Disjunction Effect Research Articles

Numerical study of the impact of osteotomies and distractor location in surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion for transverse maxillary deficiency

IntroductionThis paper employs finite element analysis to assess the biomechanical behavior of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) with a bone-borne transpalatal distractor (TPD) by varying surgical parameters. Material and methodsNine models were constructed to scrutinize the effects of pterygomaxillary disjunction (PMD), lateral osteotomy positioning, and TPD placement on displacement profiles and Von Mises stresses. These models encompassed variations such as no, unilateral or bilateral PMD, asymmetrical lateral osteotomy, and five TPD locations. ResultsPerforming a PMD reduces posterior resistance to transverse expansion, resulting in 10–20 % stress reduction around the maxillofacial complex. No significant changes in horizontal tipping were observed post-PMD. The asymmetric lateral osteotomy model exhibited larger displacements on the side with a more superiorly positioned osteotomy. Reduced stresses were observed at the maxillary body and medial pterygoid plate (superiorly), while increased stresses were observed at the medial (inferiorly) and lateral pterygoid plates. More posterior TPD placement facilitated more parallel expansion thus less horizontal tipping, albeit with increased vertical tipping. DiscussionSARPE procedures (distractor and osteotomy positions) can be tailored based on desired outcomes. PMD reduces stress within the maxillofacial complex but doesn't significantly affect tipping. Higher lateral osteotomies lead to increased displacements, more posterior distractors to more parallel expansion.

The effects of pterygomaxillary disjunction in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aims to assess the expansive effects of pterygomaxillary disjunction (PMD) in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) surgery using a meta-analysis approach. The study conducted a comprehensive literature search across five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane, adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Dental alterations were assessed using either cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or dental casts, while skeletal changes were exclusively measured from CBCT scans. We analysed the dentoskeletal changes between PMD +/- groups and conducted a within-group comparison. The primary focus of the results was on the mean differences observed in pre- and post-operative measurements. Dental expansion was larger in the PMD+ group but not statistically significant. Skeletal expansion showed a significantly larger expansion in the posterior region in the PMD+ group (P = .033). Without PMD, anterior palatal expansion was significantly larger (P = .03), and the buccal tipping of posterior teeth was also significantly larger (P = .011) to achieve acceptable dental expansion outcomes. Both PMD +/- groups of SARME surgery can achieve satisfactory dental expansion outcomes. However, bone expansion and tooth inclination are also important factors that influence orthodontic treatment and post-expansion stability. By reducing the bony resistance with PMD, larger posterior palatal expansion and more parallel bony expansion are observed. In contrast, without PMD, there is smaller palatal expansion and greater tooth inclination in the posterior region. This could potentially lead to compromised periodontal conditions following expansion.

Motivated naivete

We study a decision maker's ex-ante choices over menus. The decision maker has in mind a set of possible future preferences that can be justified, for instance, by her past behavior, and she naively evaluates each menu according to the best option in the menu among those that can be rationalized by her future preferences. We provide a characterization for this menu preference, discuss the uniqueness of its representation, and propose a comparative measure of the decision maker's naivete. We apply our model to study two behavioral biases: naivete about present bias and the disjunction effect.

Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: is the pterygomaxillary disjunction necessary? A finite element study

Transverse discrepancy is an important factor in determining facial esthetics. It has been shown there is an inverse correlation between the buccal corridor width and the intercanine and intermolar widths. Despite the fact midpalatal expansion is the treatment of choice for growing subjects, for skeletally mature subjects the rapid palatal expansion has limited orthopedic effects, and surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) is preferred. SARPE has shown inconsistencies depending on the surgical technique and/or expander device design. Some authors suggest that median and lateral osteotomies are sufficient to achieve the desired transverse dimensions using the SARPE procedure, while others recommend additional surgical separation of the pterygomaxillary junction. There are still controversies regarding the pterygomaxillary sutures (PMS) disjunction effect. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the displacement and stress distribution of the craniofacial structures resulting from SARPE, either with or without PMS osteotomy, using two different expander design (tooth-borne and tooth-bone-borne) using finite element method and finite element analysis (FEM/FEA). Regardless of the maxillary expander device type, both SARPE surgical techniques effectively produced maxillary expansion. SARPE with PMS osteotomy presented parallel maxillary expansion, and reduced stress values in the craniofacial and maxillofacial structures.

Patterns of genomic diversity and linkage disequilibrium across the disjunct range of the Australian forest tree Eucalyptus globulus

The evolutionary trajectory of a population both influences and is influenced by characteristics of its genome. A disjunct population, for example is likely to exhibit genomic features distinct from those of continuous populations, reflecting its specific evolutionary history and influencing future recombination outcomes. We examined genetic diversity, population differentiation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the highly disjunct native range of the Australian forest tree Eucalyptus globulus, using 203,337 SNPs genotyped in 136 trees spanning seven races. We found support for four broad genetic groups, with moderate FST, high allelic diversity and genome-wide LD decaying to an r2 of 0.2 within 4 kb on average. These results are broadly similar to those reported previously in Eucalyptus species and support the ‘ring’ model of migration proposed for E. globulus. However, two of the races (Otways and South-eastern Tasmania) exhibited a much slower decay of LD with physical distance than the others and were also the most differentiated and least diverse, which may reflect the effects of selective sweeps and/or genetic bottlenecks experienced in their evolutionary history. We also show that FST and rates of LD vary within and between chromosomes across all races, suggestive of recombination outcomes influenced by genomic features, hybridization or selection. The results obtained from studying this species serve to illustrate the genomic effects of population disjunction and further contribute to the characterisation of genomes of woody genera.

More Causes Less Effect: Destructive Interference in Decision Making.

We present a new experiment demonstrating destructive interference in customers’ estimates of conditional probabilities of product failure. We take the perspective of a manufacturer of consumer products and consider two situations of cause and effect. Whereas, individually, the effect of the causes is similar, it is observed that when combined, the two causes produce the opposite effect. Such negative interference of two or more product features may be exploited for better modeling of the cognitive processes taking place in customers’ minds. Doing so can enhance the likelihood that a manufacturer will be able to design a better product, or a feature within it. Quantum probability has been used to explain some commonly observed “non-classical” effects, such as the disjunction effect, question order effect, violation of the sure-thing principle, and the Machina and Ellsberg paradoxes. In this work, we present results from a survey on the impact of multiple observed symptoms on the drivability of a vehicle. The symptoms are assumed to be conditionally independent. We demonstrate that the response statistics cannot be directly explained using classical probability, but quantum formulation easily models it, as it allows for both positive and negative “interference” between events. Since quantum formalism also accounts for classical probability’s predictions, it serves as a richer paradigm for modeling decision making behavior in engineering design and behavioral economics.

Role of collective information in networks of quantum operating agents

A network of agents is considered whose decision processes are described by the quantum decision theory previously advanced by the authors. Decision making is done by evaluating the utility of alternatives, their attractiveness, and the available information, whose combinations form the probabilities to choose a given alternative. As a result of the interplay between these three contributions, the process of choice between several alternatives is multimodal. The agents interact by exchanging information, which can take two forms: information that an agent can directly receive from another agent and information collectively created by the members of the society. The information field common to all agents tends to smooth out sharp variations in the temporal behaviour of the probabilities and can even remove them. For agents with short-term memory, the probabilities often tend to their limiting values through strong oscillations and, for a range of parameters, these oscillations last for ever, representing an ever lasting hesitation of decision makers. Switching on the information field makes the amplitude of the oscillations smaller and even halt the oscillations forcing the probabilities to converge to fixed limits. The dynamic disjunction effect is described.

A More Realistic Markov Process Model for Explaining the Disjunction Effect in One-Shot Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

The quantum model has been considered to be advantageous over the Markov model in explaining irrational behaviors (e.g., the disjunction effect) during decision making. Here, we reviewed and re-examined the ability of the quantum belief–action entanglement (BAE) model and the Markov belief–action (BA) model in explaining the disjunction effect considering a more realistic setting. The results indicate that neither of the two models can truly represent the underlying cognitive mechanism. Thus, we proposed a more realistic Markov model to explain the disjunction effect in the prisoner’s dilemma game. In this model, the probability transition pattern of a decision maker (DM) is dependent on the information about the opponent’s action, Also, the relationship between the cognitive components in the evolution dynamics is moderated by the DM’s degree of subjective uncertainty (DSN). The results show that the disjunction effect can be well predicted by a more realistic Markov model. Model comparison suggests the superiority of the proposed Markov model over the quantum BAE model in terms of absolute model performance, relative model performance, and model flexibility. Therefore, we suggest that the key to successfully explaining the disjunction effect is to consider the underlying cognitive mechanism properly.

Facial width to height ratio and perceived aggression: The disjunction effect of horizontal and vertical components

Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is associated with aggressive behavior and perceived aggression. This study examined the independent effects of the horizontal and vertical components of fWHR on general aggression perception and specific aggression in romantic relationship (intimate partner violence, IPV) perception. By increasing width, the horizontal component of fWHR significantly increases the IPV perception. By reducing height, the vertical component of fWHR significantly decreases the IPV perception (Study 1). Upper and lower facial heights were reduced simultaneously in the vertical manipulation, indicating mixed effects. In Study 2, we separated the upper and lower face effects. Reducing upper face height could facilitate aggression perception. However, reducing the lower face could suppress aggression perception. The results indicated the disjunction effect of horizontal and vertical components on aggression perception. Our findings highlighted the effect of the lower face on aggression perception, which was ignored in previous studies.

Quantum Propensity in Economics.

This paper describes an approach to economics that is inspired by quantum computing, and is motivated by the need to develop a consistent quantum mathematical framework for economics. The traditional neoclassical approach assumes that rational utility-optimisers drive market prices to a stable equilibrium, subject to external perturbations or market failures. While this approach has been highly influential, it has come under increasing criticism following the financial crisis of 2007/8. The quantum approach, in contrast, is inherently probabilistic and dynamic. Decision-makers are described, not by a utility function, but by a propensity function which specifies the probability of transacting. We show how a number of cognitive phenomena such as preference reversal and the disjunction effect can be modelled by using a simple quantum circuit to generate an appropriate propensity function. Conversely, a general propensity function can be quantized, via an entropic force, to incorporate effects such as interference and entanglement that characterise human decision-making. Applications to some common problems and topics in economics and finance, including the use of quantum artificial intelligence, are discussed.

"Carpe Diem?": Disjunction Effect of Incidental Affect on Intertemporal Choice.

Incidental affect has an important impact on intertemporal choice (IC). This research aimed to test how positive incidental affect influences IC and its underlying mechanisms. We assumed that positive incidental affect may have a disjunction effect on IC that includes or excludes immediate time. Moreover, we examined the role of time perception for the effect of affect on IC. In Study 1, after undergoing affect priming by video clips, participants completed the IC task using a multiple staircase paradigm. Using Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling, we estimated the discount rate parameter by distinguishing “immediate” and “non-immediate” conditions of IC. The participants’ time perception was also measured. In Study 2, apart from the choice preference of IC, we additionally investigated the differences in the participants’ attention to delay and reward attributes before decision making. The results of the two studies indicated that positive incidental affect leads to longer time perception (Study 1) and prior and more attention to the delay attribute of IC (Study 2), which leads individuals to prefer immediate options in the IC (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, there is a disjunction effect of affect; in other words, the incidental affect did not influence IC excluding immediate time (Studies 1 and 2). This study improves our understanding of the disjunctive effect and its mechanism of inducing a positive incidental affect on IC and thus provides a new perspective on how related decision making can be improved.

Quantum Cognition.

Uncertainty is an intrinsic part of life; most events, affairs, and questions are uncertain. A key problem in behavioral sciences is how the mind copes with uncertain information. Quantum probability theory offers a set of principles for inference, which align well with intuition about psychological processes in certain cases: cases when it appears that inference is contextual, the mental state changes as a result of previous judgments, or there is interference between different possibilities. We motivate the use of quantum theory in cognition and its key characteristics. For each of these characteristics, we review relevant quantum cognitive models and empirical support. The scope of quantum cognitive models encompasses fallacies in decision-making (such as the conjunction fallacy or the disjunction effect), question order effects, conceptual combination, evidence accumulation, perception, over-/underdistribution effects in memory, and more. Quantum models often formalize psychological ideas previously expressed in heuristic terms, allow unified explanations of previously disparate findings, and have led to several surprising, novel predictions. We also cast a critical eye on quantum models and consider some of their shortcomings and issues regarding their further development.

Replication: Revisiting Tversky and Shafir’s (1992) Disjunction Effect with an extension comparing between and within subject designs

Abstract Does uncertainty about an outcome influence decisions? The sure-thing principle (Savage, 1954) posits that it should not, but Tversky and Shafir (1992) found that people regularly violate it in hypothetical gambling and vacation decisions, a phenomenon they termed “disjunction effect”. Very close replications and extensions of Tversky and Shafir (1992) were conducted in this paper (N = 890, MTurk). The target article demonstrated the effect using two paradigms in a between-subject design: here, an extension also testing a within-subject design, with design being randomly assigned was added. These results were consistent with the original findings for the “paying to know“ problem (original: Cramer’s V = 0.22, 95% (CI) [0.14, 0.32]; replication: Cramer’s V = 0.30, 95% CI [0.24, 0.37]), yet not for the “choice under risk” problem (original: Cramer’s V = 0.26, 95% CI [0.14, 0.39]; replication: Cramer’s V = 0.11, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.20]). The within-subject extension showed very similar results. Implications for the disjunction effect and judgment and decision-making theory are discussed, and a call for improvements on the statistical understanding of comparisons of between-subject and within-subject designs is introduced. All materials, data, and code are available on https://osf.io/gu58m/ .

Effect of the pterygomaxillary disjunction on surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion in context of orthodontic treatment.

This retrospective study analyzed the dentoalveolar effects of pterygomaxillary disjunction (PMD) in surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) after orthodontic treatment. Virtual study casts before and after orthodontic treatment involving SARPE were analyzed in 12 patients without (-) PMD and 15 patients with (+) PMD. Linear and angular measurements and maximum deviations on the alveolar ridge and hard palate were determined. Dental arch widths in the first molars of the (-) and (+) PMD groups increased to 6.07 ± 2.11 mm and 6.61 ± 2.33 mm (P = .96) and the corresponding axial angles increased to 0.34 ± 9.45 degrees and 2.39 ± 9.59 degrees (P = .58), respectively. The palatal angles changed by about 0.10 ± 11.50 degrees and 1.74 ± 14.56 degrees (P = .75) in the (-) and (+) PMD groups and the maximum labial deviations at the alveolar ridge were 3.04 ± 0.76 mm and 3.22 ± 1.16 mm (P = .65) for the (-) and (+) PMD groups, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found before and after surgery (P < .04), but no significant differences were observed in PMD after orthodontic treatment. SARPE led to a significant transverse expansion, and the dental effects were more than the skeletal effects. We did not find a significant difference between both surgical techniques with regard to the anterior and posterior parts of the maxilla or the corresponding dentition.

Decision-making nei Pazienti sottoposti a Trattamento Dialitico

Introduction: Before becoming an object of cognitive science, the topic of decision-making has questioned thinkers from all ages and disciplines: philosophers, mathematicians, logicians, economists and more. More recent studies have highlighted the neuroscientific basis of decision-making and the complex cognitive strategies involved in economic and social decisions, such as gambling. Aims: This paper aims to focus attention on the role of stress in influencing individuals’ decision-making skills, especially in situations of risk and uncertainty. In particular, if on the one hand it is intended to investigate the relationship between stress and decisions of dialysis patients, on the other hand it is intended to highlight the so-called disjunction effect according to which decision-making situations with an uncertain outcome may lead to violate the axioms of neoclassical rationality. Method: Starting from an analysis of the literature on decision making, attention will be focused on stress factors that influence the decision making behaviour and cognitive strategies of the dialysis-treated patients. Conclusion: The review highlights the need to further investigate the disjunction effect and opens the way to the possibility of conducting experimental research to verify the presence of this effect in the specific case of these patients. Keywords: decision-making; disjunction effect; caregivers; dialysis patients

A quantum model of strategic decision-making explains the disjunction effect in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game.

A quantum model of strategic decision-making explains the disjunction effect in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game.

The Disjunction Effect in two-stage simulated gambles. An experimental study and comparison of a heuristic logistic, Markov and quantum-like model

Savage’s rational axiom of decision making under uncertainty, called the ‘Sure Thing’ principle, was purportedly falsified in a two-stage gamble paradigm by Tversky and Shafir (1992). This work revealed that participants would take a second-stage gamble for both possible outcomes of the initial-stage gamble, but would significantly depress this choice when no information was available on the outcome of the initial-stage gamble. Subsequent research has reported difficulty to replicate this Disjunction Effect in the two-stage gamble paradigm. We repeated this simulated two-stage gamble paradigm in an online study (N = 1119) but adapted the range of payoff amounts, and controlled the order of the blocks of two-stage gambles with, respectively without, information on the outcome of the first-stage gamble. The main empirical contributions of this study are that more risk averse participants produced (i) a reliable order effect in relation to the Disjunction Effect and the violation of the Law of Total Probability, and (ii) a novel inflation effect on gambling in the Unknown outcome condition analogous but opposite to the Disjunction Effect when Unknown outcome conditioned two-stage gambles precede the Known outcome conditioned ones. By contrast, we found that less risk averse participants produced neither of these effects. We discuss the underlying choice processes and compare the effectiveness of a logistic model, a Markov model and a quantum-like model. Our main theoretical findings are (i) a standard utility model and a Markov model using heuristic linear utility, contextual influence and carry-over effect cannot accommodate the present empirical results, and (ii) a model based on quantum dynamics, matched in form to the Markov model, can successfully describe all major aspects of our data.

Resolution of Behavioral Paradoxes in Dual Decision Theory

A novel approach to dual decision making is suggested. The basic notion is the behavioral probability of an event, which consists of two terms. One of the terms defines the probability of the event based on the rational estimation of utility. While the other term takes into account irrational processes in decision making. The sum of these terms is the behavioral probability taking into account the rational-irrational duality of decision making. Despite that the term characterizing irrational corrections is random, its non-informative prior can be estimated, which makes it possible to predict, without any fitting parameters, the average ratio of decision makers taking the corresponding decisions. It is shown that the well known paradoxes in behavioral decision making, such as Allais paradox, Ellsberg paradox, Kahneman-Tversky paradox, conjunction fallacy, disjunction effect, prisoner dilemma, and Ariely paradox, find natural explanations in the frame of the suggested dual decision theory.

Anatomia di una scelta irrazionale Verso una nuova ipotesi di studio sul decision making e il disfunction effect

It often happens that the most relevant decisions in terms of consequences are taken in situations of uncertainty and risk, as well as in conditions of strong temporal stress. In such situations, some decisions are more considered, others, instead, appear more irrational. In the last twenty years, studies on decision making have focused mainly on problem solving skills and cognitive processes underlying rational choices. Only since the fifties of the twentieth century, different research paradigms have tried to shed light on the mechanisms responsible for choices that do not conform to the classical model of rational choice. Among these mechanisms the disjunction effect stands out which, although scarcely investigated, could prove to be a fundamental variable. Method: In order to analyze the reference literature and the studies of the last ten years, a research was carried out on different online science servers (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ResearchGate), using the following search keys: irrational choices, rational choices, decision making, decision style, intuitive decisions, deliberate decisions, self-awareness, self-regulation, disjunction effect. Starting from the theoretical assumptions indicated above, a methodological hypothesis was formulated for the study of decision-making processes, based on unconventional methods, which move away from the administration of the classic tests and decision tasks expressed in verbal form. Objectives: The aim of this work is to highlight the most relevant studies on irrational choices, in order to outline their anatomy. The final objective is to lay the foundations for the development of an empirical research that thoroughly investigates irrational choices and the disjunction effect through tools such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Virtual Reality (VR). Expected results: Using technologically advanced tools applied to psychology research, it would be possible to allow the experimental subjects to act the choice through VR applications, producing an immersive experience. It is expected to reduce the disturbance variables and be able to obtain more precise measurements, overcoming the problems related to the verbal formulation of the decision task, more and more often posed as a fundamental criticism to the study of decision making. Kayword: Decision-making, disjunction effect, virtual reality, implicit association test, irrational choices. ABSTRACT IN ITALIANO Introduzione: Accade spesso che le decisioni piu rilevanti in termini di conseguenze siano prese in situazioni d’incertezza e rischio, oltre che in condizioni di forte stress temporale. In tali situazioni, alcune decisioni risultano piu ponderate, altre, invece, appaiono piu irrazionali. Negli ultimi venti anni, gli studi sul decision making si sono concentrati principalmente sulle capacita di problem solving e sui processi cognitivi alla base delle scelte razionali. Solo a partire dagli anni cinquanta del XX secolo, diversi paradigmi di ricerca hanno cercato di far luce sui meccanismi responsabili di scelte non conformi al modello classico di scelta razionale. Tra questi meccanismi spicca l’effetto di disgiunzione che, sebbene scarsamente indagato, potrebbe rivelarsi una variabile fondamentale. Metodo: Al fine di analizzare la letteratura di riferimento e gli studi degli ultimi dieci anni, si e svolta una ricerca su diversi science server online (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ResearchGate), utilizzando le seguenti chiavi di ricerca: irrational choices, rational choices, decision making, decision style, intuitive decisions, deliberate decisions, self-awareness, self-regulation, disjunction effect. A partire dai presupposti teorici indicati in precedenza, e stata formulata un’ipotesi metodologica per lo studio dei processi decisionali, basata su metodi non convenzionali, che si allontanano dalla somministrazione dei classici test e decision task espressi in forma verbale. Obiettivi: Scopo di questo lavoro e evidenziare gli studi piu rilevanti sulle scelte irrazionali, al fine di delinearne l’anatomia. L’obiettivo finale e porre le basi per lo sviluppo di una ricerca empirica che indaghi a fondo le scelte irrazionali e l’effetto di disgiunzione tramite strumenti quali l’Implicit Association Test (IAT) e la Virtual Reality (VR). Risultati attesi: Utilizzando strumenti tecnologicamente all’avanguardia applicati alla ricerca in psicologia, sarebbe possibile consentire ai soggetti in fase sperimentale di agire la scelta tramite applicazioni VR, producendo un’esperienza immersiva. Ci si aspetta di ridurre le variabili di disturbo e riuscire a ottenere misurazioni piu precise, superando i problemi legati alla formulazione verbale dei decision task, sempre piu spesso posta come critica fondamentale allo studio del decision making. Parole chiave: Decision-making, effetto di disgiunzione, realta virtuale, implicit association test, scelte irrazionali.

Quantum decision-making model based on equate-to-differentiate method: Explanation for the disjunction effect in prisoner&amp;rsquo;s dilemma

Quantum decision-making model based on equate-to-differentiate method: Explanation for the disjunction effect in prisoner&amp;rsquo;s dilemma