Film Disintegration Research Articles

Chitosan/pre-gelatinized waxy corn starch composite edible orally disintegrating film for taurine delivery

In this study, chitosan/per-gelatinized waxy corn starch composite edible orally disintegrating films (ODFs) incorporated with taurine were prepared and the morphology, release behavior and storage stability of the ODFs were investigated. The XRD, ATR-FTIR and microscopic investigation results revealed that taurine could be uniformly dispersed in the film matrix. The optimal level of taurine addition was 1.0% (w/w). The incorporation of taurine improved the apparent morphology, mechanical properties and water holding capacity while slightly increased the film thickness, disintegration time and contact angle of the composite films. In addition, taurine exhibited a rapid release behavior in the films. The fitted results of the Ritger-Peppas model indicated that the release mechanism of taurine in the composite films was mainly Fickian diffusion with minor skeleton erosion. As a delivery carrier, the composite film had a positive effect on the preservation of taurine, increasing the retention of taurine by 8.34% ± 1.48% during storage. The study confirmed the feasibility for the development of taurine ODF carriers and provided a basis for the development of functional packaging materials.

Multi-scale flow atomization characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel swirl liquid film breakup

The characteristics of the spray and droplets produced by liquid film breakup are crucial for understanding the atomization process in industrial furnace atomizers. This study employed high-speed camera technology to capture images of Jatropha biodiesel (JB) spray at various pressures and Ohnesorge numbers (Oh). Image processing methods were employed to analyze the evolution morphology and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of fuel swirl spray, revealing the instability, breakup length, spray cone angle, fractal characteristics of the liquid film breakup zone, and droplet distribution characteristics. The results indicated that the JB jet evolution progressed through stages: cylindrical jet, torsion liquid film, open swirl, complete swirl, and fully developed mode. The evolution and disintegration of the liquid film exhibited a complex structure with ligaments, perforations, and droplet separation. Flow disturbances induced the Klystron effect, characterizing microscopic droplet motion. As spray pressure increased, the growth rate of the disturbance wave increased, the breakup length decreased, the atomization cone angle enlarged, and the fractal dimension (FD) of the liquid film breakup zone increased. The droplet size distribution followed a log-normal distribution, with a substantial increase in the number of small droplets as injection pressure increased. This study provides valuable insights into the multi-scale flow atomization of biodiesel in industrial furnace, and is of great significance for the design, operation, and optimization of spraying systems in various industrial applications.

Preparation of Mouth Dissolving Sublingual Film of Fixed Dose Combination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Losartan Potassium and Statistical Optimization of Film.

Fast-dissolving films (FDFs) are innovative dosage forms offering advantages such as improved patient compliance, rapid onset of action, precise dosing, and favorable taste. Particularly beneficial for patients unable to swallow or require immediate drug absorption, FDFs dissolve rapidly in the mouth, releasing medication directly into the oral cavity. The sublingual application enhances drug delivery due to the high permeability of the sublingual mucosa, bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism. This route is advantageous for drugs like losartan potassium (LP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ), which benefit from enhanced bioavailability and faster onset of action. Preformulation studies included UV spectroscopy for λmax determination (LP: 282 nm, HCZ: 250 nm), DSC for thermal analysis (LP: 289.11°C, HCZ: 104.76°C), and solubility studies confirming LP’s solubility in acidic pH and HCZ’s increased solubility in pH 6.7 buffer. Compatibility studies using FTIR and DSC validated stability with excipients. Formulation optimization with HPMC E15 resulted in films with characteristics like film weight (145.66–167.0 mg), thickness (0.246–0.326 mm), folding endurance (898.0–1274.0), pH (6.0–6.70), disintegration time (77.66–174.6 s), tensile strength (77.04–141.90 g/cm²), and drug release profiles (LP: 68.78–96.22%, HCZ: 59.49–95.43% at 21 minutes). In summary, this study successfully developed LP and HCZ FDFs with optimized characteristics, demonstrating their potential in hypertension management and improving therapeutic outcomes.

Thermal stability of gold films on titanium-adhered silicon substrate

In this study, thermally induced changes in the surface of a thin gold film deposited on Si(100) with a 5 nm thick titanium adhesion layer were investigated. The analysis involved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunnelling microscopy. The sample was subjected to stepwise annealing under ultra-high vacuum conditions at temperatures ranging from 430 to 1330 K. Low-temperature annealing up to 450 K did not alter the morphology but improved the cleanliness of the gold film surface. Annealing between 530 and 930 K resulted in the disintegration of the gold film, along with mixing and interaction between the sample components. Annealing the sample at 980 K led to the emergence of a gold silicide surface on Si(100) exhibiting the (5 × 3.2)R5.7° reconstruction.

Effect of phosphide additives on the tribological properties of polyethylsiloxane (PES) in Si3N4 and M50 system

PurposeThe incorporation of phosphide additives is regarded as a highly effective strategy for enhancing the lubricative qualities of base oils. This study aims to assess the lubrication behavior and efficacy of various phosphide additives in polyethylsiloxane (PES) through the employment of the Schwingum Reibung Verschleiss test methodology, across a temperature range from ambient to 300°C.Design/methodology/approachPES demonstrated commendable lubrication capabilities within the Si3N4/M50 system, primarily attributable to the Si-O frictional reaction film at the interface. This film undergoes disintegration as the temperature escalates, leading to heightened wear. Moreover, the phosphide additives were found to ameliorate the issues encountered by PES in the Si3N4/M50 system, characterized by numerous boundary lubrication failure instances. A chemical film comprising P-Fe-O was observed to form at the interface; however, at elevated temperatures, disintegration of some phosphide films precipitated lubrication failures, as evidenced by a precipitous rise in the coefficient of friction.FindingsThe results show that a phosphide reactive film can be formed and a reduction in wear rate is achieved, which is reduced by 64.7% from 2.98 (for pure PES at 300°C) to 1.05 × 10–9 μm3/N m (for triphenyl phosphite at 300°C).Originality/valueThe data derived from this investigation offer critical insights for the selection and deployment of phosphide additives within high-temperature lubrication environments pertinent to PES.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-04-2024-0139/

Catalytic particles formation from thin nickel films for the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

We have investigated the formation of a catalyst for the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using nickel-on-titanium thin films. Nickel decomposes into nanoparticles in the synthesis setup prior to MWCNT growing through the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Oxidation and reduction of the catalyst are conducted to control the morphology of the formed nanoparticles array. In this case, the redox treatments required preventing the formation of silicides and Ti–Ni alloys are combined with the well-known effect of low-temperature disintegration (dewetting) of thin films. Detailed studies using a combination of Auger, atomic force, scanning (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the interaction of metals on a silicon substrate, the influence of treatments parameters on the catalyst's state. The features and morphology of MWCNT synthesized on the obtained catalysts were studied via Raman spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. Overall, showing a link between the catalyst formation process and MWCNT growth, we demonstrate a technological and versatile method for controlling of nanotube growth for various applications.

Numerical study and experimental validation: A portioned calculation method for a large atomization field

Atomization and sprays are widely used in industry and agriculture. An appropriate atomization simulation method is essential in analyzing the liquid film-breaking process and atomization performance, especially in large-scale atomization field calculations. This study innovatively proposes a portioned method that combines existing fundamental atomization calculation models to balance computational accuracy and speed, finally achieving a full-scale numerical study of large atomization fields. This study employs the volume of fluid (VOF) model to measure the two-phase flow in the inner flow field and applies the discrete particle model (DPM) to analyze droplet behavior in the far-atomization field. In the near-atomization field, the VOF-to-DPM method connects the nozzle with the jet space, providing an effective numerical simulation of the liquid film formation and droplet breakup processes. Additionally, experiments on atomization using a pressure-swirl nozzle at different flow rates were conducted. Experimental data, such as atomization cone angle, flow distribution, and droplet particle size distribution, were obtained, and numerical calculations were performed using the large atomization field partitioned calculation model. The simulation results are utilized to explain the mechanisms of liquid film disintegration, while the experimental results are employed to validate the accuracy of the numerical model. The comparison revealed that the calculated results of the partitioned simulation approach align well with the experimental data. The maximum error in flow characteristics is 9.53%, in atomization cone angle is 6.16%, and in flow distribution is 3.67%, and there is a good agreement in particle size distribution with a maximum error of 17.58% in Sauter mean diameter, validating the accuracy of the portioned calculation method for large atomization fields.

PH-response of protein-polysaccharide multilayers adsorbed on a flat gold surface: A surface plasmon resonance study.

Polysaccharide-protein multilayers (PPMLs) consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are assembled in acidic solution (pH 4.2) via layer-by-layer deposition method. The formation of PPMLs on gold surface and their responsiveness to pH change from 4.2 to 7 is investigated by Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy. The buildup of the multilayer at pH 4.2 exhibits non-linear growth while the formation of the first layers is strongly affected by the physicochemical properties of the gold surface. Neutral solution (pH 7) affects the interactions between the biopolymers and results in a partially disassemble (disintegration) of the multilayer film. On one hand, the single pair of layers, BSA-CS and the double pair of layers, (BSA-CS)2, assemblies are stable in neutral pH, a result that will be of interest for biomedical applications. On the other hand, multilayer films consisting of more than four layers that is (BSA-CS)2<n<5, disintegrated down to the 4-layered structure by changing pH to neutral, a fact that renders the (BSA-CS)n assembly useful in the field of drug and protein delivery. The residual mass after the disintegration of the assembly never falls below the mass of four layers. The disintegrated multilayer film can be reconstructed and disassembled repeatedly, simply by cycling the pH value.

Preparation and Characterization of Febuxostat Nanosuspension as Fast Dissolving Oral Film

Background: Quickly dissolved oral films are a widely accepted method of delivering drugs and help patients adhere to treatment regimens. Nanosuspensions (NS) are colloidal dispersions of drug particles with a submicron size, and their large surface area enhances the solubility and dissolution of low-water-soluble drugs. Febuxostat (FXT) is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor with a low dissolution rate that limits its absorption. Objective: To develop fast-dissolving oral films (FDOFs) containing FXT NS and convert NS into solid dosage forms to ease administration and accelerate drug release. Methods: FXT NS was prepared using Soluplus as a stabilizer and Tween80 as a co-stabilizer through an anti-solvent precipitation technique. We prepared FDOFs using a solvent casting method, utilizing hydrophilic polymers like pullulan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatin, and plasticizers like polyethylene glycol (PEG400) and glycerin. The study assessed the film's thickness, weight, folding endurance, drug content, disintegration time, and drug release. We validated the drug's compatibility using FTIR, and conducted a crystallinity study using DSC and X-ray powder diffraction. Results: F4 was the optimized formula prepared using PVA and PEG400. In just three minutes, the F4 dissolution rate increased significantly (99.63% vs. 11.23%) compared to the FXT ordinary film. Also, it had good mechanical properties. Conclusions: FXT NS were successfully loaded into FDOFs with accepted properties.

Biodegradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) containing phenolic compounds in seawater in laboratory testing conditions

Biodegradation in marine medium of PHBV films with or without 5 % wt. of phenolic compounds (catechin, ferulic acid, and vanillin) was assessed at laboratory scale. Respirometric analyses and film disintegration kinetics were used to monitor the process over a period of 162 days. Structural changes in the films were analyzed throughout the exposure period using FESEM, DSC, Thermogravimetric analyses, XRD, and FTIR spectra. Respirometric tests showed complete biodegradation of all materials during the exposure period (the biodegradation half-time ranged between 63 and 79 days) but at different rates, depending on the phenolic compound incorporated. Ferulic acid and vanillin accelerate the PHBV biodegradation, whereas catechin delayed the process. Disintegration kinetics confirmed these results and showed that degradation occurred from the surface to the interior of the films. This was controlled by the degradation rate of the polymer amorphous phase and the formation of a biomass coating on the film surface. This is the result of the compounds generated by polymer degradation in combination with excretions from microorganisms. This coating has the potential to affect the enzyme diffusion to the polymer substrate. Moreover, the cohesion forces of the amorphous phase (reflected in its glass transition temperature) affected its degradation rate, while the slower degrading crystalline fragments were released, thus contributing to the disintegration process on the film's surface. Ferulic acid, with its hydrolytic effect, enhanced degradation, as did vanillin for its plasticizing and weakening effect in the amorphous phase of polymer matrix. In contrast, catechin with cross-linking effect hindered the progress of the material degradation, considerably slowing down the process rate.

Alterations in the tear film and ocular surface in pediatric migraine patients.

To evaluate the ocular surface (OS) parameters in the pediatric migraine patients (PMPs). This prospective case-control study consisted of 51 PMPs (PMP group) and 55 healthy pediatric patients (HPP group). In all participants, tear function was evaluated subjectively using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, objectively using Schirmer tear test (STT) and tear film disintegration time (TBUT), and with clinical and laboratory examinations (conjunctival impression cytology). The PMP group was subdivided into two groups according to their aura. The mean age and gender distribution of the study groups were almost the same (P > 0.05 for both of them). In the PMP group, both the STT value and the TBUT value were significantly lower than those determined in the HPP group (P = 0.021 and P = 0.018, respectively). In the PMP group, the OSDI scores were higher than those in the HPP group (P = 0.032). In the PMP group, the goblet cell density values were lower than those in the HPP group (P = 0.01). With regard to the aura, the TBUT and STT values were nonsignificantly lower in the PMP aura-positive group than in the PMP aura-negative group (P > 0.05 for both of them). The OSDI assessment was similar in both the groups. With regard to the goblet cell count, it was observed to be less in the PMP aura-positive group than in the PMP aura-negative group (P = 0.01). Influence of OS in children with migraine was also demonstrated using the samples taken from the conjunctiva. These changes were also demonstrated by objective tests such as STT and TBUT. Both clinical objective evaluations and pathologic changes were more prominent in the migraine with aura group.

Visible-light driven photodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using BiOCl–ZrO2 nanocomposite: A sustainable strategy for mitigating plastic pollution

This study aims to reduce plastic pollution by decomposing low-density polyethylene (LDPE) through an environmentally friendly approach using a novel BiOCl–ZrO2 nanocomposite under visible-light irradiation at room temperature. Visible-light irradiation is a form of clean energy, so we explored the feasibility and prospective solution for plastic waste mitigation by utilizing visible-light to attain sustainable development goal 7 (SDG 7). To fabricate photodegradable LDPE, it was blended with BiOCl nanoparticles (NPs) and its nanocomposite (BiOCl–ZrO2) separately via a facile solution casting method. The fabricated samples were assessed for the degradation of LDPE before and after 24 days of visible-light irradiation at room temperature. The prepared nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized by different analytical techniques, including XRD, FT–IR, XPS, FE–SEM, TGA, BET and UV–Vis DRS. The successful photodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using a BiOCl–ZrO2 nanocomposite is supported by the presence of a higher carbonyl index, as evidenced by FT–IR analysis. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM) analysis unveiled numerous perforations and prominent coarse morphological attributes, suggesting significant decomposition and disintegration of the LDPE film across the active surface sites of BiOCl–ZrO2. The weight reduction of LDPE@BiOCl–ZrO2 (600 ˚C) (10 wt%) composite film reached 48.67% under visible-light irradiation for 24 days at room temperature. The degradation rate exhibited significant sensitivity to variations in the concentration of the BiOCl–ZrO2 nanocomposite within the LDPE film. Investigation of the photodegradation mechanism suggested the formation of a type–II heterojunction–based photocatalytic system. The relatively low bandgap energy of ZrO2 (3.1 eV), facilitates the rapid migration of conduction band electrons to the conduction band of BiOCl. This migration process is facilitated by the favourable energy level alignment between the conduction bands of ZrO2 and BiOCl, enabling efficient electron transfer between the two materials. The large band gap of BiOCl (3.56 eV) permits the movement of valence band holes to the ZrO2 valance band. The spontaneous circulation of charge carriers within the heterostructure crystal maintains the charge separation and defers the recombination rate for an extended period. The photodegraded LDPE fragments are biodegradable and help to reduce plastic pollution. The environmental friendliness of the BiOCl–ZrO2 nanocomposite-assisted plastic waste remediation process was investigated using carbon footprint measurement. A tentative estimation suggested that the remediation process of 100 Kg of plastic waste may contribute to around 0.133 tons of carbon footprint.

Reducing Temperature of Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing for Linalool Fast Dissolving Oral Films by Increasing Printer Nozzle Diameter

Oral thrush and throat infections can occur in a wide range of patients. Treatments are available; however, resistance to drugs is a major problem for treating oral and throat infections. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) of fast dissolving oral films (FDFs) of linalool oil may provide an alternative solution. Linalool oil FDFs were printed by fused deposition modelling across 1–18 % w/w linalool content range with nozzle diameters of 0.4 or 1 mm at the temperature range of 150 °C-185 °C. The FDFs were evaluated for physicochemical and mechanical properties. Increasing the printer nozzle diameter to 1 mm allowed reducing the printing temperature from 185 °C to 150 °C; consequently, more linalool was quantified in the films with improved content uniformity. The higher linalool content in the films increased the film disintegration time and mechanical strength. FDFs containing 10% w/w linalool showed clear antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Raman spectroscopy suggested linalool separation from excipients at higher temperature printing. Viscoelastic measurements indicated that to achieve printing; the elastic modulus of molten filament needed to be higher than the loss modulus at low angular frequencies. In conclusion, increasing the printing nozzle diameter may avoid loss of the active ingredient by reducing the temperature of the 3DP process.

Studies on Loading Salicylic Acid in Xerogel Films of Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid.

During the last decades, salicylic acid (SA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been studied for a wide range of cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. The current study investigated the drug loading potential of SA in HA-based crosslinked hydrogel films using a post-loading (osmosis) method of the unmedicated xerogels from saturated aqueous solutions of salicylic acid over a range of pH values. The films were characterized with Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry in order to elucidate the drug loading profile and the films' integrity during the loading process. Additional studies on their weight loss (%), gel fraction (%), thickness increase (%) and swelling (%) were performed. Overall, the studies showed significant film disintegration at highly acidic and basic solutions. No drug loading occurred at neutral and basic pH, possibly due to the anionic repulsion between SA and HA, whereas at, pH 2.1, the drug loading was promising and could be detected via UV-Vis analysis of the medicated solutions, with the SA concentration in the xerogel films at 28% w/w.

Optimization of HPMC-Based Oral Fast Dissolving Film of Cetirizine Dihydrochloride

There are challenges involved in improving the convenience of cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ) administration for geriatric and pediatric patients with allergic asthma. Due to the ease of swallowing, oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) have been identified as a potential solution. This study aimed to prepare hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based OFDFs of CTZ using the solvent casting method. Film compositions, including the amounts of HPMC and glycerin, were optimized using a face-centered central composite design based on film thickness, folding endurance (FE), and disintegration time (DT). Nine prepared films were found to be transparent and clear in appearance, demonstrating the homogeneity of the films. The weights and thicknesses of all films were in the ranges of 57-109 mg and 22 - 40 µm. The FE of the prepared films was determined to be 42-156, 30-124, and 17-70 times for 3%, 4%, and 5% (w/w) HPMC-based films, respectively. The DT of the films ranged from 99 ± 13 to 478 ± 21 s as their compositions were altered in terms of the HPMC contents and the amount of glycerin. The film fabricated from 3 % (w/w) HPMC and 10% (w/w polymer mass) glycerin (F3) was identified as optimal due to achieving the highest FE and the least DT. Moreover, regression analysis demonstrated a significant effect of the HPMC and glycerin amounts on the film properties. After adding CTZ in F3 (the optimized film), the CTZ content in the films was 0.84 ± 0.14 mg/cm2. The optimized film could be evaluated further for drug release and drug permeation. Keywords: Cetirizine dihydrochloride, Film former, Folding endurance, HPMC-based film, Plasticizer

Future research perspective on the interfacial physics of non-invasive glaucoma testing in pathogen transmission from the eyes.

Non-contact tonometry (NCT) is a non-invasive ophthalmologic technique to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) using an air puff for routine glaucoma testing. Although IOP measurement using NCT has been perfected over many years, various phenomenological aspects of interfacial physics, fluid structure interaction, waves on corneal surface, and pathogen transmission routes to name a few are inherently unexplored. Research investigating the interdisciplinary physics of the ocular biointerface and of the NCT procedure is sparse and hence remains to be explored in sufficient depth. In this perspective piece, we introduce NCT and propose future research prospects that can be undertaken for a better understanding of the various hydrodynamic processes that occur during NCT from a pathogen transmission viewpoint. In particular, the research directions include the characterization and measurement of the incoming air puff, understanding the complex fluid-solid interactions occurring between the air puff and the human eye for measuring IOP, investigating the various waves that form and travel; tear film breakup and subsequent droplet formation mechanisms at various spatiotemporal length scales. Further, from an ocular disease transmission perspective, the disintegration of the tear film into droplets and aerosols poses a potential pathogen transmission route during NCT for pathogens residing in nasolacrimal and nasopharynx pathways. Adequate precautions by opthalmologist and medical practioners are therefore necessary to conduct the IOP measurements in a clinically safer way to prevent the risk associated with pathogen transmission from ocular diseases like conjunctivitis, keratitis, and COVID-19 during the NCT procedure.

Design and Characterization of Fast-Dissolving Oral Film of Apixaban.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, microvascular and macrovascular thrombotic problems emerged that required anticoagulants. Apixaban (RN) is a factor Xa inhibitor that treats deep vein thrombosis and the two forms of artery diseases (coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease). The study objective was to create fast-disintegrating Apixaban Oral Thin Films (OTF) with the help of various super disintegrants to shorten disintegration time and enhance drug release in order to assist patients who have difficulty in swallowing conventional dosage forms and increase bioavailability. OTF was created using the solvent casting method. A 22 factorial design was employed in Design-Expert® software to develop an ideal formula. The optimized film formula pH, drug content, disintegration time, folding endurance, and dissolution rate were estimated, and the film was subjected to a short-term stability study. The optimized formula exhibited a cumulative drug release of 93.47% in 60 sec. The drug's in vitro release pattern shows first-order kinetics and fickian diffusion was the mechanism of drug release. These findings supported that Apixaban OTFs offer a quick release of the medication from the administration site into the systemic circulation.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ocusert Embeded with Ciprofloxacin Loaded Nanoparticles

Formulation and Evaluation of Ocusert Embeded with Ciprofloxacin Loaded Nanoparticles

Preparation and evaluation of Oral Thin Film of Eugenol for tooth decay

Preparation and evaluation of Oral Thin Film of Eugenol for tooth decay

REVIEW PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SURFAKTAN PADA KARAKTERISTIK SEDIAAN ORODISPERSIBLE FILM (ODF) OBAT BERKELARUTAN RENDAH DALAM AIR: SIFAT DISINTEGRASI DAN DISOLUSI

Orodispersible film (ODF) is a drug delivery gaining widespread acceptance because it disintegrates quickly and can be self-administered. ODF has the advantage of increasing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) effectiveness by rapid dissolution in the oral cavity after direct contact with saliva. One of the components of ODF that influences the physical characteristics and dissolution of low-soluble drugs in water is surfactant. This material acts as a wetting or dispersing agent so the film can quickly disintegrate and release API. The method used is searching for international journal data using the Google Scholar. The surfactants reported to have been used in the ODF formulation are L-arginine, poloxamer 407, tween 80, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. In general, surfactant usage significantly affects the disintegration behavior of the film and API release. This behavior is caused by reducing the interfacial tension between phases by surfactants, which causes increased solid surface wetting and helps speed up the film disintegration and API dissolution from the ODF matrix. The conclusion is that surfactant usage with the appropriate type and concentration will help improve the ODF quality, especially in the disintegration properties of the dosage form and API dissolution.