Displacement Camps Research Articles

Insights in “Khemiss-Tweira” as a famine pearl millet coping strategy in Darfur State, Sudan

In an effort to intervene in the relentless food shortages during famine periods in Darfur and elsewhere in the country, the Sudanese Government has vested interest in exploiting indigenous food resources that are often given less development attention. The objective of this study was to gain insights in the value and other perceptions associated with, Khemiss-tweira, together with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a famine coping food security crop in Darfur, Sudan. The study was conducted in the displacement camps in El-Fasher in North Darfur, with a particular focus on Naivasha markets. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, on a sample size of 140 respondents. The study found that food was mostly scarce during summer times. The majority of respondents (27.9%) used Khemiss-tweira during the famine time. A large proporstion of respondents in El-Fasher (92.1%) were familiar with Khemiss-tweira. The predominate method of preparation Khemiss-tweira was in the sequence of germination-fermentation- baking-drying-adding sugar and salt. The only difference was in the last additions where only peanuts, dates or sesame were the ingredients. The crop could be stored for more than a year without reported deterioration in food value and quality. Khemiss-tweira was commended for high acceptability by majority of the s respondents (91.4%).

How is hygiene behaviour affected by conflict and displacement? A qualitative case study in Northern Iraq.

This research aimed to qualitatively explore whether the determinants of handwashing behaviour change according to the duration of displacement or the type of setting that people are displaced to. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study in three different post-conflict settings in Northern Iraq-a long-term displacement camp, a short-term displacement camp, and villages where people were returning to post the conflict. We identified 33 determinants of handwashing in these settings and, of these, 21 appeared to be altered by the conflict and displacement. Determinants of handwashing behaviour in the post-conflict period were predominantly explained by disruptions to the physical, psychological, social and economic circumstances of displaced populations. Future hygiene programmes in post-conflict displacement settings should adopt a holistic way of assessing determinants and design programmes which promote agency, build on adaptive norms, create an enabling environment and which are integrated with other aspects of humanitarian response.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers with Children Under Five Years towards Diarrheal Diseases in Displaced People Camp

A cross sectional-community based study was conducted in Al-Salaam displaced people Camp to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers with under five years children towards diarrheal diseases, the study aimed to study knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers with under five years children towards diarrheal diseases. 380 mothers with fewer than five children were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. The data collected through structured questionnaire designed to cover all research objectives and observations. The statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the data; the results were presented in figures. The study clarified that mothers have low knowledge regarding the possible causes of diarrheal diseasess. Large number of mothers (70.5%) believe that tooth loss is a major cause of diarrhea in children under five years old, regarding practices during diarrheal infections, 50.8% of mothers increased numbers of meals to their children. Very small numbers of mothers (28.2%) prepared oral rehydration salts solution correctly, most mothers believe in seeking health services when home management was failed, sanitation was very weak, the majority (78%) of residences were using shared toilets. The study recommended that the local health authorities should increase knowledge of mothers about diarrheal diseases and its management through health education sessions, provision of clean water and sanitation services.

Multi-hazards, displaced people's vulnerability and resettlement: Post-earthquake experiences from Rasuwa district in Nepal and their connections to policy loopholes and reconstruction practices

In Nepal, where extreme seismic and severe weather events are frequent, understanding the consequences of different types of hazards (geological, meteorological and human-made) and their impact on people's vulnerability in the aftermath of the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake, is crucial for enhanced formulation of policies and reconstruction practices. This paper aims to comprehend localized multi-hazard risks, the interaction between hazards and seasonality which may occur simultaneously, cascadingly and cumulatively, and local peoples' knowledge, experiences and perceptions to explore the effectiveness of resettlement and other reconstruction efforts. To fulfill this objective, a study was conducted in 2018 in Rasuwa, Nuwakot and Kathmandu district comprising 60 semi-structured interviews, three focus group discussions, and two photo-elicitation workshops. Participants included scientists, government officials, humanitarians, and displaced individuals at their original locations or in displacement camps. Findings show that interactions between hazards are not well recognized at policy level, as the geo-hazard assessment highlighted loopholes in its methodology as well as a lack of precision. Hence, interactions between hazards have not been sufficiently considered in the post-earthquake reconstruction process and need to be addressed by the National Reconstruction Authority. Analysis demonstrates that no clear relocation plan for displaced people exists, and that livelihood opportunities in new re-settlement areas receive no attention. Giving communities the opportunity to discuss localized multi-hazard risks with experts, so vulnerabilities, resilience capacity and risk tolerance of individuals and society can be heard and understood, is felt necessary. Moreover, people with limited resources will be more vulnerable, as they are not able to make informed decisions about suitable places for reconstruction, or to evaluate land use options or seasonal living arrangements. Two policy recommendations are proposed: 1) disaster risk-informed development planning in Nepal should include multi-hazard risk assessments as part of disaster risk management policies, and 2) resettlement policies require reform.

Effectiveness of waste plastic bottles as construction material in Rohingya displacement camps

Bangladesh is currently hosting about 1.30 million Rohingya people in its southeastern region, the most persecuted ethnic minority of the world. The present semi structured living shelters mostly made of bamboo and plastic sheets, are not resistant to environmental disasters like- monsoon rain, cyclone, mudslide, and prone to cause vector borne diseases. This study developed plastic brick, where a waste 500 mL polyethylene terephthalate bottle was utilized which was manually compacted with air dried fine sand as the filler material. Cardboard frame was used to shape the brick like a normal clay brick. The filled bottle was placed at the central portion of the frame where hand blended mortar was used to cover the whole frame up to the marked dimensions. The prepared brick samples were subjected to compression test and the average strength obtained was 2.88 and 3.29 N/mm2 for 14- and 28-day crushing age samples, respectively and demonstrated a high potential for the bricks to be used in construction works. The hazard due to environmental disasters in the displacement camps along with managing plastic waste, utilization of plastic brick can be a low cost, useful, and sustainable way towards a safe and rigid living structure.

Terminating Twins: Survival of One/Twin Research Reviews: Twin Discordance for Primordial Dwarfism; Twin Study of Public Service Motivation; Four-Parameter Model for Twin Research; Global Twinning at a Peak; Germline Differences of Monozygotic Twins/In the News: Twins and Dyngus Day; Triplets Born in Austrian Displaced Persons' Camp; Superior, Film About Estranged Identical Twin Sisters; Adopting Own Twins After Surrogacy; Twins and

Selective termination is the term used for the elimination of an abnormal fetus. In contrast, multifetal pregnancy reduction refers to the termination of one or more members of a twin or higher-order multiple birth set, respectively, to reduce the high risks associated with these pregnancies. The procedure can also be used when a serious physical condition is detected prenatally in a member of a multiple birth set. In a minority of cases, selective termination has reduced two healthy fetuses to one when parents wanted just one additional child in the family. In the present article, the perspectives of a surviving twin whose family wished to terminate both healthy fetuses are examined. Next, past and present twin studies of primordial dwarfism, public service motivation, an analytical model, the global twinning rate and germline differences are summarized. The article concludes with a synopsis of twin-related news that covers twins and Dyngus Day, triplets born in an Austrian displaced persons' camp, the film Superior - about estranged identical twin sisters, a couple adopting their own twins after surrogacy and a new case of twins and primordial dwarfism, a condition introduced in the research reviews.

Public Tolerance of Retributive Violence against Insurgencies

AbstractWhat drives public support for retributive violence against insurgents, a desire for revenge or security? We consider the case of suspected Islamic State (ISIS) militants in Mosul Iraq. Using survey experiments, we inquire about public support for judicial as well as extrajudicial violence against insurgent combatants. We sample among ordinary civilians in Mosul who lived under ISIS rule as well as ISIS-affiliated families in displacement camps outside Mosul. We find that many Mosul civilians are highly tolerant of retributive violence against insurgents, but this tolerance is driven primarily by security concerns rather than revenge. In contrast, others, especially in displacement camps, oppose the punitive killing of insurgents because they regard such actions as counterproductive to long-term security goals. This tension speaks to potential security dilemmas surrounding retaliatory responses to insurgency. Instead, public security interests may be better served through nonviolent strategies, to include negotiations with insurgent forces and more restorative approaches to justice.

Humanitarian Remains: Erasure and the Everyday of Camp Life in Northern Uganda

Abstract The impacts of protracted displacement can be understood through the spatial and material afterlives of war. In the context of Northern Uganda, the experiences of conflict that are interpreted in memorialisation are often reflected of how governments and aid agencies administered life during war. This article examines leftover aid rations, archives, former displacement camp sites and even unmarked graves as evidence to better understand what happens when people try to return “to normal” after decades of war between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army. It asks what narrative and material erasure implies for survivors who seek to create memorials to reflect on the war and have come to find that the past has been destroyed. Understanding how forgetting occurs, whether intentional or not, illuminates the difficulty of using archival material or artefacts as tools for remembrance projects. The article undertakes an examination of the everyday experiences of displacement and traces of aid assistance to show how memorial efforts can better make sense the past in the present.

Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review

The launching of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has continually advanced the sustainability paradigm across all corners of the globe. While this has led to the fruition of inherent country policies and plans for Uganda, the country is still trailing below the desired rate of attaining SDGs by 2030. The commencement of this decade of action and the proliferating intensity of the current unprecedented health crisis have thus called for heightened emphasis on inclusive sustainable development for the most disproportionately disadvantaged populations of which refugees form part. The pandemic has forced key stakeholders to shift their focus by re-allocating their scarce resources from disadvantaged communities such as refugee camps, thereby exposing them to severe and unacceptable vulnerability. Coupled to this COVID-19 pandemic is the prevalent energy crisis in displacement camps which shall have far-reaching disruptions. Increased energy access in refugee settlements shall help advance the modest progress made so far. This paper therefore highlights the most promising Waste-to-Energy (WtE) options for displacement camps in the Ugandan context which are evaluated based on a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) matrix upon which deductions of anaerobic digestion and briquettes respectively serve as the best ranked options respectively for more inclusive social economic development in these settings.

Modelling interventions to control COVID-19 outbreaks in a refugee camp

BackgroundIn the absence of effective treatments or vaccines, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the mainstay of control in the COVID-19 pandemic. Refugee populations in displacement camps live under adverse conditions that are...

Syria's Secret Library: The True Story of How a Besieged Syrian Town Found Hope

Syria's Secret Library: The True Story of How a Besieged Syrian Town Found Hope

Navigating multidimensional household recoveries following the 2015 Nepal earthquakes

Abstract Natural disaster recovery is multidimensional and takes time depending on vulnerabilities. Change occurs as households embedded within integrated social and environmental systems adapt or transform. We focus on the April/May 2015 Nepal earthquakes to understand rural natural disaster recovery. We conducted household surveys on critical earthquake impacts and recovery trajectories with 400 randomly selected households in four clusters of settlements in two districts with catastrophic impacts to all houses and infrastructure. To track rapid change in the short-term, we completed surveys at two intervals—approximately 9 months and 1.5 years. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, our analysis explores relationships among critical recovery indicators, households, and clusters of settlements. Disaster recovery for these rural mountain households and settlements was spatially and culturally heterogenous, context specific, and changing over time, for better and worse. First, households dependent on place-based agropastoral livelihoods had more challenges recovering compared to households with more diverse market-based livelihoods. Second, the experiences of households in displacement camps were distinct from non-displaced households. Third, accessibility was a determining factor in recovery but not consistently. Fourth, households in the planned dam inundation zone were stagnant waiting for relocation. We presented results to research participants and stakeholders 2.5 years after the earthquakes in a series of research return workshops, which linked the results of our quantitative analysis with study participant experiences and perspectives. Our research contributes to the disaster and development aid literature in four ways by: 1) providing a unique dataset with a random sample over two time intervals collected immediately following a natural disaster; 2) offering a methodology that documents and analyzes recovery as a multidimensional phenomenon; 3) empirically illustrating linear and non-linear disaster recovery dynamics; and 4) capturing the complexity of variation at the household and settlement levels while also identifying patterns that resonate on the ground.

The Prevalence of Ectoparasites among Displaced People Living in Displacement Camps: Duhok Province, Iraqi Kurdistan

The Prevalence of Ectoparasites among Displaced People Living in Displacement Camps: Duhok Province, Iraqi Kurdistan

People-Centered Surveillance: A Systematic Review of the Implementation of Community-Based Surveillance Among Crisis-Affected Populations

Background: Large-scale epidemics often occur in fragile states, and expand rapidly due to late disease detection, delays in pathogen confirmation, and weakened public health systems. The WHO recommends community-based surveillance to rapidly detect disease events in complex environments, displacement camps, and during epidemics. As such, community-based surveillance contributes to a core capacity of the International Health Regulations for rapid detection and response at the community-level which can facilitate immediate control measures. Methods: Using PubMed and EMBASE without date restrictions, we conducted a systematic review of articles and evaluations on community-based surveillance to describe the characteristics of community-based surveillance systems by crisis context, and to document and compare effectiveness for disease detection. Findings: 27 articles describing 23 community-based surveillance systems met the criteria for inclusion. We found that community-based surveillance has the potential to provide sensitive disease detection capacity, produce valid data that can provide early warning and enable targeting of interventions for at-risk populations, and can continue to operate during periods of acute crisis. However, it has important operational requirements for continuous training and supervision of large cadres of community health workers and volunteers, verification of validity of cases and events detected, and provision of technical assistance for implementation. Interpretation: Community-based surveillance is an important means of front-line detection and surveillance of outbreaks. Like other community systems, it requires planning and resource mobilization for technical assistance, supervision, and monitoring of performance. CBS should be integrated into formal surveillance systems to support not only early warning, but rapid verification and response. Funding: There was no specific source of funding used for this article. Declaration of Interest: All authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethical Approval: Not applicable; This review did not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue.

Effectiveness Of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy On Traumatized Women In Maiduguri Internally Displaced Camp Nigeria Sociological Perspectives

This study examined the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy on traumatized women in Maiduguri internally displaced person’s camp. Two research question, objectives and research hypotheses guided the study. The study used quasi-experimental research design. A sample of 75 women (participants) was drawn from the population. One set of instruments were used by the researcher to determine those who are traumatized in the internally displaced person’s camp, this instruments was used as a treatment package. The validity of the instrument was obtained by Pur (2017) and the reliability index of 0.72 was obtained for REBT. The research hypothesis was subjected to t-test and ANOVA analysis. The study concluded that trauma among internally displaced women can be effectively managed using of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as a treatment package and the result also shows that Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy is effective in reducing trauma among the Internally Displaced Women. Based on the effectiveness, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy on traumatized women, it was recommended that Counselling Association of Nigeria needs to encourage counsellors to make use of both REBT package in managing traumatized clients at all level i.e., either male or female nor young and old. Also, sociologist help people learn the sick role through socialization and enact it with the cooperation of others - when they fall ill.
 

Levels of Depressive Disorder among Displaced Citizens in Displacement Camps in Baghdad City

Levels of Depressive Disorder among Displaced Citizens in Displacement Camps in Baghdad City

What Happened to Children Who Returned from the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda?

AbstractIn northern Uganda, more than 50,000 people were recruited by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) between the late 1980s and 2004, mostly by force. Around half of those taken were children (under 18 years old). A large number were never seen by their families again, but more than 20,000 returned through aid-financed reception centres. Endeavours were made to reunite them with their relatives, who were mostly living in insecure displacement camps. Relatively few were subsequently visited, even after the fighting ended in 2006. Thousands of vulnerable children were largely left to their own devices. This article draws on research carried out in 2004–06 and from 2012 to 2018, and compares findings with other publications on reintegration in the region. It argues that implementing best-practice guidelines for relocating displaced children with their immediate relatives had negative consequences. The majority of children who passed through a reception centre are now settled as young adults on ancestral land, where they are commonly abused because of their LRA past. With few exceptions, it is only those who spent a long period with the LRA and who are not living on ancestral land who have managed to avoid such experiences.

Levels of Depressive Disorder among Displaced Citizens in Displacement Camps in Baghdad City

Levels of Depressive Disorder among Displaced Citizens in Displacement Camps in Baghdad City

Israel's Shaar Ha’aliya Camp through the Lens of COVID-19: Does the History of Quarantine Matter?

Israel's Shaar Ha'aliya Camp through the Lens of COVID-19:Does the History of Quarantine Matter? Rhona Seidelman (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Immigrants at Shaar Ha'aliya, with the barbed wire fence behind them. Source: Central Zionist Archive, NKH/405834. [End Page 113] The quarantine at Shaar Ha'aliya was controversial from the start. Opened in March 1949 off the coast of Haifa, Shaar Ha'aliya was Israel's central immigration processing camp, akin to Ellis Island, during the period of Israel's post-1948 mass immigration. Between May 1948 and January 1952, nearly 700,000 people moved to Israel, doubling the population of the country in only a few short years.1 In that time, over 400,000 of the country's immigrants went through Shaar Ha'aliya.2 Although in various stages of Israel's first years there were other controlled immigration centers, Shaar Ha'aliya was the only central processing camp. What sets it apart is its size, the diversity of its population—people who came from countries as different as France, Poland, Austria, Morocco, Iraq, and Yemen3—and the critical role it played in shaping the Israeli people during the country's formative years. A historic site of Jewish migration, Shaar Ha'aliya stands alone in Israeli history. A Breached Fence, Immigrant Protest, and a "Broader Applicability" of Quarantine Soon after the establishment of Shaar Ha'aliya, people both in and outside of Israel were involved in a discussion of its function and perception as a quarantine. The idea that this central port of arrival for Jewish immigrants to the Jewish state could be a quarantine was a volatile issue that led to strained, impassioned debate. The criticism and anger were focused on the barbed wire fence that surrounded the camp. People criticizing the fence were upset at the imagery of such a structure that, in the aftermath of the Holocaust, made this place—which was supposed to be a space of welcoming and homecoming—look like European displaced persons and concentration camps. People defending the fence repeatedly emphasized that it was necessary to maintain a quarantine which, they argued, was itself a crucial public health measure that protected the larger society from the diseases that immigrants were carrying. In my book Under Quarantine: Immigrants and Disease at Israel's Gate, I explore the problems with the public health defense of Shaar Ha'aliya's enclosure.4 I focus on the evident contradiction in the fact that neither the barbed wire fence nor the police guard actually prevented people from coming in and out of the camp. Officially, immigrants were forbidden to leave the camp until they had completed their medical exam, so the main entrance was off-limits to them for the duration of their stay. However, crawling under the barbed wire [End Page 114] to get in and out of the camp allowed the immigrants the freedom to largely go on with their lives. They went into the nearby city of Haifa looking for entertainment and jobs. They visited friends and family, and they bought products on the black market. In many cases, they simply returned to the camp later in the day, once again crawling under the barbed wire. This situation led one official to admit, "In theory the camp is closed, but in reality it is open to all."5 Moreover, the main ailments found and tracked in Shaar Ha'aliya were trachoma, tuberculosis, syphilis, head lice, and scabies.6 None of these were deemed "quarantinable" in Israel at the time.7 The Shaar Ha'aliya administration knew that the breaches were a regular occurrence, but they did not see them as evidence that the quarantine was failing nor that the barbed wire fence and police should be removed. Instead, they continued to insist that quarantine was necessary to protect the rest of the country from diseases the immigrants were carrying. And so I raise the question: how could the same people who knew that the quarantine was ineffectual still insist that it was medically necessary? Quarantine, understood broadly, is a cross-cultural act of separation that has been used as a means...

Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors Contributing to the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Sudan A Case Study of Dar Al Salaam Displaced Camp, Omdurman, Sudan

Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors Contributing to the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Sudan A Case Study of Dar Al Salaam Displaced Camp, Omdurman, Sudan Elfaki; Samia. I. T. Abstract AIDS has become geopolitical diseases that threaten people, and became preoccupied with scientific research in this matter. The study aims at exploring socio-cultural factors that may impact the spread of HIV/AIDS among the displaced in Dar a salaam camp in Omdurman – Sudan. The study was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 450 respondents (aged between 18 - 65 years) resident at the camp, who include various tribes, religious and ethnic groups and gender. A quantitative approach technique is used to collect data and Statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 18) for Data entry and analysis. The study shows that 79.3 percent of respondents heard about the disease (AIDS), but only 13.8 percent are aware of the modes of transmission. 67.6 percent do not know where to have test for HIV/AIDS, with only 6 percent who actually had the test for various reasons. However 50 percent prefer to keep the infection of relative secret for fear of stigma and discrimination. The study indicated that there is clear adherence to socio-cultural practices that may contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS including polygamy, piercing, widow inheritance, cross marriage, circumcision in groups, Fissadah, Hijamah, etc. Consequently, the study makes recommendations in the areas of policies, and behavior change, Increase testing centers and integrated with reproductive health centers and primary health care units, because of the fear of stigma. Increase the number of units and psychological counseling staff. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijgws.v8n2a10