Mental Developmental Disorders Research Articles

Neuromarkers of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Children with Mental Development Disorders

Neuromarkers of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Children with Mental Development Disorders

Treatment and prophylaxis of moderate and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature neonates

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature neonates leads to physical and mental developmental disorders and behavioral problems and associated with frequent rehospitalizations and long hospital stay. Study objective: to study the predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia development in premature neonates in structure of intensive care. Study design: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed in 127 children recruited from two NICU of Dnipro between January 2016 to March 2020. Inclusion criteria: preterm neonates 28-32 gestation weeks with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Results demonstrated that every day of mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen with FiO2 more than 30% and cardiac drugs usage increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia development by 15-20%. In conclusion, finding out predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia helps to improve and prudently use usual treatment regimens in premature neonates and decrease the frequency of moderate and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The Specifics of the Functioning of Emotional Intelligence of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities

The purpose of the article. Modern special psychology and pedagogy in Ukraine are aimed not only at preserving the acquired experience, but at transforming the acquired knowledge in order to create conditions for the realization of personality with intellectual disabilities today. The research in technologies of correction-compensatory work with persons with peculiarities of psychophysical development is becoming increasingly relevant. The relevance of the study of aspects of emotional intelligence of persons with intellectual disabilities is conditioned by the solution of the urgent need to develop effective technologies for the development of personality with special educational needs at different age stages of its formation. Methods. The complexity, lack of research and ambiguity of the phenomenon of the concept of «emotional intelligence» in adolescents with intellectual disabilities led to the choice of research method – modeling. Specific research methods, including psychodiagnostic methods, have also been used to solve problems and ensure the validity of propositions and conclusions. One of the components of emotional intelligence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities – emotional – was studied. The method «Testing the ability to recognize emotions based on pantomime masks of the human face» (adaptation of M. Lebedeva), the method «Determination of the ability to differentiate emotional states» (according by V. Matveev), conversations, observations were used in the article. The results of the research. In the course of psychodiagnostic, the attention was focused on determining the state of formation of the emotional component and the levels of representation of its indicators. These are important qualitative characteristics such as recognition, differentiation and verbalization of emotions. It was found that the emotional component in adolescents with mental disabilities is characterized by an average level of formation. This indicates that adolescents are capable of partial understanding, analysis, and comparison of emotional states with their own experience (3–4 states); partial identifying, measuring, verbalization of emotions (4–5 basic emotions) and their psycholinguistic description. Conclusions. In the course of the research an attempt was made to establish the specifics of the functioning of emotional intelligence of a teenager with mental development disorders through the selection of key components in order to further influence the formation of the personality of the studied category of adolescents. In particular, one of the components of the presented model of emotional intelligence was studied and the results of the study of one of the components were considered, in particular, the emotional component in the structure of emotional intelligence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Identified components, their research (emotional and other components), establishing indicators of their formation and establishing levels of emotional intelligence are the basis for further development of effective psychological support for adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

The Influence of Music Education on Children with Autism

Children with autism have different degrees of mental development disorders, which are specifically manifested as sluggish behavior and lack of language. Music has many similarities with language, which can slowly open up the heart of children, reorganize and improve their emotions and interpersonal skills. The essay explores the influence of music activities on children with autism through literature review, visits and surveys, questionnaire surveys.

Global prevalence of cleft palate, cleft lip and cleft palate and lip: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBirth defect is widely used as a term for congenital anomalies. Children with cleft lip and palate may have serious speech, hearing, nutrition, and mental and social development disorders; therefore, this study was designed to determine the overall prevalence of cleft palate, lip, and cleft palate through systematic review and meta-analysis. MethodsIn this study, systematic review and meta-analysis of data from studies on the prevalence of cleft lip and palate in Scopus, Embase, Magiran, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed and Science Direct databases were extracted between January 2000 and June 2020. In order to perform the analysis of qualified studies, the model of random effects was used and the inconsistency of studies with I2 index was investigated. Data analysis was performed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2). ResultsAccording to the results of the present study on cleft palate, the total number of samples entered in the study in 59 studies were 21,088,517 individuals, the prevalence of cleft palate based on the meta-analysis of the reviewed studies in every 1000 live births was obtained 0.33 (95% CI: 0.28–0.38). In the case of cleft lip, the total number of samples entered in the 57 reviewed studies were 17,907,569 individuals. The prevalence of cleft lip obtained based on the meta-analysis of the reviewed studies was 0.3 in every 1000 live births (95% CI: 0.26–0.34), and in the case of cleft lip and palate, the total number of samples entered in the 55 reviewed studies was 17,894,673. The prevalence of cleft lip and palate based on the meta-analysis of the studies reviewed in each 1000 live births was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.38–0.52). ConclusionDue to the high prevalence of oral clefts such as cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft lip and palate; health system policymakers need to take precautionary measures to reduce the number of patients, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic measures to reduce the effects of this disorder in children.

INDIVIDUAL APPROACH AND DIFFERENTIATION AS MEANS FOR LEARNING OPTIMIZATION AT PRIMARY CLASSES OF SPECIAL NEED SCHOOLS

The article reveals the content of individual and differentiated approaches to teaching of primary school children with mental development disorders. Learning objectives and the ways to achieve them. The forms of activity organization are determined to develop children’s abilities to acquire and apply skills. Appropriateness of programmed learning as a part of the differentiated approach is analyzed to educate children with mental development disorders. Practical aspects of individual approach and differentiation are presented with the example of teaching of primary school-children at a special needs school.

The stability of high Zinc rice strain in different agro climate conditions

The production of crops, especially rice, is agitated due to climate change. The change in climate conditions causes the change of growing and harvesting season of rice. Zinc is a micronutrient that is needed by the body for its growth. The symptoms of zinc deficiency, both small and large, can cause stunted growth, eczema, hair loss, delayed sexual maturity and mental development disorders. This study aimed to determine agronomic performance stability and rice genotypes’ yield with high-contain zinc and high yield in different agro-climate conditions. The test was carried out on two different agro-climates, namely, in Karang Village, Karang Pandan, Karanganyar (highlands) with a height of + 830 meters above sea level (masl) and in Plumbon Village, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo (lowlands) with a height of + 121 masl, from February to June 2017. A total of ten strains and two comparative varieties (Ciherang and Inpari 5 Merawu) were tested using a Randomized Block Design repeated four times on a 4m x 5m plot following a spacing of 25cm x 25cm and using transplanting techniques. The test results showed that the strain of IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-1-SKI-0-2, IR 99284-15-3-2, IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-3-SKI-0-2, B13884E-MR-22-3-1 and B13884-MR-29-1-1 had a relatively high-contain Zinc of broken rice in the two test sites. However, the strain of IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-1-SKI-0-2 and IR 97477-115-1-CRB-0-SKI-3-SKI-0-2 had high stability of yield and Zinc content in different agro-climate conditions. So, it is prospective to provide new high yielding varieties.

Identifying of 22q11.2 variations in Chinese patients with development delay

Background22q11.2 variation is a significant genetic factor relating to development delay and/or intellectual disability. However, the prevalence, genetic characteristics and clinical phenotype in Chinese patients are unknown.MethodsIn total 6034 patients with development delay and/or intellectual disability were screened by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) P245 and G-band karyotyping. The positive patients with 22q11.2 imbalance were confirmed by MLPA P250 assay.Results52 (0.86%) patients were found to carry different levels of 22q11.2 variations, in which 37 cases (71.2%) had heterozygous deletions, whereas 15 (28.8%) had heterogeneous duplications. 34 cases (65.4%) carried typical imbalance from low copy repeat (LCR) 22 A to D. The other cases had atypical variations, relating to LCR22 A-B, LCR22 C-D, LCR22 B-D, LCR22 D-E, LCR22 E-F and LCR22 B-F region. The phenotypes of these 52 patients were variable, including development delay, language delay, facial anomalies, heart defects, psychiatric/behavior problems, epilepsy, periventricular leukomalacia, hearing impairment, growth delay etc.ConclusionThese data revealed the prevalence and variability of 22q11.2 genomic imbalance in Chinese patients with development delay and/or intellectual disability. It suggested that genetic detection of 22q11.2 is necessary, especially for the patients with mental retardation and development disorders, which deserves the attention of all pediatricians in their daily work.

Микробиотические и нутрициологические паттерны формирования когнитивных и поведенческих функций ребенка

The article discusses the up-to-date international studies demonstrating the intestinal microbiota and brain interrelation, as well as the possible influence of the «intestinal microbiota — intestine — brain» system on the nervous system development in children and formation of their cognitive and behavorial functions. Nutritional approaches in the correction of emotional, behavioral and cognitive symptoms in children with ADHD, autism and other mental development disorders are reviewed. The importance of a healthy intestinal microbial composition is emphasized, especially in early childhood, during the period of intensive nervous system development, active processes of myelination in the central nervous system conduction tracts, neurons differentiation, and morphological maturation of the cortical representation of motor and sensory analyzers.The influence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics on the nervous system state and a child’s mental functions is discussed.

NEW REGULATION OF NON-CONTENTIOUS PROCEDURES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE PROCEDURE OF PLACING ADULTY UNDER CUSTODY IN SLOVENIA

Due to the need to harmonize procedural rules of non-contentious procedures with the new conceptual solutions of the Family Code in the area of family relationships, the adoption of the new Non-Contentious Civil Procedure Act in Slovenia was necessary. The analysis of comparative legal examples shows that family matters need to be tackled as fully and uniformly as possible, which the non-contentious rules, with a more flexible and less formal nature, certainly enable. The article discusses the necessary procedural adjustments of the fundamental principles and general provisions of the non-contentious procedure. Arguments are based on a general overview of the German and Austrian rules, which are most comparable to the Slovenian system. In both jurisdictions, family matters are decided in a non-contentious proceeding. The author further deals with the new regulation for placing an adult under custody. Due to a mental development disorder or mental health problems, or other causes affecting the ability to make a judgement, such  adults are unable to take care of their rights and benefits without harming themselves. The legislature followed comparative examples and eliminated the double-track procedures for deprivation of legal capacity. The new regulation allows for the diversity of the extent of the inability to make independent and reasonable decisions. However, the system of custody, which is voluntary in Slovenia, remains an unresolved problem. The institution of a custodian should be systematically regulated in a particular Act that would ensure the professionalism of persons and regulate compensation for the custodial services provided. Keywords: non-contentious civil procedure, family matter, the concept of non-contentious procedure, procedure of placing adults under custody in Slovenia

Mental health disorder among children: Social adaptation and rehabilitation

ABSTRACT Children, as the least adapted and protected part of society with insufficient experience, are dependent on adults. The lack of formation of biopsychosocial structures of a child's personality due to age characteristics makes them vulnerable to various kinds of effects, including unfavorable ones. The influence of the social environment, other people can delay or stimulate the development of the child, worsen his/her well-being or contribute to the formation of complex social behavior. However, there are forms of mental illness that are present in children from the first years of life, it is sort of a state of mind, the predominant feature that is the departure from social reality, life within itself. It is autism as one of the forms of mental developmental disorders in children from an early age. In the process of rehabilitation of such children, the influence of the social environment will be directed to adjust the social environment to the extent of the child’s autism spectrum disorder, to effectively socialize and to develop communication. Streamlining the environment taking into account the desire for the continuity of the autistic child, creating conditions for orientation in space through communicative and socio-behavioral clues is an important task in the organization of social space. The relation of the immediate social environment, that are parents, relatives, acquaintances, friends on the autistic child, methods, and ways of influence in general, is mediated with the level of development of society, its cultural values. The study uses systemic, interdisciplinary and factor analysis, intervention and observation methods. Social, pedagogical, psychological, and medical approaches to the study of the disease show the complex nature of the disease and the need to take into account the influence of genetic, age-related, closely related factors in family planning and the complementary efforts of social workers, psychologists, teachers, sociologists, and medical workers in the rehabilitation of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among the factors affecting autism was social disadvantage, as in areas where the poor lived, the disease was much higher than in well-off areas. Overcoming difficulties and effective rehabilitation depends on creating a favorable environment for autistic people, taking into account the characteristics of the disease, using intervention technology, especially for the development of their communicative abilities.

Віддалені наслідки впливу фетоплацентарної недостатності на стан та функціонування різних систем організму в нащадків (огляд літератури та власні спостереження)

The literature review presents the results of processing literature data on one of the topical issues of obstetrics and reproductive medicine - placental insufficiency. According to the World Health Organization, the number of infertile couples is gradually increasing in the world every year. In Ukraine, the frequency of infertile marriages among persons of reproductive age ranges from 12 to 18%. The state of the reproductive system of an adult female is influenced by many factors, from embryonic development to the lifestyle of an adult woman. With an inadequate effect of harmful factors on the fetus, the fetoplacental complex may not react properly, and this is how the symptom complex of disorders arises both on the part of the mother and on the part of the fetus, which is called placental insufficiency, it negatively affects the condition and quality of pregnancy and childbirth. Numerous studies have proven the existence of a connection between the effect of certain factors during pregnancy on the state and functionality of various body systems already in adulthood. It was shown that children who were born from mothers with placental insufficiency suffering from cardiovascular diseases have fewer elastic fibers in the arteries, nephrons in the kidneys. In addition, the pancreas has fewer insulin-producing β-cells and reduced vascularization, as well as altered structure and maturation of the brain, lungs (respiratory distress syndrome) and liver, joint dysplasia, and an imbalance of the immune system. When studying the long-term effects of placental insufficiency, various disorders of physical and mental development are observed, as well as increased somatic and infectious morbidity of newborns and children in the first year of life, in the future it may be the cause of the development of diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, etc. Conclusion. Our studies have shown the negative impact of placental insufficiency on the reproductive system of adult offspring of rats of two sexes who were born to mothers of two age groups. In particular, the level of testosterone in female offspring was increased against the background of the altered structure of the estrous cycle and the pathological state of ovarian histology. In the male offspring, on the contrary, the total testosterone level decreased, but the histology of the testes and the functional state of the sperm remained unchanged

Zarys problemu nowotworów żeńskich narządów płciowych u dziewcząt i młodych kobiet – aspekty ginekologii wieku rozwojowego i medycyny rodzinnej

Family doctors play a huge role in the holistic care of patients, including oncological prophylaxis also in the context of gynecology of developmental age. In the prevention of neoplastic diseases, for example, all activities in the field of family medicine are very important, and regarding pro-health education from an early age: providing patients with knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, the role of physical activity and diet. Although cases of malignant neoplasms in children are not frequent, the specific gravity of the problem makes this issue particularly important in the context of gynecology of developmental age and family medicine. These issues discussed in the paper are also important in the context of developmental medicine. It is a branch of clinical and theoretical medicine dealing with tracking the regularities and disorders of human somatic and mental development from the moment birth until the end of the puberty process. Unfortunately, health problems, including oncological diseases, also occur in the developmental period.

The Importance and Role of Calcium on the Growth and Development of Children and Its Complications

Calcium (Ca) is one of the most important mineral components of food, which is used to build and maintain the skeletal structure of the body. Calcium is the most important mineral in the body. About 99% of the body's calcium is found in bone and teeth, along with phosphorus and the rest in soft tissue and extracellular fluid. Calcium is involved in the human body for activities such as bone and tooth building, blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and cell metabolism. Calcium deficiency in children leads to physical and mental developmental disorders and the development of osteoporosis called Rashitisme. This condition causes abnormal bones, large joints, and difficulty moving. In adults, calcium deficiency causes osteomalacia, which results in decreased calcium density in the bones, resulting in hollow and brittle bones. Calcium deficiency is often associated with vitamin D deficiency, which leads to problems with bone mineralization and severe muscle cramps. The aim of this study was that calcium plays an important role in the human body for activities such as bone and tooth building, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and cell metabolism. The results of this study showed that calcium is the cause of bone strength. There should be enough calcium in the diet of children before adulthood so that the bones are properly compacted and adults do not develop osteoporosis. There is the research method in this article is in the style of a library and a new scientific barrier has been written and the importance of the role of calcium in the body and the effects of its deficiency on the growth and development of children have been studied.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Recent breakthroughs in the field of stem cell therapy have brought hope to the treatment of mental diseases. Animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has a positive effect on the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the therapeutic efficacy of the MSC transplants was primarily associated with the signals and molecules secreted by the MSCs. Exosomes, for example, the secreted organelles from MSCs, carry bioactive molecules of the MSCs that are essential for the therapeutic effects in ASD treatment. This then inspires us to explore the intranasal delivery of MSC exosomes to brain tissues for the treatment of ASD. Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) that efficiently enter the brain tissue through the intranasal route restore the social ability of the mice and correct the repeated stereotyped behaviors and other abnormal phenotypes in the offspring of valproic acid (VPA)-treated mice, which show autism-like symptoms. The therapeutic efficacy can be attributed at least partially to the anti-inflammatory effect of the MSC exosomes. This work thereby reports brain-specific delivery of hUC-MSC exosomes, as a cell-free therapy to relieve autism-related phenotypes, providing a promising direction for the treatment of mental development disorders.

Вплив емоційного інтелекту на саморегуляцію агресивної поведінки підлітків із порушеннями розумового розвитку

The aim of the research is to determine the problem of manifestations of aggression of adolescents with disorders of mental development in the context of the formation and influence of emotional intelligence on the aggressive behavior of these adolescents. The purpose of the research was provided by a step-by-step solution of the main tasks: firstly, to identify the features of aggression of adolescents with intellectual disabilities; secondly, to determine the specific influence of emotional intelligence on self-regulation of aggressive behavior of adolescents with intellectual disabilities; thirdly, to characterize recommendations for the technology of psychological support for the formation of self-regulation of aggressive behavior of adolescents with disorders of mental development in the context of their emotional intelligence. Мethods. The general scientific deductive and inductive methods, the method of psychological diagnostics, conversations and observations were used to solve the outlined tasks and to prove the results and make the conclusions of our research. Psychodiagnostic procedure of the state of aggressive behavior and its emotional self-regulation of adolescents with disorders of mental development was carried out using the method of «Bass and Darcy’s Aggression Questionnaire»; method of «Adapted Leonhard – Shmishek’s Characterological Questionnaire»; Emotional Intellect (by N. Hоll) techniques, conversations and observations. In the course of psychodiagnostics, the necessary instructions and requirements were obtained to have reliable results. The interviews were conducted in the process of studying of adolescents at educational establishments. The behavior of adolescents was monitored in their usual learning environment. For the purpose of providing comparative analysis of the phenomenon of self-regulation of aggressive behavior of adolescence and making reliability of the results, the diagnostics of adolescents with preserved intelligence was carried out, keeping the identical procedures, under equal conditions, which were created for adolescents with disorders of mental development as well. The results of the research. According to the results of the diagnostics, adolescents with disorders of mental development have physical and verbal aggression that exceeds the allowable norm. The diagnostics of adolescents with disorders of mental development made it possible to ascertain the functioning status of the structural components of aggression. The increased level was set up by indicators of negativity and irritability. The results of the diagnostics of adolescents with preserved intellectual state the similarity of the obtained data on the level of expressiveness of the main types of aggression and structural components of the phenomenon in comparison with the results of adolescents with disorders of mental development. The difference is the intensity of the proposed indicators. The adolescents with intellectual disabilities have indicators which are in a great degree displayed in a group of 20–30% than in a group of respondents with preserved intellectual function. It is established that manifestations of aggression and self-regulation of aggressive behavior are determined by personality’s accentuations. In a case of adolescents with disorders of mental development, the following types of combination of accentuation were found to be hypertensive in combination with cyclothymic, hypertensive with unbalanced, hypertensive with exalted. In addition, adolescents with disorders of mental development have a low level of emotional intelligence, emotional awareness, empathy, managing personal emotions and an average level of ability to recognize other people’s emotions. Conclusions. The results of our research suggested that the alexithymic manifestations in the structure of the personality of adolescents with disorders of mental development were mainly due to the inability to verbalize their own emotional states, underdevelopment of the reflexive component of emotions and lack of formation or a low level of emotional intelligence. Taking into account the obtained results, the main aspects of psycho-corrective work with adolescents with disorders of mental development regarding the formation of self-regulation of aggressive behavior were characterized. This psycho-corrective work has the aim to form the ability to develop pupils’ emotions, feelings and experience, to designate them with appropriate verbal symbols, to manage different emotional states, including negative ones, such as aggression and anger.

Levels of neurocognitive response in the situation of organic brain damage of a child as a clinical and psychological problem

Aim. The article discusses the results of a psychological study of the development of mental functions in children with convulsive paroxysms in the anamnesis. In order to identify common patterns of mental dysontogenesis in children with cerebral organic pathology, the data obtained are compared with the results of other studies.
 Methods. As experimental research methods, methods of neuropsychological diagnosis of higher mental functions in children were used (Tsvetkova, 2002), the diagnostic complex Forecast and prevention of learning problems at school (Yasyukova, 2002). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical analysis software.
 Results. The results of the study showed that the early onset of seizures in children is combined with impaired auditory perception, short-term speech memory, visual linear thinking and motor awkwardness. The prolonged presence of convulsive paroxysms in the history of a preschool child is associated with the pathology of the development of kinesthetic praxis, as well as speech functions and forms of thinking associated with speech. A significant number of seizures in the history of the disease has a more destructive and total effect on the brain of the child in comparison with the age of onset and the duration of the disease. The data obtained are similar to the results of psychological studies of children with other cerebral organic pathology. Consequently, pathological cerebral processes and conditions of various nature can lead to similar disorders in the development of mental functions, presumably those that are at the time the pathological factor begins in the sensitive period of development. This allows using the concept of levels of neurocognitive response in a situation of organic damage to the brain of a child.
 Conclusion. The picture of the mental development disorder of children with convulsive paroxysms in the anamnesis is mediated by the age of onset, the duration and massiveness of the disease. Children with various diseases of the central nervous system, presumably, have common patterns of mental dysontogenesis.

Child psychiatry in China: Present situation and future prospects.

Child psychiatry in China: Present situation and future prospects.

ANTHROPOMETRIC WALL CHART OF HEIGHT FOR AGE FOR STUNTED SCREENING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Stunted or short nutritional status is a term that describes a person's nutritional status based on height for age. The prevalence of stunting in school children in Indonesia in 2017 was 27.7%. Children who are stunted have the potential for growth and development disorders, low motor skills, mental and intellectual development disorders, and have lower productivity than normal children of the same age. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity value of the anthropometric wall chart height for age index for stunting screening in elementary school children. The study design was cross-sectional in four elementary schools in Cimahi City with a total sample of 330 children aged 6 to 12 years. Each child was measured for height twice, using a microtoise tool and anthropometric wall chart. The results of height measurement at a certain age were compared with the 2005 World Health Organization standards. They were declared stunted (short) if the height for age value <-2 standard deviation and declared very short if the height for age value <-3SD. The index value is based on the 2005 WHO standard, which is used as the gold standard in calculating validity. Measurement results using an anthropometric wall chart by looking at the color band shown on the upper border of the child's head. If the head border of the child is on a yellow or red band at a certain age, it means that the child is stunting. The sensitivity value of the anthropometric wall chart is 85.7%, and the specificity value is 87.2%. The anthropometric wall chart can be used for stunted screening in children aged 6-12 years.

Порушення розумового розвитку дитини: причини та можливості попередження

Порушення розумового розвитку дитини: причини та можливості попередження