Diseases In Indonesia Research Articles

Isolation and characterization of an orthoreovirus from Indonesian fruit bats

Nelson Bay orthoreovirus (NBV) is an emerging bat-borne virus and causes respiratory tract infections in humans sporadically. Over the last two decades, several strains genetically related to NBV were isolated from humans and various bat species, predominantly in Southeast Asia (SEA), suggesting a high prevalence of the NBV species in this region. In this study, an orthoreovirus (ORV) belonging to the NBV species was isolated from Indonesian fruit bats' feces, tentatively named Paguyaman orthoreovirus (PgORV). Serological studies revealed that 81.2% (108/133) of Indonesian fruit bats sera had neutralizing antibodies against PgORV. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of PgORV suggested the occurrence of past reassortments with other NBV strains isolated in SEA, indicating the dispersal and circulation of NBV species among bats in this region. Intranasal PgORV inoculation of laboratory mice caused severe pneumonia. Our study characterized PgORV's unique genetic background and highlighted the potential risk of PgORV-related diseases in Indonesia.

Urbanization and Unfavorable Changes in Metabolic Profiles: A Prospective Cohort Study of Indonesian Young Adults.

The substantial increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia might be driven by rapid socio-economic development through urbanization. Here, we carried out a longitudinal 1-year follow-up study to evaluate the effect of urbanization, an important determinant of health, on metabolic profiles of young Indonesian adults. University freshmen/women in Jakarta, aged 16–25 years, who either had recently migrated from rural areas or originated from urban settings were studied. Anthropometry, dietary intake, and physical activity, as well as fasting blood glucose and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at baseline and repeated at one year follow-up. At baseline, 106 urban and 83 rural subjects were recruited, of which 81 urban and 66 rural were followed up. At baseline, rural subjects had better adiposity profiles, whole-body insulin resistance, and adipokine levels compared to their urban counterparts. After 1-year, rural subjects experienced an almost twice higher increase in BMI than urban subjects (estimate (95%CI): 1.23 (0.94; 1.52) and 0.69 (0.43; 0.95) for rural and urban subjects, respectively, Pint < 0.01). Fat intake served as the major dietary component, which partially mediates the differences in BMI between urban and rural group at baseline. It also contributed to the changes in BMI over time for both groups, although it does not explain the enhanced gain of BMI in rural subjects. A significantly higher increase of leptin/adiponectin ratio was also seen in rural subjects after 1-year of living in an urban area. In conclusion, urbanization was associated with less favorable changes in adiposity and adipokine profiles in a population of young Indonesian adults.

The relationship between the built environment and respiratory health: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Indonesia

Multiple studies have discussed the relationship between the built environment and non-infectious diseases, but research involving infectious diseases and the built environment is scarce. How the built environment is associated with infectious diseases varies across areas, and previous literature produces mixed results. This study investigated the relationship between the built environment and infectious diseases in Indonesia, which has different settings compared to developed countries. We combined the longitudinal panel data, Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), and land cover data to examine the relationship between the built environment and the likelihood of contracting respiratory infectious diseases. We focused on the sprawl index to measure the built environment. The study confirmed that a sprawling neighbourhood is linked to lower respiratory infection symptoms by employing a fixed effect method. The association is more evident in urban areas and for females. The results also suggested that the linkage works through housing quality, such as housing crowdedness and ventilation, and neighbourhood conditions like neighbourhood transportation modes and air pollution levels. Thus, our results underlined the need to consider the health consequences of the densification policy and determine the direction of landscape planning and policy.

THE EFFECT OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR ON HEALTH EXPENDITURE IN INDONESIA’S RURAL AREAS

Smoking is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. The WHO reported that smoking kills 8 million people each year. Besides threatening global health, smoking by rural people tends to detain poverty alleviation efforts due to several factors, including cigarette expenditures and health expenditures. Indonesia has one of the most significant worldwide smoking prevalence and has become one of the countries that most suffer from smoking. The MoH Indonesia reported that health costs due to smoking reached Rp596.61 trillion in 2015. Previous studies found that smoking caused an increase in health expenditure due to smoking-related diseases in Indonesia. However, there is a lack of evidence found in rural areas. This research aims to answer whether smoking affects health expenditure in rural areas. Robust regression analysis is used in this model and processed by STATA 14 application. Using IFLS 5 data, the analysis shows that cigarettes consumed in rural areas have a positive and significant effect on outpatient costs. Increased outpatient costs in rural areas due to smoking will make the rural economy suffer and escalate poverty. The government should intensify the tobacco control policy in rural areas to avoid an increase of poverty rate in Indonesia.

Control of Scabies in a Boarding School Using 5% Permethrin Applied on Lesion Only

Scabies is one of the most neglected tropical skin diseases in Indonesia. It is usually found in overcrowded communities with poor hygiene. The gold standard for scabies treatment is the whole-body topical application of 5% permethrin cream. However, the treatment causes inconvenience and stickiness for a prolonged period. The modification of topical treatment by applying only to the lesion yielded results similar with whole-body topical application. We consider using this mode of treatment to control the disease in a boarding school. The study was conducted from June to August 2019. All students were examined by dermatologists, and individuals who were diagnosed with scabies were treated using 5% permethrin for 12 h before wash-off (week 0) applied on the lesion only and reapplied a week after. The evaluation was conducted on weeks 4 and 8 by observing scabies lesions. Local health cadres were also trained, and environmental interventions were also performed. A total of 75 participants were analyzed. Most lesions were found on predilection sites such as finger web spaces of the left (57.3%) and right (58.7%) hands, gluteal region (60%), and penis (40%). The cure rate (CR) was 83%–100% of the lesions in week 4, which increased to 95%–100% in week 8. The CR on week 8 compared with baseline was 94.7% (p < 0.001). A total of 23 cadres were trained, and from post-test, 84% of the cadres showed good knowledge of scabies management. This novel application of 5% permethrin cream on the lesion only is an effective alternative to the conventional whole-body topical application.

Analisis Pencegahan Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD)

Introduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the endemic diseases in Indonesia and several countries. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is transmitted through mosquito bites from the Aedes genus, especially Aedes Aegypti. Objectives: DHF prevention efforts must be carried out now. What is held by the government is PSN (mosquito nest eradication) which is carried out by 3M plus (draining, closing, and utilizing and recycling used goods). Method: This study uses a descriptive research method that aims to analyze the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in the working area of ​​UPTD Puskesmas Sukmajaya District. Result: The results of the problem identification obtained are the lack of 3M behavior, the habit of hanging clothes in the house, and the lack of behavior in cleaning puddles, such as in dispensers, and water reservoirs behind the refrigerator, bird drinking places, and others. Conclusion: The priority of problem-solving is to provide an active method of activity by conducting public health facilitation activities as an effort to increase public awareness of the prevention behavior of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) through 3M.

WORKSHOP OF TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIBACTERIAL EXTRACT OF SURUHAN (peperomia pellucida l. Kunth) LEAVES AGAINST staphylococcus epidermidis BACTERIA

Skin infections or dermatitis are included in the ten most common diseases in Indonesia, so the use of antibiotics is very high. The increasing use of antibiotics will cause an increase in the use of inappropriate antibiotics. The purpose of this research and community service was to find out the leaf extract of suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) with a variety of solvents providing anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria and conveying information to the public about the leaf extract that can be used as an acne medication. The results showed that the inhibition of ethanol extract and aquadest leaves of suruhan against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 25 mg/mL clear zone 6.0 mm ethanol extract and 5.4 mm aquadest extract (Potentially Weak), concentration 50 mg/mL diameter of the extract inhibition zone ethanol 8.46 mm and aquadest extract 6.53 mm (medium potential), concentration 75 mg/mL diameter of inhibition zone 12.96 mm ethanol extract and 8.53 mm aquadest extract (strong potential). From the research data obtained, it is socialized to the public regarding the antibacterial activity of the leaves of suruhan against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The purpose of Community Service (PKM) is to provide information to the public that suruhan leaves can be used as an antibacterial to inhibit bacterial growth even with various types of solvent concentrations used. The conclusion in this study is that there are many plants that can be used to inhibit the growth and development of acne-causing bacteria, one of which is the leaf plant among young people.

Penerapan Algoritma Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) dalam Pengelompokan Provinsi di Indonesia berdasarkan Indikator Penyakit Menular Manusia

Infectious diseases are diseases that can be spread from sick people to healthy people. Infectious diseases in Indonesia include HIV, AIDS, tuberculosis and dengue fever. The purpose of this study is that the grouping of provinces in Indonesia based on indicators of infectious diseases and population density is needed to determine the level of spread of the disease in an area and also as an anticipation of the government in distributing health facilities. The clustering method used in this research is Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). From the research that has been done, the results obtained in 2019 and 2020, the grouping of provinces in Indonesia is divided into 3 clusters. The highest Shillouette Coefficient value in 2019 was 0.9151. Meanwhile, in 2020, the Shillouette Coefficient value is 0.91899.

Salt taste threshold and sodium intake on the incidence of hypertension in adults in Depok, West Java

Hypertension is one of the most non-communicable diseases in Indonesia. The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is 25.8% based on measurements at age ≥ 18 years. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of hypertension is sodium intake and several studies have shown that there is a relationship between hypertension and salt taste threshold. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between salt taste threshold and sodium intake with the incidence of hypertension at the age of 18-60 years in the Cimanggis District Health Center, Depok City in 2019. This study used a case control design of outpatients in the Cimanggis District Health Center, Depok City. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data characteristics were collected using administered questionnaire. Sodium intake was measured using the SQ-FFQ, and salt taste threshold was measured using the Khobragade method, with 5 variation of sodium concentration. Sodium intake in the case group was higher than the control group, with an average sodium intake in the case group of 2,620 mg and in the control group of 2,100 mg. The taste threshold in the case group increased by 20% while in the control group as much as 12%. There was no significant relationship between salted taste threshold and the incidence of hypertension, but there was significant relationship between sodium intake and hypertension.

The Influence of My Plate Campaign to Increase Local Fruit And Vegetable Consumption

Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals whose functions are important and almost irreplaceable. Several meta-analyses have shown that adequate fruit and vegetable consumption reduces the risk of several non-communicable diseases. According to the recommendations, in 2014, only 2.9% of the Indonesian people consumed enough fruits and vegetables. This literature review aims are to discuss the My Plate (Isi Piringku) campaign to increase local fruit and vegetable consumption. This research method is a literature study obtained from Google Scholar and articles from the mass media using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The keywords used in this literature search included:"non-communicable diseases, consumption of vegetables and fruit, My Plate program, Guidelines for Balanced Nutrition". The low consumption of vegetables and fruit risks increasing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, while sufficient consumption (400 grams/person/day) can prevent the risk of non-communicable diseases. The vegetables and fruit consumption in Indonesia is still under the recommended amount. My Plate campaign is expected to increase vegetables and fruits consumption in society. Strategies are needed to increase the consumption of vegetables and fruits, including using school-based intervention as entry points for changes in community knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding balanced nutrition.

IMPROVING PKK CADRES LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIBIOTIC MANAGEMENT THROUGH PHARMACISTS-DELIVERED EDUCATION INTERVENTION IN BOJONGSARI, BANYUMAS

The prevalence of infectious diseases in Indonesia is high, so it can increase the use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics which is around 40-60%. Inaddition to relatively long antibiotic therapy regimen, the lack of public knowledge in the rational use of antibiotics can cause patients to be less the risk of occurrence of antibiotic resistance, this study aims to determine the level of knowledge of PKK Cadres and to determine the level of community knowledge after providing PKK Cadres education with pharmacist assitance on antibiotic management. PKK cadres are the driving force behind village communities to carry out local health programs. The research method is a comparative descriptive with a cross sectional approach using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire and it is carried out before and after the implementation of pharmacist education. Collecting data by purposive sampling. Knowledge data of pretest and posttest were analyzed bivariately. The results of the evaluation of the education process indicated that there was an increase in the knowledge of PKK Caders. The results of pre-test dan post-test average showed increased of knowledge among PKK cadres from 69.28 to 85. The results of Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference in the PKK cadres level knowledge from the pre-test and post-test data of antibiotic management after receiving education from the pharmacist (p&lt;0.005). Providing education on antibiotic management to PKK cadres by pharmacists has increased PKK cadres’ knowledge of antibiotic management. It is hoped that PKK cadres can disseminate this knowledge to the wider community to preventing antibiotic resistance.

Women’s Weight Gain Analysis Using the Neural Network Method in Medan, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Obesity has become a global problem and has even been declared a global epidemic by the WHO. The high percentage of non-infectious diseases in Indonesia is 69.911%. This is experienced by people aged over 18 years. Central obesity is experienced by 26.6% of Indonesia's population (44.3 million people). Non-infectious diseases are the biggest cause of death and disability in Indonesia, 80% of non-infectious diseases are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The impact caused by this case can affect various aspects in the health, economic, socio-cultural, and psychological fields of the sufferer. Therefore, it is very important to prevent and control it. Many health promotion efforts have been carried out to overcome them, from conventional to modern health promotion activities that are considered not optimal to overcome them. The use and utilization of technology is one of the best solutions for solving public service problems. At least its utilization can overcome various geographical, time, and socio-economic problems.&#x0D; AIM: Assessment is required to determine the primary cause of weight gain.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY: This type of research is a survey with an explanatory type, to analyze the causal relationship between research variables and body mass index. It was conducted in the city of Medan in 21 (twenty-one) districts. Through sampling with two-stage cluster sampling, as many as 210 women aged 35–50 years were included in the research sample.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the Random Forest Algorithm calculation test and the Neural Network method with MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) showed that the history of being overweight, contraceptive use, and diet were the dominant factors influencing Body Mass Index.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The history of weight gain with age is the dominant factor influencing changes in body mass index.

Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis among adults: The 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey.

AimThis study aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and periodontitis among Indonesian adults.Materials and MethodsCross‐sectional data from the 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey (Riskesdas) was analysed. The sample included dentate individuals aged 35 years or older for whom complete information was available on components of MetS and periodontitis, including bleeding on probing (BOP) (N = 13,356), pocket depth (PD) (N = 13,273), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) (N = 13,000). Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with negative binomial regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 41.0%. The prevalence of individuals having at least one tooth with BOP, one tooth with PD ≥4 mm, or one sextant with CAL ≥4 mm was 74.9%, 40.7%, and 40.6%, respectively. No associations were observed between MetS and BOP, PD, or CAL, but hyperglycaemia was constantly positively associated with BOP (RR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.11), PD (RR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.03–1.23), and CAL (RR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.08–1.23).ConclusionsOur findings support the potential influence of hyperglycaemia on periodontitis. Incorporating oral disease prevention strategies into the management of systemic diseases could be beneficial for reducing the burden of these diseases in Indonesia.

LITERACY CHARACTERISTICS OF CALCULUS AND ITS ROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMMUNITY SERVICE

The prevalence of dental and oral diseases in Indonesia tends to increase. The problem of high rate in dental and oral disease are currently influenced by community behavioural factors. High rate of dental and oral disease was also because of the Indonesian population who realized that they has dental and oral problem is only 23% of population. Community behaviour is closely related to the level of public knowledge about gum health and tartar. Lack of knowledge about gum health and ignorance of the dangers of tartar that caused by dental plaque causing people not to take advantage of dental health services when they have dental plaque and even become inflammation of the gums. That condition, will contribute to poor dental health status of the community. Therefore, this community service is carried out for educate the characteristics of calculus, gum inflammation and the treatment of tartar.

Using Artificial Neural Network for System Education Eye Disease Recognition Web-Based

According to Vision Indonesia, data on people with eye diseases in Indonesia in 2018-2019 were 3 million people or about 1.5% of the total population. So far, public information or knowledge about the recognition of eye disease disorders is still lacking. The problem in this study is how to educate the public about the introduction of eye diseases based on information on symptoms of the disease and how to apply the web-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for the introduction of eye diseases. The ANN algorithm in the eye disease recognition education system can conclude knowledge even though it does not have certainty and takes it into account sequentially so that the process is faster. In terms of educational content about eye disease recognition, this is a novelty to use. This research aims to create an educational system for introducing eye diseases based on information on symptoms of the disease and applying a web-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for the recognition of eye diseases. The method used is the Artificial Neural Network algorithm method. The work of ANN in the education system for the introduction of eye diseases is to make parameters of eye disease symptoms or indicators that will produce the type of eye disease. The research material used is data on types of eye diseases and symptoms of each type of eye disease. The research results are to create an education system that can help the public recognise eye diseases based on the symptoms of these eye diseases that can be run on a web platform. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm can manage input analysis data from disease indicators and show the initial results of eye diseases that can be detected. suffered by someone based on Training Results Weights and Bias v11= 1.6769, v01= 0.4356, w11= -1.5233, w01= 0.3242. Based on white box testing, the test results are free from logical errors. The results of this study indicate that the use of the ANN algorithm for eye disease recognition shows accurate results based on eye disease symptom data.

The 2019 economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in Indonesia

BackgroundIn 2019, ever-smoking prevalence among adults in Indonesia was 32.8%, which may correlate with a high burden on the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to estimate the economic...

DESCRIPTION OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN ACTIVE SMOKERS USING THE CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE PEROXSIDASE AMINOANTYPIRIN (CHOD-PAP) METHOD IN PUSKESMAS KABILA

Smoking can cause various health problems such as disorders of the blood vessels, deaths caused by vascular system diseases in Indonesia totaling 468,700 people or it is the 6th largest of all WHO group countries. This is because cigarette smoke contained in tobacco is one of the substances that can interfere with the body's work and affect cholesterol metabolism in the body, damaging the walls of blood vessels so that it makes it easier for fats to stick to the walls of the blood vessels.&#x0D; The purpose of this study was to describe the total cholesterol levels in active smokers using the Cholesterol Oxidase Peroxsidase Aminoantypirin (CHOD-PAP) method.&#x0D; This research is a quantitative descriptive study using simple random sampling technique. The population in this study were 428 active smokers with a sample of 28. Sampling was carried out at the district health center, bone bolango district, and an examination was carried out at the Regional Health Laboratory Center of Gorontalo Province from 12 to 16 October using a 5010 photometer.&#x0D; Based on the research results found 18 respondents who who have high total cholesterol levels with a percentage of 64.3% and 10 respondents who have normal total cholesterol levels with a percentage of 35.7% and factors that can affect total cholesterol levels in smokers are genetics, age and habits of consuming high-fat foods. Active smokers are advised to stop consuming cigarettes or reduce the number of cigarettes consumed.&#x0D;

Overview of the Factors Affecting the Length of Treatment for Patients with Typhoid Fever in Children at Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar in 2018

Typhoid fever is one of the endemic diseases in Indonesia caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever transmission occurs due to personal hygiene behavior and poor environmental hygiene. Several factors can affect the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children. This study was conducted to determine the description of the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children at the Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar in 2018 based on age, nutritional status, and types of antibiotics. This research is a descriptive study using quantitative methods. The study sample was 75 patients with typhoid fever in children aged 1-18 years. The data was used in the form of secondary data in the form of medical records. The results of the study from 75 patients showed that short length of treatment based on age was found in the 11-14 year age group as many as 22 people (37.3%), the short length of treatment based on nutritional status was mostly found in normal nutritional status as many as 56 people (94.9%), the short length of treatment based on the type of antibiotic was found in the use of the antibiotic ceftriaxone as many as 39 people (66.1%). Most of the length of treatment for typhoid fever patients in children had a short duration of treatment as many as 59 people (78.7%).

Rule-based Disease Classification using Text Mining on Symptoms Extraction from Electronic Medical Records in Indonesian

Recently, electronic medical record (EMR) has become the source of many insights for clinicians and hospital management. EMR stores much important information and new knowledge regarding many aspects for hospital and clinician competitive advantage. It is valuable not only for mining data patterns saved in it regarding the patient symptoms, medication, and treatment, but also it is the box deposit of many new strategies and future trends in the medical world. However, EMR remains a challenge for many clinicians because of its unstructured form. Information extraction helps in finding valuable information in unstructured data. In this paper, information on disease symptoms in the form of text data is the focus of this study. Only the highest prevalence rate of diseases in Indonesia, such as tuberculosis, malignant neoplasm, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive, and renal failure, are analyzed. Pre-processing techniques such as data cleansing and correction play a significant role in obtaining the features. Since the amount of data is imbalanced, SMOTE technique is implemented to overcome this condition. The process of extracting symptoms from EMR data uses a rule-based algorithm. Two algorithms were implemented to classify the disease based on the features, namely SVM and Random Forest. The result showed that the rule-based symptoms extraction works well in extracting valuable information from the unstructured EMR. The classification performance on all algorithms with accuracy in SVM 78% and RF 89%.

Identifying palliative care needs of patients with non-communicable diseases in Indonesia using the SPICT tool: a descriptive cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn Indonesia, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) are a contributing factor to mortality with most cases involving heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease and diabetes. Accordingly, the identification of palliative care needs is very important as a first step in providing palliative care for these patients with NCD. However, currently there is no national standardized tool nor guidance system for identifying palliative care needs of NCD patients in Indonesia. The Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT) has been used worldwide for screening palliative care needs. This study aimed to identify palliative care needs in NCD patients using the SPICT tool.MethodsThis descriptive study used a cross-sectional design. Sampling technique used convenience sampling with a total sample of 124 adult patients with NCD in Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. Data collection used the Indonesian version of the SPICT. Data analyses used descriptive statistics and chi-square tests with p < 0,05 set as significant. Additionally, the prevalence of patients requiring palliative care was also calculated.ResultsThe patients with NCD requiring palliative care who were screened using the SPICT tool were 61.3%. The nurses identified only 17.7%, while the physicians identified only 9.7%. The overall agreement of the clinician’s assessments to the researchers was < 32%. Meanwhile, agreement with nurses was 31 and 25% with the physicians.ConclusionsThese results highlight that by using the SPICT tool, recognition of hospitalized patients with NCD needing palliative care increased from 10 to 18% to > 61%. The Indonesian version of the SPICT tool can help the clinicians to reach meet agreement in identifying hospitalized patients who need palliative care as the first step in addressing palliative interventions for patients with NCD. It can provide several benefits in screening patients with NCD from the beginning of diagnosis.