Diseases Of Reproductive Organs Research Articles

Gambaran Risiko Dismenore Primer Pada Mahasiwa Tingkat Akhir Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Surakarta

Final-year students completing their final projects often experience anxiety. Risk factors underlying the occurrence of dysmenorrhea include age at menarche, longer than normal menstrual duration, smoking habits, exercise habits, and stress levels. Research Objective: To describe the incidence of dysmenorrhea, age at menarche, menstrual duration, and stress levels among final-year students at Universitas Aisyiyah Surakarta. Method: This study is a quantitative descriptive type using simple random sampling. The study involved 74 respondents meeting the inclusion criteria of final-year female students who have experienced menstruation; exclusion criteria included those willing to participate and not suffering from reproductive organ diseases. Results: Incidence of dysmenorrhea: most respondents experienced dysmenorrhea with mild pain levels, totaling 34 respondents (47.3%). Age at menarche: most respondents experienced menarche at an ideal age, totaling 48 respondents (64.9%). Menstrual duration: most respondents had a normal menstrual duration, totaling 69 respondents (92.2%). Stress levels: most respondents experienced moderate stress, totaling 52 respondents (70.3%). Conclusion: Regarding dysmenorrhea, most respondents experienced mild dysmenorrhea; concerning age at menarche, most respondents had an ideal age; regarding menstrual duration, most respondents had a normal duration; concerning stress levels, most respondents experienced moderate stress.

LITERATURE REVIEW ON SHLESHMALA YONIVYAPAD (VULVOVAGINITIS)

Women are the pioneers of any Nation; they comprise half of the world’s population. They are the key to sustainable development, and the quality of life in families depends on them. Any disorder that hampers women’s general, mental, and reproductive health should be considered and require medical attention. Ayurvedic texts discuss the subject of women’s reproductive organ diseases under the subject of Yonivyapads. All Ayurvedic texts have described twenty Yonivyapads covering almost all gynaecological disorders. Shleshmala Yonivyapad is one of them, occurring due to vitiated Kapha Dosh having signs and symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, coldness, and pain. Vulvovaginitis is the inflammation of the vulva and vagina due to several conditions like various infections, improper hygiene and dietary habits, etc. It is a frequently observed condition in gynaecological practice in today’s era. Its symptoms are more or less similar to that of Shleshmala Yonivyapad. Hence, an effort has been made to gather information available in texts on this disease in both aspects i.e. Ayurveda and modern, for better understanding and curing the patients.

The Application of Nanoparticle-Based Imaging and Phototherapy for Female Reproductive Organs Diseases.

Various female reproductive disorders affect millions of women worldwide and bring many troubles to women's daily life. Let alone, gynecological cancer (such as ovarian cancer and cervical cancer) is a severe threat to most women's lives. Endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and other chronic diseases-induced pain have significantly harmed women's physical and mental health. Despite recent advances in the female reproductive field, the existing challenges are still enormous such as personalization of disease, difficulty in diagnosing early cancers, antibiotic resistance in infectious diseases, etc. To confront such challenges, nanoparticle-based imaging tools and phototherapies that offer minimally invasive detection and treatment of reproductive tract-associated pathologies are indispensable and innovative. Of late, several clinical trials have also been conducted using nanoparticles for the early detection of female reproductive tract infections and cancers, targeted drug delivery, and cellular therapeutics. However, these nanoparticle trials are still nascent due to the body's delicate and complex female reproductive system. The present review comprehensively focuses on emerging nanoparticle-based imaging and phototherapies applications, which hold enormous promise for improved early diagnosis and effective treatments of various female reproductive organ diseases.

Actualization of differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women of reproductive age

The objective: to study the significance of the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the blood of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).Materials and methods. The examined cohort included 150 patients with CPPS, who according to the clinical manifestations were divided into groups A and B: group A (n=74) included the patients with CPPS and suspicion of endometriosis and group B (n=76) – patients with CPPS and suspicion for benign proliferative diseases of reproductive organs. The control group included healthy women (n=50).Serum TNF-α and plasma BDNF levels were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to study pain intensity.Results. The mean concentration of TNF-α in blood serum was significantly higher in women of group A (10.76±0.55 pg/ml) and group B (14.65±0.95 pg/ml) than in the control one (5.02±0.31 pg/ml). The mean concentration of BDNF in blood plasma was higher in women in group A (1473.88±53.02 pg/ml; p<0.001) and in group B (1711.65±66.79 pg/ml; p<0.01) compared to the control group (1082.91±56.24 pg/ml). The levels of TNF-α (p<0.001) and BDNF (p<0.01) are significantly higher in the blood of patients with CPPS and suspected combined benign proliferative diseases of the reproductive organs (group B) than in patients with CPPS and suspected endometriosis (group A).Between the intensity of pain according to VAS and the level of TNF-α in the blood a direct correlation of medium strength was found (r=0.56) in patients of group A and group B (r=0.62). A strong direct correlation between the intensity of pain according to VAS and the level of BDNF in the blood was established in women of group A (r=0.74) and group B (r=0.83).Between the disease duration and the level of TNF-α in the blood of patients a direct correlation of medium strength (r=0.65) in group A and a direct strong correlation (r=0.72) in group B were determined. Between the duration of the disease and the level of BDNF in the blood of patients a direct correlation of average strength was also establishe, a strong correlation (r=0.67) was determined in group A and a direct strong correlation (r=0.78) – group B.Conclusions. Women with CPPS and suspicion of benign proliferative diseases of the organs of the reproductive system have significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α and BDNF in the blood compared to healthy women (p<0.001).The existence of a direct correlation between the intensity of pain, the duration of the disease, and the levels of TNF-α and BDNF suggest the possibility of their use as objective markers of the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

Differential evaluation of the quality of life of women with chronic pelvic pain syndrome depending on concomitant pathologies.

The World Health Organization defines quality of life as a person’s perception of his position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he lives, as well as in relation to his goals, expectations, standards and problems. Today, chronic pelvic pain is considered a condition that can significantly affect the quality of life. At the same time, there are significant prospects for using this method to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The objective: to evaluate of changes in the quality of life of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) depending on accompanying pathologies. Materials and methods. The examined cohort included 150 patients with CPPS, who according to the clinical manifestations were divided into groups A and B: group A (n=74) – patients with CPPS and suspicion for endometriosis and group B (n=76) – patients with CPPS and suspicion for combined benign proliferative diseases of reproductive organs. The control group included healthy women (n=50).SF-36 questionnaire which involves the use of eight scales of questions to determine the level of quality of life was used to assess the quality of life.Results. A decrease in quality of life was found in all the scales of the SF-36 questionnaire in patients with CPPS. A statistically significant difference was found in all scales between A and B groups compared to the control group (p<0.001).In addition, a significant difference was found in all scales of the questionnaire between the group with CPPS and combined benign proliferative diseases of the reproductive organs compared to the group with CPPS and endometriosis (p<0.05). At the same time, the most significant changes were found in the scale of physical role functioning and the scale of social role functioning.Conclusions. The decrease in indicators on all scales of the SF-36 questionnaire in patients of the studied cohort confirms that CPPS significantly affects all areas of their quality of life. Significantly lower indicators were observed in the group with CPPS and combined hyperproliferative pathology compared to the group with CPPS and endometriosis (p<0.05).

Selection bias in a male-offspring cohort investigating fecundity: is there reason for concern?

Is there risk of selection bias in etiological studies investigating prenatal risk factors of poor male fecundity in a cohort of young men? The risk of selection bias is considered limited despite a low participation rate. Participation rates in studies relying on volunteers to provide a semen sample are often very low. Many risk factors for poor male fecundity are associated with participation status, and as men with low fecundity may be more inclined to participate in studies of semen quality, a risk of selection bias exists. A population-based follow-up study of 5697 young men invited to the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality (FEPOS) cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), 1998-2019. Young men (age range: 18 years, 9 months to 21 years, 4 months) born 1998-2000 by mothers included in the DNBC were invited to participate in FEPOS. In total, 1173 men answered a survey in FEPOS (n = 115 participated partly); of those, 1058 men participated fully by also providing a semen and a blood sample at a clinical visit. Differential selection according to parental baseline characteristics in the first trimester, the sons' own characteristics from the FEPOS survey, and urogenital malformations and diseases in reproductive organs from the Danish registers were investigated using logistic regression. The influence of inverse probability of selection weights (IPSWs) to investigate potential selection bias was examined using a predefined exposure-outcome association of maternal smoking in the first trimester (yes, no) and total sperm count analysed using adjusted negative binomial regression. A multidimensional bias analysis on the same association was performed using a variety of bias parameters to assess different scenarios of differential selection. Participation differed according to most parental characteristics in first trimester but did not differ according to the prevalence of a urogenital malformation or disease in the reproductive organs. Associations between maternal smoking in the first trimester and male fecundity were similar when the regression models were fitted without and with IPSWs. Adjusting for other potential risk factors for poor male fecundity, maternal smoking was associated with 21% (95% CI: -32% to -9%) lower total sperm count. In the bias analysis, this estimate changed only slightly under realistic scenarios. This may be extrapolated to other exposure-outcome associations. We were unable to directly assess markers of male fecundity for non-participants from, for example an external source and therefore relied on potential proxies of fecundity. We did not have sufficient power to analyse associations between prenatal exposures and urogenital malformations. The results are reassuring when using this cohort to identify causes of poor male fecundity. The results may be generalized to other similar cohorts. As the young men grow older, they can be followed in the Danish registers, as an external source, to examine, whether participation is associated with the risk of having an infertility diagnosis. The project was funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (R170-2014-855), the Capital Region of Denmark, Medical doctor Sofus Carl Emil Friis and spouse Olga Doris Friis's Grant, Axel Muusfeldt's Foundation (2016-491), AP Møller Foundation (16-37), the Health Foundation, Dagmar Marshall's Fond, Aarhus University and Independent Research Fund Denmark (9039-00128B). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. N/A.

The importance of vitamin D in the diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis.

There is still no unified theory of the occurrence of adenomyosis. The theories of retrograde menstruation, metaplasia, activation of Mullerian residues, lymphatic and vascular dissemination, iatrogenic dissemination, immunological changes, genetic predisposition, etc. are discussed. The theory of retrograde menstruation is the most relevant among all these theories. The aim is to study the content of folic acid, vitamins B1, D, E, ferritin in the blood, zinc, copper, calcium in the blood and removed uterine tissues, to assess the hormonal status in women with combined uterine pathology leiomyoma and adenomyosis. 150 women underwent a health examination, residents of the cities of Pavlodar and Nur-Sultan, aged 18 to 49years with benign dishormonal diseases of reproductive organs (the main group). The control group consisted of 40 women without gynaecological pathology. The study of the somatic status, objective general somatic, clinical and laboratory, gynaecological examination was carried out by routine methods. Ultrasound examination was performed for mammary glands, thyroid gland, pelvic organs in a real-time mode according to standard methods.

Diagnosis of neoplastic diseases of reproductive system in context of healthcare system modernization: need for integrated approach

The relevance of the problem of screening of tumor diseases of reproductive organs is caused by high rates of incidence of tendencies to rejuvenation, unsatisfactory results of therapy. In Russia, indicators of active detection of acute respiratory disease, diagnosis in the preinvasive and early stages remain low, adversely affecting the quality and life expectancy of the patient and her reproductive function. The purpose of the study: on the basis of the analysis of literature sources to establish the reasons for the ineffectiveness of screening of tumorous diseases of the reproductive organs. The results of the bibliographic analysis of modern screening principles and methods have shown that the main reasons for unsatisfactory screening and early diagnosis of tumor diseases of reproductive organs should be considered low scoring coverage rates, inconsistency of the legislative base, inconsistency of the start time, end of examination and screening interval, lack of a single information base with the possibility of fiing and archiving results of the survey, violation of the logistics of data exchange conducted research, expressed the dissonance of diagnostic capabilities in different regions, lack of an integrated approach and a single screening program nationwide. One of the possible solutions to decide this problem should be a solution to the implementation of a comprehensive diagnostic survey with a simultaneous assessment of the condition of all organs of the reproductive system, including the mammary glands, in order to timely identify the tumor diseases of reproductive organs with the formation of risk groups for tumor pathology and to correct tactic of reference.

Participation In Conducting The Visual Inspection Of Acetic Acid As An Early Detection Effort Towards The Servical Cancer Reviewed From Information Access and Knowledge

Background : the problem of the reproduction health is appeared because of the lack knowledge for women about reproduction health such as hygiene problem which can lead to various diseases of reproductive organs, one of those is cervical cancer. This cancer places at the second rank after breast cancer as the most common cancer suffered by Indonesian women. It is noted that there are more than 270.000 women died because of the servical cancer and it is estimated about 40.000 new cases of its cancer in each year. Aim: this study is aimed to analyze the knowledge and information access with mothers’ participation in conducting the visual inspection of acetic acid. Method : the type of this study is an analytic observational research. The population is the couple of mothers in childbearing age of a study and communication forum for moeslem women in Pucangan. The sampling technique applies the saturated sample that fulfilling the inclusion criteria, totally 76 respondents. Data Analysis uses X 2 for bivariate and logistics regression for multivariate. Result: there is a correlation of information access with the mothers’ participation in conducting visual inspection of acetic acid and there is a correlation of knowledge with the mothers’ participation in conducting visual inspection of acetic acid. Conclusion : knowledge and information access are including variables that can influence participation in the IVA test checkup are about 65.5% and the remaining are about 31.5% influenced by other factors outside the research model.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КОРОВ РАЗВОДИМЫХ В ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, С УЧЕТОМ АНАЛИЗА ОСНОВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЧИН ИХ ВЫБРАКОВКИ

The main breeds of cows bred in the Voronezh region are red-mottled, Simmental, Holstein, both domestic and imported selection. The milk productivity of the red-mottled breed is 6247.9 kg, the duration of production use of ncp is 2.9 lactation; the Simmental ncpis 6952.9 kg and ncp is 3.21, and the Holstein ncp is 8845.4 kg and ncp is 1.85, respectively. Imported Simmental and Holstein cattle have a high potential for milk productivity, but the longevity period with the technology of loose keeping is very short. The main reasons for culling imported cattle are transport injuries, metabolic disorders, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, breast diseases, hooves in general due to adaptation of body and the influence of production paratypical factors. With the technology of loose keeping of dairy herds as a result of intensive load, the main reasons for culling are udder diseases of ncp-19.5 %, diseases of the reproductive organs of ncp-25.1%, and limbs of ncp – 18.5 %. In conditions of year-round tie-up housing of cows, as a result of hypodynamia, metabolic disorders occur. Diseases of reproductive organs make up ncp-32.8%, as well as diseases of distal extremities of ncp-22.3. In a number of farms, protein overfeed is noted, as a result of which the body experiences an intense load, leading to a number of animal diseases. As a result, it is necessary to recommend and follow the technological principles of providing the necessary hygienic conditions that would be close to the physiological or natural requirements of animal’s body to ensure the efficiency of raw milk production.

Biogenic polyamines and genital gonococcal infection: facts and hypotheses

Genital gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases with significant gender differences in its clinical course. Laboratory verification of the diagnosis is associated with great difficulties in the cultivation and identification of the pathogen. Moreover, the diagnosis of female gonorrhea is a serious problem due to mild symptoms of the disease. Currently, a promising trend in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of reproductive organs is biochemical analysis of vaginal and sperm fluids, which have a rich component composition. Biogenic polyamines can be synthesized by both pro- and eukaryotic cells. These polycations are present in semen and vaginal fluid and can have a significant effect on various cell structures and functions. In this regard, the qualitative and quantitative composition, the level and ratio of these components and their changes can have a diagnostic value for infections of the genital tract. The aim of the review was to analyze current information on the role of biogenic polyamines in the physiological and biochemical potential of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and their participation in the development of genital gonococcal infection, taking into account the influence of sexual differences and a number of related factors. Special attention was paid to the origin and possible functional role of polyamines in the genital tract of men and women. As a result, taking into account the spectrum, origin and ratio of polyamines in the corresponding fluids, we formulated a hypothesis: the manifestation of the process in case of infection in men is largely determined by the reactivity of eukaryotic cells, but not the metabolic activity of the microbiota of the reproductive tract. At the same time, the development of “female” gonorrhea is primarily determined by the state of the microbiocenosis of the cervical vaginal biotope.

Sensitivity and Resistance of the Microbiota of Reproductive Organs and Mammary Gland of Cows to Anti-microbial Agents in Cases of Inflammation

This paper contains the results of complex microbiological studies (culture method, real-time PCR) of biological material from cows affected by inflammatory diseases of reproductive organs and mammary gland. Milk microbiota with underlying subclinical mastitis was represented by pathogenic (S. aureus, enteropathogenic E. coli), opportunistic bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, E. faecium, Streptococcus spp., S. agalactiae, P. aeruginosa) and yeast-like fungi of Candida spp. in association. Combined infectious and inflammatory diseases of genital tract and mammary gland in cows resulted in the same types of microorganisms in microflora composition, which confirms information obtained by other researchers on associated microbiota during inflammatory processes. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, Bacillus spp., and yeast-like fungi of Candida spp. were obtained from milk samples from cows with acute clinical mastitis and in vaginal washes from cows with acute postpartum endometritis. In the course of defining the sensitivity to antibiotics and identifying genes of antimicrobial resistance, multidrug resistance was established in most part of obtained strains, which should be taken into account when planning treatment measures.

Genes regulating biochemical pathways of oxygen metabolism in porcine oviductal epithelial cells during long-term IVC

Abstract Oxygen metabolism has an important role in the normal functioning of reproductive system, as well as the pathogenesis of female infertility. Oxidative stress seems to be responsible for the initiation or development of reproductive organ diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, preeclampsia, etc. Given the important role of maintaining balance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defence in the proper functioning of reproductive system, in the present study we aimed to analyse the expression of genes related to oxygen metabolism in porcine oviductal epithelial cells during long-term in vitro culture. The oviducts were collected from 45 crossbred gilts at the age of approximately nine months that displayed at least two regular oestrous cycles. The oviductal endothelial cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion to establish long-term primary cultures. Gene expression changes between 7, 15 and 30 daysof culturewere analysed with the use ofwhole transcriptome profiling by Affymetrix microarrays. The most of the “cellular response to oxidative stress” genes were upregulated. However, we did not observe any main trend in changes within the “cellular response to oxygen-containing compound” ontology group, where the gene expression levels were changed in various manner. Running title: Oxygen metabolism in porcine oviductal epithelial cells

Experience of investigation the microflora and ejaculate proteins with different ultrasound picture of prostate

At present, there are practically no studies deciphering the mechanisms of the possible influence of opportunistic pathogens on the morphological changes in the prostate gland. Many authors doubt that bacteria are the cause of chronic prostatitis. In clinical practice with prostate diseases preference is given to ultrasound examination as a reliable and time-consuming diagnostic test. At the same time, many authors note that for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of reproductive organs, the study of relevant secrets is an actual and promising scientific direction.The aim of the study was the investigation of qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora, a number of ejaculate proteins against the background of a different echoscopic picture of prostate.Materials and methods. The study included 18 men was in infertile couples for more than 3 years with a previously diagnosed chronic prostatitis (N41.1, observation group), and 28 healthy volunteers (comparison group). All participants in the study performed transrectal ultrasound. In the ejaculate, the concentrations of immunoglobulins of the main classes, total protein and albumin, as well as the level of oxidative modification of proteins were determined. Microbiological examination of the ejaculate was performed according to generally accepted methods. For statistical evaluation of the data obtained, an unpaired version of Student's t-test was used. Differences were considered statistically significant at p0.05.Results. Microflora of the ejaculate in observation group was represented mainly by gram-positive cocci. In 39% of cases, the growth of Gram-negative microflora was established, from which Escherichia coli was isolated in 71% of the samples. In most samples, microorganisms were in the association, which is more typical for diffuse changes in prostate tissue. In cases with fibrosis, a noticeable narrowing of the spectrum of the released microflora was recorded: from Gram-negative bacteria only E. coli was isolated, and Gram-positive microorganisms were absent altogether. It was shown that the development of fibrosis in the prostate gland tissue is accompanied by an increase in the concentration of total protein and albumin in the ejaculate. When the process goes to the calcification stage, the levels of these indicators decrease. It was found that in all cases, with the exception of severe fibrosis, the concentration of IgG increases and IgA decreases. The development of fibrosis is accompanied by a decrease in the level of IgG. In the present study, in determining the level of oxidative modification of proteins, a decrease in the concentration of such molecules was found in patients of observation group.Discussion. In general, chronic inflammation in prostate of men of reproductive age in more than 60% of cases was characterized by fibrosis of the organ tissue and/or the formation of calcifications. In such situation, conditions are created for the persistence of opportunistic pathogenic microflora in fibro-modified tissue beyond the reach of immune system factors. In addition, there are phenomena of secondary immunodeficiency at the local level, manifested in a decrease in the number of leukocytes and their radical-producing function. That is why we consider the detection of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms as an essential fact of the pathogenesis of prostatitis, especially in the case of fibrosis and the formation of calcifications. Thus, the qualitative and quantitative study of microflora, the presence and degree of modification of the main protein components of the ejaculate, to a greater or lesser extent reacting to infectious inflammation, is primarily an asymptomatic one, broadens the concept of the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis. As an addition to the ultrasound, its results allow us to clarify the duration of the inflammatory process, and to significantly decipher the echographic changes recorded at different stages of the development of the disease.

THE ROLE OF PLACENTAL DISORDERS AMONG RISK FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF ISOLATED HYPOSPADIAS

Aim of the study. The incidence of hypospadias increased by 2-3 times within the last 50 years. Changes in the frequency occurred mostly due to the gain of the distal isolated forms. The etiology of the majority of cases of the isolated hypospadias isn’t clear. The study of the origin hypospadias is at a stage of the search and assessment of the value of risk factors. The multifactorial pathology is supposed to be caused by changes in an organism of the mother, a placenta and environment factors. Our research is devoted to the assessment of placental factors in the formation of hypospadias. Material and Methods. We have performed a retrospective questionnaire among parents of 99 children with the isolated forms of hypospadias. The special attention was paid to the collecting of the family anamnesis, including data on diseases of reproductive organs, both at parents and at the immediate family in the male line and also data on a occupation, addictions (smoking) of parents. Information was also collected about the peculiarities of the course of the prenatal period and the outcome of childbirth. On the basis of the obtained data, an assessment of the influence of various “parental” factors on the formation of the isolated hypospadias forms in their sons is given. Results. In 4 out of 99 cases, the origin of isolated hypospadias has been caused by genetic deviations. Primary diseases of reproductive organs in parents have been noted as follow: in fathers in 18 of 95 cases, and in mothers in 12 cases. Most often the placenta pathology in the first trimester of pregnancy was shown by the threat of a spontaneous miscarriage (in 35 cases from 95). Placental disturbances during all pregnancy were accompanied by premature births in 25 cases. In 22 cases placental disorders were shown by a fetus arrest of development. Conclusions. In our research placental disturbances were the most frequent risk factors in the formation of the isolated hypospadias.

Репродуктивне здоров’я і дисфункція щитоподібної залози

Diseases of thyroid gland, according to world statistics, are found in almost 30% of the world’s population. Thyroid dysfunctions, according to many epidemiological studies, are quite widespread in the population. Normal development of the reproductive system occurs under the influence of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and during normal functioning of the thyroid gland. In turn, the state of the reproductive system has a pronounced effect on the function of the thyroid gland, as evidenced by changes in its function during pregnancy and lactation, in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, in girls during puberty and women during the menstrual cycle. The objective: is to evaluate the prevalence and effectiveness of diagnosis of dysfunction of thyroid dysfunction in women with reproductive health disorders to improve treatment and rehabilitation activities and quality of life. Materials and methods. In the first stage of a prospective study, 989 women of reproductive age were put through the method of continuous sampling. Based on the results of verifying the gynecological pathology, 350 patients who gave informed consent for participation in the second stage of the study, were divided into clinical groups for further comparative analysis of the prevalence of dysfunction of thyroid gland: I group – 159 (51.3%) patients with combined non-hormonal non-inflammatory pathology of reproductive organs and dyshormonal pathology of the mammary glands (genital endometriosis, adenomyosis / uterine leiomyoma in combination with endometrial hyperplasia), II group – 31 (8.9%) female with PCOS, III – 53 (15.1%) with endometriotic disease, IV group – 57 (16.3%) women with uterine leiomyoma. Absence of gynecological pathology and pathology of mammary glands at the time of the survey was found in 50 (14.3%) of women, which amounted to V group. Results. Structural and functional changes of the thyroid gland were found in 53.4% of women, while the frequency of detection of diffuse goiter I–II st. did not differ between clinical groups (p>0.05). The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis was higher in patients with dyshormonal pathology of the reproductive system than in healthy women (p=0.0001). The euthyroid state with combined dyshormonal and proliferative pathology occurred 1.5 to 1.9 times less frequently than in patients of other groups (p≤0.0005). Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 39,6% of the I group of women at 12.9%, 15.1% and 14.0% in the II, III and IV groups, respectively. At the same time, the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 60.6% for the I group in women who had diffuse goiter and / or autoimmune thyroiditis, with 8.6% of the manifest hypothyroidism that was absent in women with PCOS, and the prevalence of endometriosis disease and uterine leiomyomies were 1.9% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusion. Thus, the results of a two-stage study of thyroid gland thyroid dysfunction in women with dyshormonal pathology of reproductive organs of non-inflammatory genesis confirm that dysfunction of the thyroid gland, especially hypothyroidism, is a serious problem for reproductive health, requiring changes in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Key words: thyroid gland, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, reproductive health, non-inflammatory dyshormonal diseases of reproductive organs.

Disparities in the Use of Prophylactic Treatments in Reproductive Health between the Sexes: A Recommendation for the Use of HPV Vaccination Schemes Rather than Surgical Interventions to Reduce Inequities and Threats to the Public’s Health

On the issue of prophylactic treatment of reproductive diseases, the sexes have historically been treated using different standards under medical ethics guidelines and the laws of the United States. Women have drawn the focus of medical and legal scrutiny on issues of prophylactic reproductive health, and were often required to undergo quarantine and forced to receive treatment for reproductive diseases considered dangerous to public health. Women are now afforded protections against involuntary prophylactic procedures to prevent diseases in reproductive organs and are provided access to vaccinations against the human papillomavirus at a higher rate than males despite the disease’s ability to have a variety of negative impacts on both sexes. In order to control the spread of the human papillomavirus and to best ensure an opportunity for both sexes to maintain positive reproductive health, the rules guiding medical professionals and the laws of the United States and must treat both sexes equally in regards to granting them protection from unnecessary prophylactic treatments and in regards to allowing access to human papillomavirus vaccinations.

Sleep disturbances and semen quality in an Italian cross sectional study

IntroductionIn order to obtain information about the relationship between sleep disturbances and sperm parameters, we analyzed data from a study conducted in a Italian Fertility Clinic, in men of couples seeking help for infertility.Patients and methodsMale partners with or without a medical history of reproductive organ diseases (cryptorchidism, varicocele, orchitis, testicular torsion) were eligible for the study. There were 382 men evaluated from May 2014 to November 2016, all of whom completed a self-administered questionnaire on general lifestyle habits. Then all men underwent semen analysis. A total of 382 men aged 26 to 67 years (median age 39 year interquartile range 37–42) were recruited.Main resultsA total of 46.3% reported having sleep disturbances. In multivariate analysis, in absence of reproductive organ diseases, semen volume was lower in patients with difficulty in initiating sleep (2.0 ml, IQR 1.5–3.0 vs 3.0 ml, IQR 2.0–3.3, p = .01), whereas in presence of reproductive organ diseases motility A was lower in patients with early morning awakening (25.0%, IQR 15.0–35.0 vs. 40.0%, IQR 30.0–50.0, p = .001). In overweight men, semen volume was lower in patients with difficulty in initiating sleep (2.0 ml, IQR 1.5–3.0 vs 3.0 ml, IQR 2.0–3.0, p = .03). Moreover, among current smokers, patients with difficulty in initiating sleep had semen volume lower (1.5 ml, IQR 1.5–2.5 vs 3.0 ml, IQR 2.0–3.5, p = .0003) and sperm concentration higher (40 millions/ml, IQR 15–60 vs 10 millions/ml, IQR 5–50 p = .03) but total sperm count was not significant different.ConclusionFurther studies are necessary to elucidate the relationship between sleep quality and semen parameters, which may have important public health implication.

Zdravstveni, socijalni i demografski aspekti nekih rizičnih ponašanja mladih

Development of international traffic and tourism, migration of working society, spread of drug addiction disease and subsequent global economic crisis, unemployement as will as troubles in solving everyday existentional problems in young people gradually contributed to unadaptability, disturbance and even to the breakdown of traditional rules of behaviour within families and social surrounding. The wide influx of personal computers in home and schools has enabled to young generation earlier access to various knowledges including those relating sexuality. It has contributed to the earlier sexual maturity and sexual contacts in younger period of life. Alienation from family and replacement of her influence with the feeling of belonging to the persons of same age, exposure to various risky behaviours (smoking, alcohol, drug addiction, unprotected sexual contacts, gambling), especially dangerous for girls (diseases of reproductive organs, undesirable gravidity, abortus, sterility, break up of schooling and disturbances of social relations). The worrysome fact is the highest abortion rate in adolescent girls in Europe (together with Great Britain). Health education to prevent risk behaviour in young people should be performed in schools in pre­adolescent period (fifth class of elementary) school respectively in age before experiencing first sexual contact. Every pupil has at least one teacher, some students do not have parents, however, not every parent is interested or capable in opening such a delicate subject with his child. Corresponding educational programme integrated in teaching curricula of elementary schools will contribute to positive demographic development in Serbia.

Assessment of the effectiveness of targeted therapy in women with hyperplastic gynecological syndrome and comorbid diseases

In the structure of general gynaecological morbidity a leading place is occupied by combined benign proliferative diseases of the reproductive system, which are considered by number of authors as a “hyperplastic gynecological syndrome”. The global effects on receptor apparatus of the entire reproductive system causes many common gynecological diseases (uterine fibroids, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia) and benign breast diseases as hormone-receptor tissue simultaneously respond to adverse irritants. Stress, immune disorders, infectious diseases, structural and functional disorders of the thyroid gland can initiate imbalance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system. The lack of thyroid hormone affects almost all processes of life, as their impact is realized on the cellular and molecular levels, of all organs and body systems. Were conducted a study evaluating the effectiveness of a 6-month target therapy by Epihalin Brest in the complex treatment of patients with combined benign proliferative diseases of reproductive organs and comorbid disorders (subclinical hypothyroidism, excessive body weight). The criteria for the effectiveness of therapy by dynamics of reduction of clinical symptoms, normalization of hormonal homeostasis condition of the endometrium and breast. Combined therapy of this category of patients as a result of synergies medicinal components (Epihalin Brest, vaginal micronized progesterone, levothyroxine) allowed to reach full clinical and laboratory effects in 98.0% of women, while maintaining in the comparison group (therapy without Epihalin Brest) menstrual disorders in 10% cyclic mastalgia and mastodynia in 43.3% of patients. The positive effect of Epihalin Brest in case of combined dishormonal proliferative processes of reproductive organs on the background of comorbid pathology based on multifocal influences withe universal anti-estrogenic and anti-proliferative effects which eliminate the state of relative and absolute hyper-oestrogens, reduce local inflammation in target organs, improve or restore fully hierarchical mechanisms of hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle and trophic receptor apparatus and target organs and thyroid. Post-therapeutic positive effect of Epihalin Brest confirmed the absence of recurrence of clinical manifestations in 96.0% of patients and high occurrence of desired pregnancies.