulsations; however this increased leakage flow from the rotor-rotor clearance. This caused a slight reduction in the performance of PDT. The optimum twist angle was found to be 45°. The relative increase in the average leakage flowrate ratio for various twisted rotor designs as compared to the base non-twisted rotor design was approximately in the range of 2–18%. The relative decrease in the theoretical hydraulic and volumetric efficiencies for various twisted rotor designs as compared to the base design was approximately in the range of 0.1–3%.

Evaluation of Topological Properties of Parallel Manipulators Based on the Topological Characteristic Indexes

SUMMARYThe topological structure of a parallel manipulator (PM) determines its intrinsic topological properties (TPs). The TPs further determine essential kinematic and dynamic properties of the mechanism. TPs can be expressed through topological characteristics indexes (TCI). Therefore, defining a set of TCIs is an important issue to evaluate the TPs of PMs. This article addresses the evaluation of topological properties (ETP) of PMs based on TCI. A general and effective ETP method for PMs is proposed. Firstly, 12 TCIs are proposed, including 8 quantitative TCIs, that is, position and orientation characteristics sets (POC), dimension of the POC set, degrees of freedom (DOF), number of independent displacement equations, types and number of an Assur kinematic chain (AKC), coupling degrees of the AKCs, degrees of redundancy and the number of overs; as well as 4 qualitative TCIs, that is, selection of actuated joints, identification of inactive joints, DOF type and Input–Output motion decoupling. Secondly, the ETP method is illustrated by evaluating some well-known PMs including the Delta, Tricept, Exechon, Z3, H4 and the Gough–Stewart platform manipulators, as well as 28 other typical PMs. Via the ETP analysis of these mechanisms also some valuable design knowledge is derived and guidelines for the design of PMs are established. Finally, a 5-DOF decoupled hybrid spraying robot is developed by applying the design knowledge and the design guidelines derived from the ETP analysis.

Surface deformation and displacement of bed elements during splash – Model tests

The phenomenon of splash is connected with soil erosion, occurs commonly, and has a complex nature. The study presents the results of research in which glass beads (dry and saturated beds) with a diameter size range of 0.425–0.6 mm were used as a soil model. Patterns and layers of glass particles (beads), distinguished by their colour were placed on the surface of the samples. Displacements of the marked beads were used for the analysis of movement caused by splash. The measurements were supplemented with recordings made with high-speed cameras and photographs from an X-ray microtomograph. Three types of displacement for dry bed elements were distinguished: (i) displacement inside the surface area wetted with a falling drop of water, (ii) ejection and (iii) placement on the crater rim, as well as two types of displacement for elements from saturated beds: (i) displacement inside the deformation and (ii) ejection. The distance travelled by the beads was related to the specificity their displacement, which was associated with the initial location of the beads on the sample surface. In the case of dry beds, glass beads with an initial location equal to 14 mm or more from the centre of the drop impact were not moved. In the case of saturated beds, this distance was about 10 mm. More than 95% of the beads ejected from dry beds came from the surface layer of the sample. All the measurement methods applied show that the deformations of the dry bed surfaces were greater and more diversified than those of the saturated beds. The results presented in the study are important for understanding the mechanisms of transport of bacteria, fungi, and pollutants transferred with ejected soil particles during splash. The results can also be used for a physical description of the phenomenon for the computer modelling of both splash and water erosion.

On the miscible thermo-viscous fingering instability of non-Newtonian fluids in heterogeneous porous media

In this paper, the thermo-viscous fingering instability in the displacement of Newtonian fluid by a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid in the heterogeneous porous media is studied. Here, the heterogeneity of medium is assumed to be layered. Two different types of displacements are considered: a cold low viscous fluid displaces a hot high viscous one and vice versa. The numerical solution is obtained using a spectral method based on Hartley transforms and fourth-order Adams–Bashforth technique. By interoperation of concentration and temperature contours, transversely averaged profiles, mixing length, and sweep efficiency, it is shown that heterogeneity of porous media has a significant effect on the thermo-viscous fingering instability. The decreasing thermal-lag coefficient leads to more unstable flow and Lewis number has different effects on displacements. When a cold less viscous fluid is displacing fluid, this parameter has destabilizing effect while for displacing hot more viscous fluid, and it acts in favor of stability.

A Micropillar-Assisted Versatile Strategy for Highly Sensitive and Efficient Triboelectric Energy Generation under In-Plane Stimuli.

For the application of portable and wearable devices, the development of energy harvesters sensitive to various types of local and subtle mechanical displacements is essential. One of the most abundant but difficult-to-harvest mechanical energies in everyday life is the in-plane kinetic energy that arises from a rubbing motion. Here, an efficient method is proposed to generate electrical energy from tiny horizontal forces by laminating microstructures on a conventional triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The microhairy structures serve to induce contact friction between the two dielectric materials, driven by reversible mechanical bending when a contact rubbing pressure or noncontact airflow is applied in the horizontal direction. Compared to TENG devices without microstructures, the introduction of microstructures greatly enhances the energy harvesting in the same situation. In addition, the TENG device with micropillars can generate electrical output under tiny mechanical variations (<0.2 Pa) induced by a local deformation below individual micropillars. A high energy-generation capability is demonstrated by rubbing textured samples on the micropillar-structured TENG devices to induce horizontal contact friction. The devices can also efficiently harvest electrical energy from noncontact fluidic airflow. By assembling the microhairy structures on a conventional TENG, more complex and realistic mechanical motion can be harvested.

Sagittal fracture of mandibular condyle: a review of 151 cases

Objective: A retrospective research was made to summarize the clinical characteristics, treatment methods, results of the adult cases with sagittal fracture of mandibular condyle (SFMC). Methods: One hundred and fifty-one cases of hospitalized patients were enrolled. The age, sex, etiology, level of fracture, degree of displacement, associated facial fractures, treatment methods and results were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The patient's age ranged from 16 to 81 years old, with a median age of 38.5 years. The male to female ratio was 2.97∶1. The most involved age group was 20-29 years old [35.1% (53/151)]. Falls [53.6% (81/151)] were the most common cause. According to the classification of He (2009) and Duan (2011), the most common type of SFMC was type A [60.5% (130/215)] and the displacement type [80.9% (174/215)]. Eighty-six point zero percent (185/215) of SFMC were treated by surgery. The surgical rates of type A, B and M fractures were 91.5% (119/130), 79.6% (43/54) and 88.5% (23/26), with significant differences between the groups (P<0.05). The surgical rates of the displacement and dislocation type were 89.7% and 100%, with significant differences. The differences between the fixations of type A, type B and type M fractures were statistically significant. The follow-up results showed that, 78.7% (59/75) of patients treated with surgery had normal occlusion, no joint symptoms and no limited mandibular movement. Patients treated with conservative therapy had good occlusion and an average maximum mouth opening of 36.25 mm with malunion occurred in 5/6 of the condyles. Conclusions: Under appropriate surgical indications, surgical treatment of SFMCs could achieve significantly better outcomes than conservative treatment.

Closed Drain Transfer Pump Failure Analysis using Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) Method

Maintenance is a process carried out to maintain the reliability of individual/group assets. Positive displacement type pumps are commonly used in closed drainage systems as transfer pumps in oil and gas processing plants. However, there are times when the pump fails which requires further effort to prevent the failure from recurring. Efforts that can be made to overcome this are using the method of Analysis of the Root Failure (Root Cause Failure Analysis). The RCFA method uses recollection of evidence related to design, procurement, and operation of a tool to find root causes and latent causes of problems. As a result of gaps found between the design process, procurement which leads to the root cause of pump failure, this study recommends pump-operating companies to pay more attention to piping installation to support pump performance and coordination between owner, design, and procurement to prevent this failure from recurring.

Role of the Posterior Fat Pad Sign in Treating Displaced Extension Type Supracondylar Fractures of the Pediatric Elbow Using the Blount Method.

The posterior fat pad sign (PFPS) on the lateral elbow X-ray is useful in the diagnosis of a suspected nondisplaced fracture about the elbow after a subtle injury. However, the presence of a PFPS hallmarks a continuous posterior periosteum-posterior capsule of the distal humerus. This anatomic structure is crucial for the stable anatomic reduction of a displaced extension type supracondylar fracture. Subsequently, the presence of a PFPS may predict the successful nonoperative treatment of a Gartland III-type fracture by means of the Blount method, implying less implant-related morbidity and less intraoperative radiation exposure for the patient and surgeon. Furthermore, it is concluded that a PFPS-positive displaced extension type supracondylar fracture is definitively classified as a Gartland III and not a Gartland IV-type fracture. A retrospective study of 75 displaced extension type supracondylar elbow fractures was performed. All fractures had an initial attempt at a closed reduction under general anesthesia. A stable reduction in 120 degrees of elbow flexion without vascular compromise of the affected limb was achieved in 45 fractures, which were splinted in this position. In the remaining 30 cases, fracture reduction was either inadequate or was achieved with excess elbow flexion, which impaired distal blood flow. These fractures were pinned percutaneously and splinted in 90 degrees of elbow flexion. The two treatment groups were retrospectively compared for the presence of a PFPS. The displaced extension type supracondylar fractures, which were treated successfully by the Blount method, had a statistically significant higher prevalence (chi-square-Yates =4.91, p<0.05) of a positive PFPS (28/45 patients, 62.22%) compared to the fractures treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (10/30, 33.33%). No vascular complications were observed. The long-term outcome did not differ between groups.

SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS ACUTE IN TEDDY ALIAS ANDREW IN THE “SHUTTER ISLAND” NOVEL BY DENNIS LEHANE

This research discussed about schizophrenia symptoms in Teddy alias Andrew Laedis that was acute and dangerous and also discussed the psychodrama treatment for Andrew. The main character is described to have a dangerous illness which is schizophrenia due to get from his traumatic events in world of war. Some of traumatic event that Andrew is experienced actually like when Andrew killed hundred soldier during the war in Dachau, his guilt because he did not bring his wife, Dolores to psychiatrists then unpredictable his wife killed her three children and drowning her child in a pond and regret for the rest of his life who was forced to kill his beloved wife until die and he finally lost all his family. Andrew cannot escape from the reality and without unconsciously he became experiencing mental disorder. The fictional story written by Dennis Lehane (2003.This novel was using the theory of psychoanalysis approach by Sigmund Freud. By using the concept of Sigmund's theory this research examined the symptoms of acute schizophrenia in Teddy alias Andrew's character which showed that his id is more dominant than his ego and the superego did not almost non-existent. Andrew points out three types of self defense mechanisms, namely, denial projections, regression and displacement. Meanwhile, the process of psychiatric recovery treatment by Dr. Cawley is used a psychodrama.