Etidronate Research Articles

Improving the interfacial bonding strength of a silane anticorrosion film on copper surfaces using small-molecule corrosion inhibitors

The weak binding ability of silane to copper surfaces restricts its use in copper anticorrosion. In this study, the P–OH groups in etidronic acid (HEDP) were utilized to establish chemical bonds with copper and to react with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (PropS-SH), serving as a bridging mechanism to enhance the anchoring of silane onto copper surfaces. Moreover, the presence of HEDP promoted the condensation of silane, leading to the formation of a denser and thicker film with outstanding corrosion resistance. SEM results indicated that the thickness of the PropS-SH/HEDP film was about 125 nm, and defects at the copper–film interface were repaired. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the PropS-SH/HEDP film exhibited remarkable corrosion resistance, achieving an anticorrosion efficiency of 99.95 %. Immersion testing showed that the PropS-SH/HEDP film was capable of withstanding immersion in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 10 days, displaying a durability 5 times greater than that of the standalone silane film.

Impact of different disinfection protocols on the bond strength of NeoMTA 2 bioceramic sealer used as a root canal apical plug (in vitro study)

IntroductionTreatment of an immature permanent tooth required a special disinfection protocol due to the presence of thin radicular walls, which are prone to fracture. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has been proposed as a root repair material for root canal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the push-out bond strength of conventional White MTA cements and second generation NeoMTA 2 in imitated immature roots treated with different disinfection protocols, which are 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and NaOCl, followed by 20% etidronic acid (HEBP).MethodsThe root canals of freshly extracted single-root teeth were manually prepared until 90 K-file to imitate immature roots. Roots were randomly divided into four groups (G) according to the disinfection protocol (n = 15 per group). where G1 (NaOCl + EDTA + White MTA) and G2 (NaOCl + EDTA + NeoMTA 2) While G3 (NaOCl + HEBP + White MTA) and G4 (NaOCl + HEBP + NeoMTA 2) All groups were activated with manual agitation. All specimens were incubated for 48 h. The apical third of each root was perpendicularly sectioned to attain a slice of 3 mm thickness. Push-out bond strength values were assessed using a two-way ANOVA and a Student’s t test.ResultsG3 and G4 that were treated with HEPB showed higher significant push-out bond strength mean values than G1 and G2 treated with an EDTA chelating agent. Irrespective of the chelating agent used, it was found that both NeoMTA 2 and White MTA had no significant influence on push-out bond strength mean values (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThe combined use of 5.25% NaOCl and 20% HEBP increased the push-out strength values of both NeoMTA 2 and White MTA, rendering them suitable to be used as an alternative chelating agent to EDTA.

The Impact of Different Irrigation Protocols on the Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement to Radicular Dentin.

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of different irrigation protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement (SARC) on primed radicular dentin. Radicular dentin slabs (N=58) were embedded in acrylic. Subsequently, they were polished and randomly assigned to five experimental groups (N=8-12) and one control group, CG (N=8). Irrigation solutions used were 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (H), 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 9% etidronic acid with hypochlorite (HEDP), 0.9% saline solution (SS), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Each experimental group underwent a different irrigation protocol for two minutes: 1) H/EDTA/H, 2) HEDP, 3) H/EDTA/CHX, 4) H/EDTA/SS and 5) HEDP/SS. The CG samples were not treated with any irrigation solution. After drying, the adhesive-enhancing primer (AEP) and dual-curing SARC were applied to the radicular dentin using molds corresponding to the Ultra Tester (Ultradent Products, South Jordan, USA). The specimens were stored at 37 °C in distilled water and broken after 10 days in shear mode. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc Games-Howell test, α=0.05. CG exhibited the highest SBS. With the exception of HEDP and HEDP/SS, all experimental groups showed significantly lower SBS compared to CG (p<0.05). HEDP appears to be an adequate solution for cleaning the root canal prior to dentin priming and fiber post cementation with SARC.

Effect of different chelators on the push-out bond strength of hydraulic cements in retrograde obturation.

This study examined the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and etidronic acid (HEDP) in retrograde cavities on the bond strength of MTA Angelus and NeoPutty. Sixty-six teeth with single roots and canals were decoronated and enlarged up to F3 using the ProTaper Universal file system. After removing the apical 3 mm within the scope of endodontic surgery procedures, retrograde cavities were prepared with ultrasonic tips. The teeth were divided into three main groups according to the irrigation solution used: saline, 17% EDTA, and 9% HEDP. Following the irrigation of retrograde cavities, each main group was further divided into two subgroups in terms of using MTA Angelus and NeoPutty as retrograde filling materials. Bond strength values of hydraulic cements were measured by the push-out test. Fracture modes were examined under a stereo microscope. Two dentin sections from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe dentinal tubules. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Irrigation solutions similarly affected the bond strength values of hydraulic cements (P=0.115). MTA Angelus showed significantly higher values than NeoPutty in all the solution groups (P=0.34). Adhesive and cohesive fracture modes were mostly observed in the MTA Angelus and NeoPutty groups, respectively. EDTA, HEDP, and saline had a similar effect on the bond strength of hydraulic cements. The higher bond values of MTA Angelus compared to NeoPutty could support its safe use in endodontic surgery procedures.

Comparative evaluation of continuous and sequential chelation on the dentinal tubule penetration of bioceramic-based sealer - A confocal laser scanning microscopic study.

Effective endodontic treatment relies heavily on proper instrumentation, thorough disinfection, and precise three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. This study aims to evaluate and compare continuous chelation (etidronic acid and sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) and sequential chelation (citric acid and NaOCl) on the dentinal tubule penetration of bioceramic-based sealer (Bio-C)-A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. In vitro experimental study. Sixty extracted permanent single-rooted teeth were selected and decoronated below cementoenamel junction to get a standardized length of 12 mm across all samples followed by enlargement of root canals till rotary ProTaper F3. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (control): Canals were irrigated with 3 mL 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/3 mL 3% NaOCl; Group II: Canals were irrigated with 10 mL etidronic acid + NaOCl solution; and Group III: Canals were irrigated with 3 mL 10% citric acid followed by 3 mL 3% NaOCl. 0.1% rhodamine B dye was mixed with Bio-C sealer followed by obturation. All the samples were subjected to confocal laser scanning microscopy evaluation. One-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post hoc test was used for the statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The pairwise comparison of depth of penetration showed statistically significant results in all the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Group II showed better depth of penetration than Groups I and III. Continuous chelation protocol using etidronic acid and NaOCl showed greater and statistically significant sealer penetration depth when compared to the sequential chelation protocol, i.e., citric acid at all three levels.

Anodization of cast and sintered Fe40Al alloy in etidronic acid: Morphological and semiconductive properties of the oxide films

Fe40Al alloys produced by casting and sintering were anodized to form nanostructured oxide layers. Microstructural characterization revealed a lower grain size for the sintered alloy compared to the cast alloy. Anodizing was performed in four electrolytes with a constant etidronic acid concentration (0.3 M) and different ethylene glycol-water ratios. Different voltages (5–400 V) and treatment times (1–4 hours) were evaluated for cast and sintered Fe40Al alloys. Among the studied anodization regimes, only four anodic films formed on sintered Fe40Al were homogeneous. These films were annealed at 900°C and analyzed by conventional characterization techniques (SEM/EDS and XRD). Results indicated a non-self-ordered morphology and different content of P, Fe, and Al species as a function of the electrolyte composition. Annealing post-treatment led to the formation of Fe/Al oxides and spinels in selected anodic films. An additional peak of FePO4 was detected only in the anodic film formed in pure ethylene glycol. The band gap values (UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy) of the anodic film formed in ethylene glycol decreased from 2.87 eV to 2.45 eV after annealing. This band gap decrease was associated with the preferential formation of conductive phases (Fe2O3 and FeAlO3) over insulating phases (γ-Al2O3 and FeAl2O4) after annealing.

Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Different Chelating Agents on the Calcium Content of Root Canal Dentin Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer: An In Vitro Study.

Evaluation of the effects of different chelating agents on the calcium loss of root canal dentin. Around 65 single-rooted teeth were collected and decoronated. The working length was determined, and biomechanical preparation was done in a crown-down fashion using the HyFlex Control Memory rotary nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) system until apical preparation of 30.04. Canals were irrigated with chelating agents and sodium hypochlorite between each file insertion. Based on the type of chelating agents used, the samples were randomly divided into five groups (n = 13)-group I, liquid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group II, EDTA and chlorhexidine (CHX); group III, etidronic acid; group IV, SmearClear; and group V (control), distilled water. The total volume of the solution used was collected, and calcium ion release was quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The qualitative analysis was done by observing the acetylene (C2H2)/air flame. Images were obtained for each sample, compared, and analyzed. With respect to the control group, groups IV and I show a statistically significant difference compared to groups II and III (p < 0.05). Qualitatively, the highest intensity was observed in group IV and the least intensity in group III. SmearClear showed significantly higher decalcifying capability compared to EDTA, EDTA and CHX, and etidronic acid. Hence, its combined use with an organic solvent can be recommended for efficient smear layer removal. Minimally invasive endodontic treatment is aimed at preserving the strength of the treated tooth without compromising cleaning effectiveness. Therefore, comparing the efficacy of different chelating agents will be promising with respect to maximum calcium loss both qualitatively and quantitatively. Singhal P, Raisingani D, Prasad AB, et al. Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Different Chelating Agents on the Calcium Content of Root Canal Dentin Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(6):647-652.

Effect of ultrasonic and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation protocol on dual-species root canal biofilm removal: An in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the disinfecting efficacy of a standardized irrigating solution activated by ultrasonics or laser irradiation on mature dual-species biofilms at different root levels in vitro. Conventional access cavity preparations were done on 160 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with single canals. Freshly extracted oral microbial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans after biochemical confirmation were used to generate two discrete dual-species microbial inoculums. The sterilized tooth samples were randomly segregated into two groups (n = 80) and inoculated with a mixed inoculum of S. aureus + E. faecalis strains (Group 1) and S. mutans + C. albicans strains (Group 2), respectively. Following the 21-day incubation period under aerobic conditions, the infected specimens in each group were divided into four subgroups (n = 20) and subjected to experimental treatment protocols. This included a positive control (no treatment of biofilms), syringe irrigation alone with TruNatomy needle, passive ultrasonically activated irrigation with 20# Irrisafe tip, and laser agitation of irrigant with Er,Cr:YSGG laser using RFT 2 laser tip. Root canals of experimental specimens (except the control samples) are instrumented with TruNatomy rotary file system using 1:1 mixture of 3% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid as irrigants. The quantitative assessment of reduction in viable biofilm microbes after treatment was done using colony-forming unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy image analysis. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with a significant level set at 0.05. Laser-assisted irrigation has shown a considerably higher mean percentage reduction of microbes compared to ultrasonic agitation and the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction (P = 0.001). No significant difference was noted between the three root regions of ultrasonic and laser groups (P > 0.05), whereas in the syringe groups, apical portions showed higher microbial counts compared to cervical and mid-root regions (P = 0.001). Erbium laser-assisted irrigation has performed superior to ultrasonic agitation against both the experimental dual-species biofilms, while the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction specifically at apical root portions.

Comparative effects of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 9% etidronic acid applied with different irrigant activation techniques on the release of growth factors from dentin: in vitro study.

Growth factors embedded in the extracellular matrix of the dentin play an important role in the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative endodontics. In regenerative endodontic treatments, the type of irrigation solution used is crucial for the release of growth factors (GFs) from the dentin matrix. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different irrigant activation techniques (IAT) using two different chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 9% etidronic acid (HEDP), in terms of their GF release. Seventy-two mandibular premolar teeth were prepared to simulate an open apex. The root fragments were irrigated with 20ml of 1.5% sodium hypochlorite and 20ml of saline solution. Eight root fragments were randomly separated for the control group, and the remaining 64 fragments were randomly separated into eight groups based on two different chelating agents (17% EDTA and 9% HEDP) and four different IAT ((conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), sonic activation with EDDY, and XP-endo Finisher (XPF)). TGF-β1, VEGF-A, BMP-7 and IGF-1 release levels were determined using an ELISA, and statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA, and the Tukey test (p < .05). Compared to the control group, the experimental groups showed significantly higher GF release when using EDTA or HEDP. Among the activation groups, the EDDY group triggered the highest GF release, and the CNI group triggered the lowest. IAT with EDTA and HEDP can increase GF release, with EDDY being the most effective IAT method. Using chelating agents with IAT may be beneficial in regenerative endodontic treatments.

Highly radioiodine gas capture by 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-functionalized Bi/Mg oxide and effective iodine waste immobilization by etidronic-Bi2O3 complex

The present work prepared a novel BiMgO-2MBD (X = 0.42) material for iodine vapor capture in temperature conditions related to spent nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear accidents. BiMgO-2MBD (X = 0.42) was synthesized by a solvothermal process and exhibited an exceptional ultrafast and high iodine uptake with a capacity of 4352.12 mg/g and 5147.08 mg/g after 5 h at 75 °C and 150 °C, respectively. The TGA analysis shows that Bi/Mg oxide substrate highly contributed to improving the thermal stability of the functionalized BiMgO-2MB (X = 0.42) as indicated by the weight losses of the material components of 3.77 wt%, 29.32 wt%, and 97.72 wt%, respectively for Bi/Mg oxide, BiMgO-2MBD, and 2-MBD. The material characterization and DFT calculations indicate that 2-MBD played a significant role towards improving iodine capture capacity. For long-term and safe waste disposal, a chemically durable waste form was made from etidronic acid and Bi2O3, and successfully immobilized the iodine-loaded wastes (I2 @BiMgO-2MBD) which exhibited a low normalized leaching rate of 1.098 × 10−6 g.m2/day for 7 days under the PCT-A method. In addition, BiMgO-2MBD (X = 0.42) showed an ability to be reused after several regeneration cycles. The comparison with previously reported materials shows that the current BiMgO-2MBD (X = 0.42) is the first functionalized metal oxide comparable to metal-organic and covalent organic frameworks for iodine uptake. BiMgO-2MBD (X = 0.42) shows promising results for practical applications in the gas phase capture of radioactive iodine.

Tailoring bisphosphonate-doped titanium films to optimally couple cellular responses and antibacterial activity for biomedical applications.

Titanium (Ti) is widely utilized as an implant material; nonetheless, its integration with bone tissue faces limitations due to a patient's comorbidities. To address this challenge, we employed a strategic approach involving the growth of thin films by spin-coating and surface functionalization with etidronate (ETI), alendronate (ALE), and risedronate (RIS). Our methodology involved coating of Ti cp IV disks with thin films of TiO2, hydroxyapatite (HA), and their combinations (1:1 and 1:2 v/v), followed by surface functionalization with ETI, ALE, and RIS. Bisphosphonate-doped films were evaluated in terms of surface morphology and physical-chemical properties by techniques such as electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The antibacterial potential of bisphosphonates alone or functionalized onto the Ti surface was tested against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Primary human bone mesenchymal stem cells were used to determine in vitro cell metabolism and mineralization. Although RIS alone did not demonstrate any antibacterial effect as verified by minimum inhibitory concentration assay, when Ti surfaces were functionalized with RIS, partial inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus growth was noted, probably because of the physical-chemical surface properties. Furthermore, samples comprising TiO2/HA (1:1 and 1:2 v/v) showcased an enhancement in the metabolism of nondifferentiated cells and can potentially enhance the differentiation of osteoblastic precursors. All samples demonstrated cell viability higher than 80%. Addition of hydroxyapatite and presence of bisphosphonates increase the metabolic activity and the mineralization of human bone mesenchymal cells. While these findings hold promise, it is necessary to conduct further studies to evaluate the system's performance in vivo and ensure its long-term safety. This research marks a significant stride toward optimizing the efficacy of titanium implants through tailored surface modifications.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study.

In pulpectomy, to remove the inflamed or diseased pulp tissues and smear layer, the root canal is disinfected with mechanical instrumentation and copious irrigation. The purpose of this present study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of etidronic acid as an irrigant in primary teeth. A total of 60 necrotic primary teeth in children aged 3-8 years were included. Of these, 30 were irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate (group I) and 30 with 9% etidronic acid (group II). Two microbiological samples were collected with sterile paper points from the canal in both groups during the pulpectomy process-first after access opening and before the first irrigation (S1), and second after instrumentation and final irrigation, before filling (S2). The presence of Enterococcus faecalis was determined using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) in all samples (S1 and S2). After analyzing the samples before and after irrigation in groups I and II, there was a statistically significant reduction in CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Group II had a statistically significant advantage when the two groups were compared after irrigation. As a result, etidronic acid can be recommended as a pulpectomy irrigating solution for necrotic primary teeth. Supraja AN, Arali V, Rapala H, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):433-436.

Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and etidronic acid on root dentin mineral content and bond strength of a bioceramic-based sealer: A scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy study.

This study assessed the impact of chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 18% etidronic acid (HEDP), on root dentin mineral content. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was applied to analyze changes, and the push-out bond strength test was used to measure dentin adhesion of Well-Root ST, a bioceramic root canal sealer. A total of 80 extracted single-rooted lower premolar teeth were included in this study and randomly divided into four groups (n=20): group 1 (17% EDTA), group 2 (10% CA), group 3 (18% HEDP), and group 4 (distilled water, control). After irrigation and drying, SEM-EDS was applied to analyze eight samples from each group at coronal, middle, and apical root regions for mineral content and SEM images. The remaining 12 samples underwent a push-out bond strength test using Well-Root ST sealer and gutta-percha. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analyses. Statistically significant differences were found between groups (P<0.05). SEM-EDS showed significant differences in C, O, Ca, P, and Ca/P content, with no significant differences in Na and Mg. Push-out bond strength was significantly higher in the 17% EDTA, 10% CA, and 18% HEDP groups compared to the control group, with no significant differences between chelating agents. Chelating agents altered root dentin mineral content and improved the adhesive properties of the bioceramic sealer. These findings highlight the importance of considering the selection and use of chelating agents in the clinical practice for root canal treatment.

Engineering a Microphysiological Model for Regenerative Endodontic Studies.

Dental pulp infections are common buccal diseases. When this happens, endodontic treatments are needed to disinfect and prepare the root canal for subsequent procedures. However, the lack of suitable in vitro models representing the anatomy of an immature root canal hinders research on regenerative events crucial in endodontics, such as regenerative procedures. This study aimed to develop a 3D microphysiological system (MPS) to mimic an immature root canal and assess the cytotoxicity of various irrigating solutions on stem cells. Utilizing the Dental Stem Cells SV40 (DSCS) cell line derived from human apical papilla stem cells, we analyzed the effects of different irrigants, including etidronic acid. The results indicated that irrigating solutions diminished cell viability in 2D cultures and influenced cell adhesion within the microphysiological device. Notably, in our 3D studies in the MPS, 17% EDTA and 9% 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) irrigating solutions demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of DSCS viability and adherence compared to the control. This study highlights the utility of the developed MPS for translational studies in root canal treatments and suggests comparable efficacy between 9% HEBP and 17% EDTA irrigating solutions, offering potential alternatives for clinical applications.

The Effect of Self‐Assembled Bridging Layer on the Performance of Pure FAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPure FAPbI3‐based, with FA being formamidinium, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered worldwide recognition for their exceptional efficiency. However, the phase stability of FAPbI3 is still a big obstacle in this area, because the ordinary strategy using MA+, Br−, Cs+ to stabilize α‐FAPbI3 phase can cause the bandgap change and ion migration. Herein, a new strategy is introduced to improve the α‐FAPbI3 phase stability by using a self‐assembled bridging layer at the buried interface of FAPbI3 perovskite in the n–i–p solar cell structure. A series of multidentate bisphosphonic acid molecules are screened and demonstrate that etidronic acid (EA) with the smallest steric hindrance behaves the best. The four P‐OH groups can first form multidentate anchors on SnO2 while the remaining unanchored ─OH and P═O groups can form strong interaction between I− and Pb2+. Thus, a strong and stable bridging layer is formed, which greatly increases the energy barrier of phase transition of FAPbI3. As a result, the pure FAPbI3‐based (MA+, Br+, Cs+‐free system) n–i–p device reached an impressive power conversion efficiency of 24.2% with good stability. Furthermore, the strong interaction between EA and Pb2+ can greatly reduce lead leakage in harsh conditions.

Structural design of La2(CO3)3 loaded magnetic biochar for selective removal of phosphorus from wastewater

High levels of phosphorus released into the environment can cause eutrophication issues in wastewater, therefore discharge concentrations of such element are regulated in many countries. This study addresses the pressing need for effective phosphorus removal methods by developing a novel La2(CO3)3 and MnFe2O4 loaded biochar composite (LMB). A remarkable adsorption capacity towards the three forms of phosphorus from wastewater, including phosphate, phosphite, and etidronic acid monohydrate (as a representative of organic phosphorus), was exhibited by LMB (88.20, 16.35, and 15.95 mg g−1, respectively). The high saturation magnetization value (50.17 emu g−1) highlighted the easy separability and recyclability of the adsorbent. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which mainly involved chemisorption. Characterization results confirm the effective loading of La2(CO3)3 with ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction identified as the primary mechanisms. Importantly, the LMB demonstrated exceptional selectivity for phosphorus in wastewater samples containing various substances, exhibiting minimal interference from competing ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, and CO32−). These findings enhance the understanding of LMB's application in efficient wastewater phosphorus removal. Holding significant promise in wastewater remediation, the LMB acts as an effective adsorbent, contributing substantially to the prevention and control of various types of phosphorus pollutants, thereby mitigating wastewater eutrophication.

Is a mix - A fix? "A microscopic analysis of depth of penetration of three combinations of irrigants".

The aim of the study is to evaluate the penetration depth of irrigants mixed with NaOCl into dentinal tubules at the apical third of the root canal using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Thirty-six single-rooted teeth were selected, decoronated, and straight-line access established. Then, the canal was enlarged with hand Protaper till size F3. The samples were divided randomly into three groups: Group 1 was irrigated with 3% NaOCl mixed with 1% phytic acid; Group 2 was irrigated with 3% NaOCl mixed with 18% etidronic acid; and Group 3 was irrigated with 3% NaOCl mixed with chitosan. The samples were subjected to CLSM evaluation. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc was used for statistical analysis. Group 3 (NaOCl with chitosan) showed a greater depth of penetration in comparison to Groups 1 and 2. Within limitations, it can be concluded that chitosan, in combination with NaOCl can be used as an alternative to the current irrigation protocol.

Dual- or single rinse? The tubular sealer penetration of endodontic chelating agents.

In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of various chelating agents, ethilenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), and etidronic acid (HEDP) mixed in two different forms, in removing the smear layer and promoting the penetration of an endodontic sealer into the dentinal tubules of extracted single-rooted teeth. The study used 75 teeth divided into five groups: 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 9% HEDP + NaOCl, 9% HEDP + distilled water (DW), and a control (DW) group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess smear layer removal and confocal laser microscopy was used to evaluate tubular sealer penetration at different depths from the apical tip. Sealer penetration was highest with 17% EDTA and 10% CA as compared with the other agents (p<0.001). At the cervical third, the sealer penetration for EDTA, HEDP + NaOCl, and HEDP + DW groups were significantly different than those in DW (p = 0.020). For the middle third, EDTA, CA, and HEDP + NaOCl groups were significantly higher than those of the DW group (p<0.001). Cervical-level values were significantly higher than apical-level values for HEDP + NaOCl, HEDP + DW, and DW (p<0.001). Smear layer removal was lower with 9% HEDP + DW than with 17% EDTA and 10% CA at all depths (p<0.001). A significancy in smear layer removal was observed between 10% CA and control (p = 0.015) in middle depth. Within the limitations of this study, highest values were seen in EDTA and CA in terms of sealer penetration and smear layer removal. In the light of these findings, the use of strong chelating agents highlights better clinical efficiency than dual-rinse or single HEDP irrigation.

Update on chelating agents in endodontic treatment: A systematic review.

The aim of this review was to assess the evidence regarding the most commonly used chelating agents in terms of efficacy, erosive potential, cytotoxicity, interaction, antimicrobial effect, impact on sealers adhesion, and release of growth factors. MEDLINE (PubMed) database, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched up to January 14, 2023, including studies with one or more of the following chelating agents: 17% EDTA, 9% and 18% HEDP, 10% and 20% citric acid, 2%-2.25% peracetic acid and 7% maleic acid. In addition, the reference lists of all selected articles were also checked to identify additional relevant studies. Articles published in English and available in full-text were selected. The quality of studies was assessed using the modified CONSORT checklist guide and the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The electronic search yielded 538 citations, 56 of which were included. The articles included had moderate and low evidence values. Among 56 articles included, 55 were in vitro studies and one was a randomized clinical trial. Among the in vitro studies, 15 evaluated efficacy and dentin erosion, 12 evaluated interaction with other endodontic irrigants, 9 tested antimicrobial effect, 4 evaluated cytotoxicity in hamster and rat lung cells, 9 evaluated intervention in adhesion of filling materials and 8 focused on release of growth factors and on behavior of stem cells in regenerative endodontic. The RCT tested antimicrobial effect. 17% EDTA is the most effective in smear layer removal and in releasing growth factors on regenerative endodontics. However, the current incorporation of 9% and 18% etidronic acid has shown optimal results due to its compatibility with sodium hypochlorite and its capability on avoiding smear layer formation through a continuous chelation action. Despite these preliminary findings, methodological standardization between studies is required and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm in vitro studies. Key words:Chelating Agents, Smear Layer, Systematic Review, Endodontics, Root Canal Irrigants.

Characterization of the structure of amorphous disodium etidronate

Disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate (disodium etidronate) is a first-generation bisphosphonate that is widely used in treating osteoporosis and Paget’s disease. Pharmaceuticals prepared using disodium etidronate as the drug substance have a crystalline form. Compared with crystalline formulations, amorphous formulations exhibit higher water solubility. However, stable amorphization has not yet been achieved, and clarification of its structural origin is still needed. In this study, high-energy X-ray diffraction and reverse Monte Carlo structural modeling were performed to determine the static structures of amorphous compounds. Na ions have to be placed both within and outside the molecules, such as between phosphate and hydroxyl groups and outside the phosphate groups, respectively, to reproduce the structural factors contributing to amorphization.