Diseases Of Digestive System Research Articles

Heat-induced health impacts and the drivers: implications on accurate heat-health plans and guidelines.

Urban heat challenges are increasinglysevere, along with climate change and urbanisation. Despite significant environmental, economic, and social consequences, limited actions have been conducted to address urban heat challenges. To support the formulation of heat-health plans and guidelines at the city and community scale, this study presented results, through a questionnaire survey among 584 respondents in Shanghai, China, on heat-induced physiological and psychological impacts and analysed the variability of them with demographic characteristics. The results indicate that psychological impacts weremore severe than physiological impacts in severity and susceptible people. Skin heat damage and digestive system diseases were ignored in previous studies, compared with fatal cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Emotional irritability and difficulty in controlling temper were the two most prominent psychological symptoms. The elderly and health-vulnerable groups were more susceptible to heat-induced physiological and psychological impacts than other groups. Among different demographic groups, the most critical physiological and psychological symptoms could vary significantly. Afterwards, suggestions for heat-health plans or guidelines have been proposed. Overall, this study provides a reference for the understanding of heat-induced impacts and enhancing the capacity to cope with urban heat challenges.

Construction of a Meta-Evidence Prototype Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Splenogastric Diseases and Its Application in an Automatic Meta-Analysis System.

Background Traditional Chinese medicine splenogastric diseases (TCMSDs) are equivalent to digestive system diseases in modern medicine. The forms of clinical evidence of TCMSDs include clinical trials, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs). SRs mainly rely on manual operations and have the shortcomings of time consumption and low efficiency; therefore, they cannot meet the needs of rapid clinical decision-making. It is urgent to establish a new and smart form of a database to support the progress of SRs. Methods We searched and screened all TCMSD RCT reports, in both Chinese and English, and extracted them into meta-evidence through predesigned structural Microsoft Excel tables. All meta-evidence was imported into an online clinical meta-evidence collection and management system after data quality checking. The meta-evidence database of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) splenogastric disease (MED-TCMSD) was then tested as a backend of an automatic meta-analysis system. Results A total of 405 cases of TCMSD RCTs were processed into meta-evidence. The most common diseases were stomach stuffiness disease, epigastralgia, and chronic atrophic gastritis. Banxiaxiexin decoction and its modifications were the most used interventions. More than half of the cases employed TCM in conjunction with regular therapeutics. The top reported outcomes included clinical effects, adverse events, and TCM syndromes. The MED-TCMSD worked well as a part of the automatic meta-analysis system. Conclusions We developed and tested a new form of clinical evidence, meta-evidence, for automatic SR and fast evidence-based decision-making. As an example of the MED, the MED-TCMSD can improve the production and updating efficiency of the evidence of TCMSDs. The methods of constructing the MED-TCMSD can be further applied to the development of MEDs of other diseases.

The Gut Microbiota: A Novel Player in Autoimmune Hepatitis.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic immune-mediated liver disease distributed globally in all ethnicities with increasing prevalence. If left untreated, the disease will lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or death. The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem located in the human intestine, which extensively affects the human physiological and pathological processes. With more and more in-depth understandings of intestinal microbiota, a substantial body of studies have verified that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in a variety of digestive system diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, only a few studies have paid attention to evaluate the relationship between AIH and the intestinal microbiota. While AIH pathogenesis is not fully elucidated yet, some studies have indicated that intestinal microbiota putatively made significant contributions to the occurrence and the development of AIH by triggering several specific signaling pathways, altering the metabolism of intestinal microbiota, as well as modulating the immune response in the intestine and liver. By collecting the latest related literatures, this review summarized the increasing trend of the aerobic bacteria abundance in both AIH patients and AIH mice models. Moreover, the combination of specific bacteria species was found distinct to AIH patients, which could be a promising tool for diagnosing AIH. In addition, there were alterations of luminal metabolites and immune responses, including decreased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increased pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), imbalanced regulatory T (Treg)/Th17 cells, follicular regulatory T (TFR)/follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and activated natural killer T (NKT) cells. These alterations participate in the onset and the progression of AIH via multiple mechanisms. Therefore, some therapeutic methods based on restoration of intestinal microbiota composition, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as well as targeted intestinal microbiota-associated signaling pathways, confer novel insights into the treatment for AIH patients.

Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies.

SummaryBackgroundThe causal association between cigarette smoking and several diseases remains equivocal. The purpose of this study was to appraise the causal role of smoking in a wide range of diseases by summarizing the evidence from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies.MethodsMR studies on genetic liability to smoking initiation or lifetime smoking (composite of smoking initiation, heaviness, duration, and cessation) in relation to circulatory system, digestive system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine, metabolic, and eye diseases, and neoplasms published until February 15, 2022, were identified in PubMed. De novo MR analyses were performed using summary statistics data from genome-wide association studies. Meta-analysis was applied to combine study-specific estimates.FindingsMeta-analyses of findings of 29 published MR studies and 123 de novo MR analyses of 57 distinct primary outcomes showed that genetic liability to smoking (smoking initiation or lifetime smoking) was associated with increased risk of 13 circulatory system diseases, several digestive system diseases (including diverticular, gallstone, gastroesophageal reflux, and Crohn's disease, acute pancreatitis, and periodontitis), epilepsy, certain musculoskeletal system diseases (including fracture, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis), endocrine (polycystic ovary syndrome), metabolic (type 2 diabetes) and eye diseases (including age-related macular degeneration and senile cataract) as well as cancers of the lung, head and neck, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, cervix, and ovaries, and myeloid leukemia. Smoking liability was associated with decreased risk of Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer.InterpretationThis study found robust evidence that cigarette smoking causes a wide range of diseases.FundingThis work was supported by research grants from the Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation (Hjärt-Lungfonden, 20210351), the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (Forte, 2018-00123), and the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, 2019-00977). Stephen Burgess is supported by Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (204623/Z/16/Z) and the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care.

A Review of the Therapeutic Effects of Viola Odorata Plant in Traditional Iranian Medicine and Modern Medicine

Objective: Viola odorata has been used since ancient times. According to Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) sources, it has a cool and moist temperament and is used for treatment of different diseases. Due to the low side effects and numerous beneficial effects of this plant, this study aims to review its therapeutic effects from the perspective of TIM and modern medicine. Methods: In this review study, a search was conducted for the materials in many TIM books such as Canon of Medicine, Tuhfat al-Momenin, al-Jami’ li-Mufradat al-Adwiya wa’l-Aghdhiya, Al-shamel fi al-Sanaat Al-Tabiat, Makhzan al-Adawiyah, Firdaws al-Hikmah fi al-Tibb, Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb, Khulasat al-Hikmah, as well as the book “PDR for Herbal Medicines”, and for the related studies in online databases such as PubMed and Scopus using the keywords sweet violet, common viola, garden violet, herbal medicine, traditional Iranian medicine. Results: The medicinal forms of Viola odorata in TIM are various and are used for skin, digestive, respiratory, and urinary system diseases. Numerous studies have confirmed the various therapeutic effects of the plant. According to studies in modern medicine, its constituents include volatile oils, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, mucilage, gallates, phenols, vitamin C, coumarin, and Sitosterol. Conclusion: Studies in modern medicine have proven the traditional uses of Viola odorata. However, due to the strong potential of this plant for making various medicinal products from it, more research is needed.

Assessment of Potentially Inappropriate Medications Using the EU (7)-PIM List, in a Sample of Portuguese Older Adults' Residents in Nursing Homes.

Prescription of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in older adults is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The EU (7)-PIM list was created for the European market to improve pharmacotherapy in older adults.PurposeThis work aims to characterize the medication profile and assess the presence of PIM, using the EU (7)-PIM list in older adults’ residents at nursing homes.MethodsRetrospective data were collected from the anonymized nursing home records. After PIM identification, a descriptive analysis was performed, and a generalized linear model for dependent negative binomial-type variables was constructed to assess the risk of PIM.ResultsOf the 210 participants (mean age 85.10), 82.40% were polymedicated. PIM was observed in 86.4% participants (mean per patient = 2.30± 0.10). The most common PIM were proton pump inhibitors (n = 121, 57.62%), followed by anxiolytics (n = 96, 45.71%). 64.30% of all patients take 2–4 PIM and 5.80% take five or more PIM. The occurrence of PIM is influenced by the number of prescribed medicines (RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.1.-1.17) and the presence of digestive system diseases (RR 1.05; 95% CI 1.0–1.09).ConclusionThe high prevalence of PIM observations highlights the necessity of the implementation of guidelines to prevent PIM.

Exploration of Ideological and Political Elements in the Teaching of Digestive System Diseases in Pathology

Exploration of Ideological and Political Elements in the Teaching of Digestive System Diseases in Pathology

Effect of Kvass on Improving Functional Dyspepsia in Rats.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common digestive system disease, and probiotics in the treatment of FD have a good curative effect. Patients with gastrointestinal diseases often show a poor response to traditional drug treatments and suffer from adverse reactions. Kvass can be used as a functional drink without side effects to improve the symptoms of FD patients. The results showed that compared with those of the model group, the body weight and food intake of the treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the gastric residual rate of the treatment group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); the amount of pepsin in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05); a high dose of Kvass could increase the contents of ghrelin, motilin (MTL), and gastrin (GAS) in the plasma and decrease the contents of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the plasma; the contents of ghrelin, MTL, and GAS in the gastric antrum were also increased in the high-dose group. Kvass beverage can significantly improve the gastrointestinal function of rats, which may be because it can improve the contents of ghrelin, MTL, GAS, and VIP in both the serum and gastric antrum by regulating the expression of short-chain fatty acids in the colon.

Compression anastomoses in the surgical treatment of patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

The results of a study of titanium nickelide devices used for the formation of compression anastomoses in patients with digestive system diseases and describes the techniques of compression fistula formation using these devices has been presented. Besides, the paper presents clinical experience in the formation of anastomoses between the organs of gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of 96 patients with various pathologies of digestive organs. 116 compression anastomoses were applied in our clinic. Anastomotic dehiscence was found in three cases (2,6%) which are described in details in the article. In all patients, the devices evacuated from the digestive tract in a natural way for 14 days. Fibrotic scope examination performed after an operation showed that created anastomoses corresponded to the dimensions of used structures. A soft scar by primary healing type was formed on the parts with compression anastomosis. Using titanium nickelide devices for the formation of compression anastomoses between the gastrointestinal organs will improve the quality of fistula formation, reduce mortality and postoperative complications.

In Vitro and In Vivo Genotoxicity Assessments and Phytochemical Analysis of the Traditional Herbal Prescription Siryung-Tang.

Siryung-tang (SRT) is a traditional herbal prescription containing Oryeong-san and Soshiho-tang that is used to treat digestive system diseases. We performed safety evaluations of SRT based on genotoxicity and developed an assay for quality control using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Genotoxicity was evaluated based on bacterial reverse mutation (Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA98, TA100, and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA), chromosomal aberration (Chinese hamster lung cells), and micronucleus (mouse) tests. Quality control analysis was conducted using a SunFire C18 column and gradient elution with a distilled water–acetonitrile mobile phase system containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid for 12 markers (5-(hydroxy-methyl)furfural, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, coumarin, baicalin, wogonoside, cinnamaldehyde, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, wogonin, and atractylenolide III). SRT showed no genotoxicity in three tests. Ames tests showed that SRT at 313–5000 μg/plate did not significantly increase the number of revertant colonies with or without metabolic activation among five bacterial strains. Moreover, in vivo micronucleus testing showed that SRT did not increase the frequency of bone marrow micronuclei. The number of chromosomal aberrations associated with SRT was similar to that observed in the negative controls. The 12 markers were detected at 0.04–16.86 mg/g in a freeze-dried SRT sample and completely eluted within 45 min. The extraction recovery was 95.39–104.319% and the relative standard deviation value of the precision was ≤2.09%. Our study will be used as basic data for the safety and standardization of SRT.

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Yao people in Gongcheng County, Guangxi, China

BackgroundGongcheng Yao Autonomous County (Gongcheng) is typical for the Yao people in northeastern Guangxi, southern China. The Yao people have a long history of using medicinal plants. In this study, we used ethnobotanical methods to collect traditional knowledge regarding herbal medicines in Gongcheng. Our study provides fundamental data for developing and applying local ethnic medicines and their protection.MethodsEthnobotanical data were collected from 103 villages in nine townships from 2014 to 2018 in Gongcheng. A total of 352 informants (279 male and 73 female) were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, and guided field walks. All the informants were local inhabitants aged between 28 and 101 years of age, of which 40 key informants were selected based on the recommendations of knowledgeable elders and local medical institutions. The informant consensus factor (ICF) was used to evaluate the degree and importance of differences in medicinal plant species and calculated the relative frequencies of citation (RFC) for the recorded medicinal plants.ResultsData from 352 local healers were collected for the study. The Guanyin and Sanjiang townships had the highest distribution of per capita healers (Pch), while the Gongcheng, Lianhua, and Ping'an townships were relatively lower. Of the 352 local healers, more than half were older than 60 years of age and therefore faced the problem of suitable successors and potential loss of traditional medicinal knowledge. There are 12 types of diseases treated by local healers in the study area, and most of the types had a high ICF value. The highest ICF (0.80) was reported for digestive system disease, followed by urinary system disease (0.78) and nervous system disease (0.77). Traumatic injury and orthopedics, digestive system, and rheumatic disease are the most common ailments. The RFC value calculated in 33 medicinal plant species (with an FC of more than 5) ranged from 0.024 to 0.056. The higher RFC values included Kadsura longipedunculata, Schefflera heptaphylla, Plantago asiatica, etc. The most commonly used medicinal method was decoction; plasters, creams, and some form of moxibustion and cupping skills were locally practiced, but only rarely. The local healers used 306 medicinal plant species (116 families and 255 genera). Herbal plants were most commonly used among these, with whole plants and roots being favored.ConclusionThe Yao people are highly skilled at using medicinal plants to treat various diseases in Gongcheng. Their treatment methods are varied, convenient, and efficient. Due to the impact of urbanization and economic development, knowledge of traditional medicine is under threat, with declining numbers of local healers and a lack of suitable successors. In order to protect and inherit Yao's traditional medicinal knowledge, it is necessary to educate young healers and to protect biodiversity.

Modern approaches to the calculation of ideal body weight and the association of its changes with digestive system diseases

Background. There has been growing interest in the relationship between body mass and digestive diseases. There is no consensus on the calculation of the ideal human weight and the effect of its changes on gastrointestinal diseases. Materials and methods. The Internet resources (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and others) were analyzed for the period 1980–2020. Results. Various proposed formulas for diagnosing the ideal human weight are presented. The comparison of modern different methods to estimate body composition was done. The possibilities and benefits of using of bioelectrical impedance analysis were presented. The pros and cons of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for body composition assessment was described. The relationship between body mass and digestive diseases was presented. Overweight and obesity was shown to be associated with the development of diseases of the digestive system: functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, polyposis and colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallstone disease, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and others. Conclusions. There are some associations between body mass and digestive diseases. Patient’s weight gain or loss may indirectly indicate the presence of gastrointestinal pathology, which must be taken into account by the clinician for diagnostic approach.

Laser analysis of the exhaled air isotope composition in diagnosing nosologically different H. pylori-associated diseases

Laser spectroscopic analysis of the isotope composition of exhaled air was performed for diagnosing the digestive system diseases, associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. An analyzer of 13СО2/12СО2 ratio in exhaled air based on tunable diode lasers and 13С-urea breath test (13С-UBT) were used to diagnose the infection. Nosologically different gastro-intestinal tract diseases: gastric and duodenal ulcer, gastritis and duodenitis were studied. The data of morphologic analysis of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, obtained during fibreoptic gastroduodenoscopyfor 612 patientshave been compared with the results of isotope breath test. The dependence has been analysed of laser 13С-UBT results on nosology and localisation of the H. pylori colony.

Dynamic changes of emergency visits: a retrospective observational study

BackgroundWith more emergency visits, there is increasing pressure to provide emergency medical services globally and locally. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the disease spectrum of patients presenting in the last three years to the Department of Emergency Medicine of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Tianjin, China, to improve the services of the emergency medicine department.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on all patients in the Department of Emergency Medicine of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from Jan 1, 2017, 00:00:00 to Dec 31, 2020, 23:59:59, including variables like medical record number, gender, age, date of admission, principal diagnosis. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software; statistical charts were prepared by GraphPad Prism9.0 and SPSS 20.0; statistical tables were made by Microsoft Excel.ResultsA total of 1,314,916 patients presented to the Department of Emergency Medicine of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from Jan 1, 2017, 00:00:00 to Dec 31, 2020, 23:59:59. In terms of gender distribution, the male–female ratio was 0.78∶1. As for age distribution, patients aged 60–69 were the most (23.47%), and patients younger than 20 years were the least (2.80%). Concerning monthly data, the number of visits peaked during January and December. The distribution of daily visits showed the feature of three highs and a low. The top three prevalence diseases in the emergency disease spectrum were respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive diseases. The respiratory system was the most common in patients with infectious diseases (200,912, accounting for 86.97%). Among the patients suffering from infectious diseases, the number of patients with respiratory infections peaked in 2019 (73,530) and was the lowest in 2020 (20,078).ConclusionsFrom 2017 to 2019, the demand for emergency services in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital continued to increase, but it was greatly affected by COVID-19 in 2020. This emergency department is mainly for patients with respiratory system, circulatory system and digestive system diseases, and its treatment time is relatively centralized. The prevention of diseases for people of all ages, especially female patients and the elderly, should be strengthened, and emergency medical resources should be allocated reasonably according to the peak months and crowed periods of patients.

Research progress on SII in digestive system diseases

Research progress on SII in digestive system diseases

Body Mass Index and Mortality in Chinese Older Adults -New Evidence from a Large Prospective Cohort in China.

To comprehensively evaluate the association between BMI and death risk in people aged 65 years and over in Shenzhen, China, and suggest the optimal range of body mass index (BMI) for the older adults. A prospective cohort study. A population-based study of elderly adults in Shenzhen, China. 359044 Shenzhen Healthy Ageing Research participants aged 65 and over with 4682 deaths during a mean of 1.5 years of follow-up were included in this analysis. Hazard ratio of all-cause and cause specific mortality risks associated with BMI categories. The association between BMI and all-cause and cause specific mortality were independently estimated by Cox regression model. Regardless of gender, BMI of 24 -29.9 kg/m2 was a protective factor for death in all ages, while BMI above 30 kg/m2 was still a protective factor for older adults under 70 years old. Regardless of age, BMI at 24-25.9 kg/m2 was associated with lower mortality in men, while BMI at 26-27.9 kg/m2 was associated with lower mortality in women. For the older adults without chronic diseases, BMI at 24-25.9 kg/m2 was also significantly associated with lower mortality. In the analysis of BMI and cause of death, we also found that BMI of 24-25.9 kg/m2 was significantly associated with the lower mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and digestive system disease in China. BMI in the range of 24-25.9 kg/m2 may be protective for mortality in Chinese older adults. Additional more large-scale, multicenter and long-term follow-up studies are needed to confirm these findings in different populations.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence rates of adverse events after digestive endoscopy in children.

BackgroundWith the widespread use of digestive endoscopy in children, a variety of adverse events (AEs) have occurred after digestive endoscopy. However, there are notable differences in the incidence of adverse reactions in digestive endoscopy in children at present, which makes it difficult to assess the safety of digestive endoscopy in children.MethodsStudies related to digestive endoscopy in children were screened from January 2005 to October 2021 from PubMed, Web of Science, Spring, CNKI, and Science Direct databases. RevMan5.3 and Stata were employed to carry out meta-analysis on the incidence of adverse respiratory events, myoclonus, abdominal pain, fever, bleeding, chest pain, sore throat, vomiting, and delayed capsule discharge after digestive endoscopy in children. The article quality was evaluated by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The chi-square test and I2 were adopted to test literature heterogeneity, and the article publication bias was assessed by displaying an inverted funnel plot as a funnel plot.ResultsIn all, 15 articles were included, involving a total of 27,770 children. In all, 15 articles were included, involving a total of 27,770 children. The risk ratio (RR) value of adverse respiratory events after digestive endoscopy in children was 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17 to 1.47, P<0.00001]; the odds ratio (OR) value of the incidence of myoclonus was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.46, P=0.04); the incidence of abdominal pain was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.11 to 1.27, P<0.00001); the incidence of fever was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.12, P<0.00001); the incidence of bleeding was 1.24 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.64, P=0.13); the incidence of chest pain was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.09, P<0.0001); incidence of sore throat was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.18, P=0.0004); incidence of vomiting was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.21, P=0.0001); and the incidence of delayed capsule expulsion was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.40, P=0.05).DiscussionThe incidence of AEs after digestive endoscopy in children was low, which can be used in the diagnosis and therapy of digestive system diseases in children.

НАУЧНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ МЕДИКО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПО СНИЖЕНИЮ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ БОЛЕЗНЯМИ ОРГАНОВ ПИЩЕВАРЕНИЯ У ПОДРОСТКОВ

Abstract. Introduction. In recent years, the fact that the health of children and adolescents is of great medical and social importance has become more and more obvious. The size of economic losses of a society in the future depends on it. Therefore, at present, a search is underway for effective ways to identify risk factors and develop preventive measures to reduce the incidence. Aim. Based on the analysis of morbidity and pathological lesion rates in children and adolescents of the Republic of Tatarstan, to propose evidence-based preventive measures to reduce the incidence of diseases of the digestive system. Material and methods. At the first stage, the structure of primary, general morbidity, pathological susceptibility (the share of diseases detected during preventive medical examinations) of children and adolescents in Kazan and the Republic of Tatarstan was studied, the most vulnerable age groups were identified and classes of diseases with the highest growth rate were identified. At the second stage, we studied the dynamics and prognosis of primary and general morbidity among adolescents in Kazan and the Republic of Tatarstan with diseases of the digestive system as one of the rapidly progressing diseases and proposed measures to reduce the incidence of digestive diseases. Results and discussion. In the structure o primary, general morbidity, pathological affection of children and adolescents in Kazan and the Republic of Tatarstan, the share of diseases of the digestive system occupies a leading position. The most vulnerable age group are teenagers. The dynamics and forecast of indicators of primary and general morbidity among adolescents in Kazan and the Republic of Tatarstan with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract shows that the situation will worsen towards an increase in the number of diseases if no measures are taken. Methods and ways for searching for risk factors for the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the adolescent population are proposed. A number of proposals were made to improve primary and secondary prevention, a concept was formulated for medical and hygienic monitoring of adolescents with the digestive system diseases for further diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this pathology. Conclusion. The results of the study made it possible to determine priorities in the development of preventive and therapeutic technologies and programs when working with adolescents with diseases of the digestive system.

Probiotics Interact With Lipids Metabolism and Affect Gut Health.

Probiotics have attracted much attention due to their ability to modulate host intestinal microbe, participate in nutrient metabolism or immunomodulatory. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bowel cancer are digestive system disease, which have become a global public health problem due to their unclear etiology, difficult to cure, and repeated attacks. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal lipid metabolism would increase the risk of intestinal inflammation. However, the link between lipid metabolism, probiotics, and IBD is unclear. In this review, we found that different lipids and their derivatives have different effects on IBD and gut microbes. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and their derivatives resolvin E1, resolvin D can inhibit oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species activate NFκB and MAPk pathway. While ω-6 PUFAs linoleic acid and arachidonic acid can be derived into leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which will aggravate IBD. Cholesterol can be converted into bile acids to promote lipid absorption and affect microbial survival and colonization. At the same time, it is affected by microbial bile salt hydrolase to regulate blood lipids. Low denstiy lipoprotein (LDL) is easily converted into oxidized LDL, thereby promoting inflammation, while high denstiy lipoprotein (HDL) has the opposite effect. Probiotics compete with intestinal microorganisms for nutrients or ecological sites and thus affect the structure of intestinal microbiota. Moreover, microbial short chain fatty acids, bile salt hydrolase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, etc. can affect lipid metabolism and IBD. In conclusion, probiotics are directly or indirectly involved in lipids metabolism and their impact on IBD, which provides the possibility to explore the role of probiotics in improving gut health.

DNA methylation dynamics associated with long-term isolation of simulated space travel

Long-term isolation is one of the risk factors that astronauts will encounter in spaceflight. At present, few researches have explored DNA methylation dynamics during long-term isolation. In this study, using time series DNA methylation data from “Mars-500” mission, we conducted a multi-step analysis to investigate the characteristics and dynamic patterns of DNA methylation as well as their functional insights during long-term isolation. The results showed that genome-wide methylation changes were minimal. In the six identified DNA methylation dynamic patterns, most of significantly fluctuating CpG sites could be returned to the baseline in post-isolation, and the remaining sites persistently decreased during isolation. Next, functional enrichment analysis of genes with each pattern revealed strong functional specificity. Some patterns were also significantly associated with nervous system diseases, digestive system diseases and cancers. In conclusion, the DNA methylation dynamics during long-term isolation have great functional significance, and might be helpful for protection of astronaut health.