Disease In Korean Adults Research Articles

Recent trends in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Korean adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2013.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with aging, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and has become a public health burden worldwide. We investigated the trends of CKD prevalence over a period of 16years in Korean adults based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): phase I (1998), II (2001), III (2005), IV (2007-09), V (2010-2012), and VI (2013). Of the 105,504 individuals aged over 20years who participated in KNHANES I-VI, 55,191 (23,729 men and 31,462 women) were included in the present study. The sequential percentage of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60ml/min/1.73m2 in KNHANES I-VI was 1.0, 4.2, 3.2, 1.9, 1.6, and 2.1% in men and 3.6, 9.3, 10.4, 3.1, 1.6, and 2.0% in women, respectively. The percentage of proteinuria ≥1+ in men rebounded after KNHANES V (3.1, 2.9, 2.8, 1.9, 1.1, and 1.7% in KNHANES I-VI, respectively), but in women declined across all KNHANES reads (3.4, 2.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.0, and 0.9%, respectively). The prevalence of CKD rebounded after KNHANES V for men (3.9, 6.8, 5.5, 3.5, 2.4, and 3.5% in KNHANES I-VI) while those in women decreased to a plateau level (6.6, 10.9, 11.4, 4.2, 2.4, and 2.4% in KNHANES I-VI, respectively). Our study shows that the prevalence of CKD in Korean adults has decreased overall, but since KNHANES V there has been a rebound in men while no changes in women.

Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults: the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Sarcopenia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share similar pathophysiological mechanisms, and the relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD has been recently investigated. The study investigated whether low skeletal muscle mass is differentially associated with NAFLD by gender in Korean adults. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was obtained by the appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by the weight. NAFLD was defined as a fatty liver index (FLI) ≥60 in the absence of other chronic liver disease. Among the included subjects, 18.3% (SE: 1.4%) in men and 7.0% (SE: 0.7%) in women were classified as having FLI-defined NAFLD. Most of the risk factors for FLI-defined NAFLD showed a significant negative correlation with the SMI in both genders. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that low SMI was associated with FLI-defined NAFLD, independent of other metabolic and lifestyle parameters in both genders [males: odds ratio (OR)=1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.54; females: OR=1.36; 95% CI: 1.18-1.55]. The magnitude of the association between FLI-defined NAFLD and low SMI was higher in middle aged to elderly males (OR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.22-1.84) than in males less than 45 years of age (OR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.02-1.52) and in premenopausal females (OR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.12-2.03) than in postmenopausal females (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 1.20-1.54). Low SMI is associated with the risk of FLI-defined NAFLD independent of other well-known metabolic risk factors in both genders. This association may differ according to age group or menopausal status. Further studies are warranted to confirm this relationship.

A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Benign Laryngeal Disease in Korean Adults

Studies on alcohol consumption and benign laryngeal disease (BLD) in the general population are rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and BLD in the Korean general population. This was a cross-sectional study of a national health survey. Subjects were 3141 noninstitutionalized civilian adults older than 19 years (1313 men and 1828 women) who completed the laryngeal examination of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2008. Frequency of drinking was classified into less than once per week, two to three times per week, and more than four times per week. Binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks (≥61g of alcohol) per episode for men and as four or more drinks (≥41g of alcohol) per episode for women. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between alcohol drinking and BLD. Adjusting for covariates (age, sex, income, level of education, occupation, and cigarette smoking), it was found that those who drank more than four times a week, compared with those who drank less than once per week, were more likely to have BLD (risk ratio=2.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-4.59, P<0.05). However, the amount of alcohol consumed was not associated with BLD. Frequent drinking (ie, more than four times a week) was found to be a risk factor for BLD.

Association between Smoking and Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010 and 2012).

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate an association between smoking, smoking cessation, and periodontal disease in Korean adults.MethodsThe data were collected from 8,336 participants, aged between 20 and 64 years, who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination (2010 and 2012). Smoking status was assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Periodontal disease was defined as a community periodontal index ≥3 points. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate an association between smoking, smoking cessation, and periodontal disease after adjusting for age, sex, education, monthly income, diabetes, obesity, alcohol intake, and frequency of tooth brushing.ResultsThe risk of periodontal disease was higher among current smokers (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.83) than never smokers. Among current smokers, the risk of periodontal disease was increased in smokers of ≥10 cigarettes/d, ≥20 years duration, and >10 pack-years compared with never smokers (P<0.05). Among former smokers, the risk of periodontal disease after 10 years since cessation declined to 0.56 (95% CI, 0.42-0.75) compared with current smokers and was indistinguishable statistically from never smokers.ConclusionPeriodontal disease is significantly associated with smoking status in Korean adults.

한국 성인의 대사 증후군이 치주질환에 미치는 영향

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influencing factors of metabolic syndrome on the periodontal disease in the Korean adults over 40 years old. Methods: The data were extracted from the Fifth National Health Nutrition Survey 2010. The subjects were adults over 40 years old. The periodontal diseases were examined by direct survey. The questionnaire consisted of the general characteristics of the subjects, oral health behavior, metabolic syndrome, and relation to periodontal diseases. CPI(community periodontal index) was measured. CPI indicates periodontal condition and classified into alveolar arch of the upper jaw and the lower jaw. A periodontal disease is defined as CPI≥3(over 4 mm). The variables for metabolic diseases included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity measured as BMI. Results: Diabetes mellitus is closely related to periodontal diseases prevalence. Low level of HDL increase the periodontal diseases. Number of toothbrushung, use of dental floss and interdental toothbrush as for the number of toothbrushing, more than twice toothbrushing a day, and use of dental floss and interdental toothbrush reduced periodontal diseases. Conclusions: The risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults over 40 years old were sex, age, residence, monthly income, education level, smoking, diabetes and low HDL cholesterol.

비만과 스트레스가 구강건강에 미치는 영향

1 The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of obesity and stress on oral disease in Korean adults by using the data of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects of this study are 4,627 adults at the age of 19 to 64, and the data were analyzed by using SPSS Windows ver.18.0. The results are as follows: Obesity was higher in men and the age of 40 to 64 than the other. And the group with lower education or lower income level tended to show significantly higher obesity (p 0.05). As to correlation among variables, there were correlations between BMI and WHR, stress and TMD, masticatory problems and periodontal disease or TMD (p<0.05). About the effects of general characteristics, obesity, and stress on oral disease, age was the variable influencing TMD, and age and abdominal obesity were the variables influencing masticatory problems (p<0.05). In this society, the environment surrounding individuals is fairly complex, and the concept of health including quality of life has more complex meaning than in the past. Various factors are influencing obesity and stress, and they are also influencing oral health and behaviors. Accordingly, it will be needed not only to make efforts to reduce obesity and stress but also to employ approaches from different perspectives to improve oral health.

성인의 치아우식증 및 치주질환에 영향을 미치는 요인

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to dental caries and periodontal disease in Korean adults. Methods: The subjects were 5,149 adults over 19 years old who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 statistical package program. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions of independent variables and 2 kinds of dependent variables including dental caries and periodontal diseases by direct interview. The independent variables included 5 questions of general characteristics, 3 questions of health behavior, 5 questions of oral health behavior, and 4 questions of chronic diseases diagnosed by the doctors. Results: The prevalence rate of dental caries was higher in those who did not regularly work out and did not receive regular checkups including dental floss and dental brush use. The prevalence rate of periodontal diseases was higher in male adults, smokers, and those who were obese and had diabetes mellitus, poor oral health care habit without using dental floss and inter-dental brush. Conclusions: In order to prevent the dental caries in the adults, it is very important to do regular exercise and regular dental checkup. The best ways of dental caries prevention include tooth brushing after meal with use of dental floss and inter-dental brush. This study suggests that dental health promotion can be enhanced by smoking cessation, ideal body weight maintenance, timely tooth brushing after meal, and use of dental floss and inter-dental brush.

Estimating Quality-Adjusted Life-Year Loss Due to Noncommunicable Diseases in Korean Adults through to the Year 2040

ObjectivesTo estimate the loss in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in Korean adults due to 13 noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in 2010 and predict changes in QALY loss through to the year 2040. MethodsThirteen NCDs (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, cataract, and depression) were selected from the Korean Community Health Survey 2010. The EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire index from the Korean Community Health Survey 2010 and the Korean valuation set were used to estimate utility weights according to sex, age, and disease. Morbidity data were also obtained from the Korean Community Health Survey 2010. Mortality data according to disease and life expectancy were retrieved from the Korean Statistical Information Service. To predict future QALY loss, future population projection data from the Korean Statistical Information Service were used as substitutes for 2010 population size. ResultsAmong the assessed 13 NCDs, the largest total QALY loss was for hypertension (513,113 QALYs; units are omitted hereafter), followed by arthritis (509,317) and stroke (431,049). The largest QALY loss due to mortality was stroke (306,733), whereas the largest QALY loss due to morbidity was arthritis (502,513). By applying the middle estimate of future population, the largest increase in total QALY loss between 2010 and 2040 was for hypertension (840,582), followed by stroke (719,076) and diabetes mellitus (474,607). ConclusionsHypertension, arthritis, and stroke are important in terms of total QALY loss, which will continuous to increase because of aging. These results could be used to develop cost-effective interventions that reduce the burden of NCDs.

An Iodine Database for Common Korean Foods and the Association between Iodine Intake and Thyroid Disease in Korean Adults

An Iodine Database for Common Korean Foods and the Association between Iodine Intake and Thyroid Disease in Korean Adults

Association between nutrition label use and chronic disease in Korean adults: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2009.

Nutrition labels are helpful for chronic disease management in patients requiring balanced nutritional intake. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of nutrition labels and chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia) by using the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. A total of 10,695 individuals aged 20 and over was included in the analysis. Using multiple logistic regressions, there was no difference in nutrition label use between the chronic disease and normal groups (men with hypertension OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.75-1.27; women with hypertension OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.67-1.03; men with diabetes OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.45-1.08; women with diabetes OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.84-1.53; men with hyperlipidemia OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.59-1.23; women with hyperlipidemia OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.91-1.44). In hyperlipidemia patients, awareness (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.03-2.35) and control (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 2.32-3.63) of disease were related to nutrition label use; however, no significant associations were found for the hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients. Considering the importance of dietary habits in the management of chronic diseases, an improvement in nutrition label use by patients with these diseases is required.

Risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults

2012년 건강보험통계연보에 따르면 2012년 1년 동안 우리나 라 건강보험 가입자 중에서 836만 명이 치주질환 치료를 받았으 며, 이를 위해 지불한 건강보험요양급여비는 4,090억원으로 전체 외래진료 다빈도 질환 중에서 3번째를 차지할 정도로 만연한 질환 이다. 치주질환은 특정 미생물에 의해 발생되는 치아주위조직의 염 증성 병변으로 치주낭 형성, 치은 퇴축과 함께 치주인대와 치조골 의 파괴가 일어난다. 또한 부착상실의 결과로 치주낭이 형성되고 인접 치조골의 밀도와 높이의 변화가 일어난다. 치주질환의 원인 은 바이오필름, 치석 및 기타 국소원인들과 교합성 외상이라고 할 수 있으며, 영양상태의 이상, 내분비계의 장애, 전신질환, 약물복 용, 흡연, 스트레스 등과 같은 전신적 원인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 이처럼 치주질환은 다인성 질환으로 효과적인 질병관리와 예방을 위해서는 관련된 위험요인에 대해 명확한 이해가 필요하다. 최근 치주질환의 위험요인에 대한 연구들은 치주질환과 흡연, 당뇨, 비만, 만성폐쇄성폐질환 등의 전신질환들과의 관련성이 보고되고 있고, 치주질환이 관상동맥질환, 뇌졸중, 조산, 저체중아 분만, 호흡기 질환과 같은 전신건강에 영향을 줄 수 있음이 제시되 고 있다. 또한 치주질환과 인구 · 사회경제적 수준 및 구강건강행 위 뿐만 아니라 구강관련 삶의 질과 관련된 연구들도 이뤄지고 있 으며, 한국 성인의 치주질환 유병관련 위험요인에 대한 연구도 시행된바 있다. 이러한 선행연구들은 주로 일부 위험요인과 치

Comparison of serum ferritin and vitamin d in association with the severity of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease in korean adults.

BackgroundIncreased serum ferritin and decreased vitamin D levels associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their association with the severity of NAFLD has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the association of serum ferritin and 25(OH)D3 levels with the severity of ultrasonographically detected NAFLD (US-NAFLD) and hepatic steatosis defined by fatty liver index (FLI) in Korean adults.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of clinical and anthropometric data, including serum ferritin and 25(OH)D3, from men (n=295) and women (n=263) who underwent a routine health check-up in 2012.ResultsIn men, with an increase in the quartile of serum ferritin level, the incidences of subjects with metabolic syndrome (P=0.002), US-NAFLD (P=0.041), and FLI ≥60 (P=0.010) were significantly elevated. In women, the incidence of subjects with US-NAFLD was also significantly elevated with increases in the serum ferritin quartile (P=0.012). Regarding 25(OH)D3, no statistical differences were observed among the different quartiles in either gender. Serum ferritin level significantly increased as the severity of US-NAFLD increased (P<0.001); however, no significant differences in 25(OH)D3 level were observed in men. No significant differences in either serum ferritin or 25(OH)D3 level were observed among women with different levels of severity of US-NAFLD.ConclusionIncreased serum ferritin level showed a closer association with severity of NAFLD compared with level of serum vitamin D, suggesting that serum ferritin level may be a better marker than vitamin D level for predicting the severity of US-NAFLD and hepatic steatosis in a clinical setting.

Correlation between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease in Korean adults

BackgroundPeriodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health issues; however, the association between periodontitis and CKD markers, especially in Korean adults, remains elusive. MethodsData on 15,729 Korean adults were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys IV and V. The CKD markers included a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR;<60mL/min/1.73m2), proteinuria, and hematuria. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were measured using stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses for CKD markers based on the presence of periodontitis. ResultsPatients with periodontitis had greater unadjusted ORs for CKD markers compared to those without periodontitis, as follows: decreased eGFR, 4.07 (3.11–5.33); proteinuria, 2.12 (1.48–3.05); and hematuria, 1.25 (1.13–1.39, all P<0.001). Periodontitis was a significant predictor of decreased eGFR independent of all covariates [1.39 (1.03–1.89), P=0.034]. However, the effect of periodontitis on decreased eGFR seemed to be affected by hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis was not an independent predictor of proteinuria; the significance disappeared after adjusting for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis was significantly correlated with hematuria, leading to similar ORs regardless of the adjustment for covariates [1.29 (1.15–1.46), P<0.001]. ConclusionThis study confirms the correlation between periodontitis and CKD markers, including decreased eGFR, proteinuria, and hematuria in Korean adults.

Heavy Metals and the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the adults: the 2008 – 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: The lifestyle factors including cigarette smoking, alcohol drink, diet and exercise, are considered main environmental influences on the cardiovascular disease, whereas the contribution of environmental exposure of metals is less clear. There are several studies have identified that exposure to metals is associated with coronary heart disease. However, sex differences exist in this respect is not well studied. Aims: We assessed the association between heavy metals and risk of coronary heart disease in Korean adults. Methods: Relationships between heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and risk of coronary heart disease were evaluated by linear multiple regression models, with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as confounding factors – in 4,491 adults (2,227 men, 2,264 women), aged 30 years and older, who participated in the 2008 – 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Study. Results: After adjustment for several factors, blood cadmium was the only major determinant of the FRS in men (beta=1.40, 95%CI: 0.96 ~ 1.85, p &lt; 0.001), while 3 metals were not associated with the Framingham Risk Score in women. Conclusions: Sex differences exist regarding circulating levels of metals. Cadmium levels were significantly higher in males, while cadmium, lead, and mercury levels were not significantly in females. There are associations between metals and the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease, with cadmium levels being the most important for males in this population.

한국 성인의 흡연과 치주질환과의 관련성 : 2010년 국민건강 영양조사 자료

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and peridontal diseases in Korean adults based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. Methods : The study subjects were 5,605 adults aged 19 years or older whose information were community periodontal index (CPI) and smoking status. and statistical analyses were conducted by applying complex sample analysis technique. Results : In terms of the relationship between smoking and periodontal status, the risk of periodontitis was 1.63-fold higher in smoker group than in nonsmoker group, and 1.02-fold higher even after adjustment of gender, age, income levels, educational background, alcohol consumption, exercising, body mass index (BMI), oral examination, the frequency of tooth brushing, the use of oral hygiene devices, and perceived oral health. Chi square analysis also showed that the prevalence rate of periodontitis was higher in smoker group than in nonsmoker group. Conclusions : It is very important to provide oral health education by smoking cessation and prevent periodontal diseases through anti-smoking campaign.

산업체 위탁생의 계속교육에 관한 만족도

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and peridontal diseases in Korean adults based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. Methods : This study was carried out from May 15 to June 15, 2012, 200 college students working in companies in Chungnam, Korea participated in the study. Results : 1. Both study and work were distress to male and female students with a statistically significant difference (p

Risk indicators of periodontal disease in Korean adults

Copyright © 2013 by Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk indicators of periodontal disease in a representative sample of Korean adults aged between 18 and 44 years. Methods: Data of 6,485 adults were derived from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was conducted from 2007 to 2009. Demographic, socioeconomic, and oral health-related behavioral data were collected as independent variables. The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the relationship between the CPI and the other variables. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that periodontal pocket formation (4 mm or more) was related with sex, age, and income level, irrespective of whether the mother engaged in economic activities in childhood, smoking experience, dental flossing, and use of interdental brushes. The subjects in the lowest-income quartile and those who were current smokers had a higher risk of pocket formation (odds ratios, 1.43 and 1.74, respectively) than those in the highest-income quartile and those who had no smoking experience, respectively. Conclusions: This study confirmed various risk indicators of periodontal disease in Korean adults, using Korean national survey data. Smoking cessation, dental flossing, and efforts to decrease socioeconomic inequality should be encouraged to decrease the risk of periodontal disease.

Reference values for the pulmonary function of Korean adults using the data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007-2009).

The objective of this study was to develop new spirometric reference equations for the Korean population using the raw data of the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009). A total of 4,753 healthy lifelong nonsmokers without respiratory diseases and symptoms were selected as the reference population. Spirometric reference equations were derived through multiple regression analysis. The newly developed reference equations for spirometry parameters were as follows: FEV1 (L) = -0.00025410 × (Age [years])2 + 0.00012644 × (Height [cm])2 - 0.00262 × Weight (kg) + 0.61493 (Men); FEV1 (L) = -0.00017538 × Age2 + 0.00009598 × Height2 - 0.00231 × Weight + 0.46877 (Women); FVC (L) = -0.00000219 × Age3 + 0.0000006995642 × Height3 + 1.19135 (Men); FVC (L) = 0.0167 × Age - 0.00030284 × Age2 + 0.0000005850287 × Height3 + 0.77609 (Women); FEV1/FVC (%) = -0.00289 × Age2 - 0.16158 × Height3 + 114.13736 (Men); FEV1/FVC (%) = -0.21382 × Age - 0.00000143 × Height3 + 97.62514 (Women). The newly developed spirometric reference equation in this study can be used as criteria for the interpretation of spirometry results and the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in Korean adults.

Trends in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2009

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a poor quality of life and cardiovascular events and is a great threat to public health. We investigated the trends of CKD prevalence over 12 years in Korean adults at least 20 years old using sampling weight methods based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998), II (2001), III (2005) and IV (2007-09). Of the 135 954 subjects participating in KNHANES I-IV, 33 276 (14 307 men, 18 969 women) were included in the present study. The percentage of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in KNHANES I-IV was 1.0, 5.4, 3.1 and 2.6% in men and 3.4, 9.7, 10.2 and 4.6% in women, respectively. The percentage of proteinuria ≥ 1+ measured by a dipstick method across KNHANES phases gradually declined in men (3.1, 3.0, 2.8 and 2.2% in KNHANES I-IV, respectively), while those in women rebounded in KNHANES IV after reduction through KNHANES III (3.3, 2.3, 1.4 and 1.9%, respectively). The prevalence of CKD (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or proteinuria ≥ 1+) in KNHANES I-IV was 3.9, 7.9, 5.4 and 4.5% in men and 6.4, 11.3, 12.0 and 6.3% in women, respectively. After stratification by age (20-39 years, 40-59 years and ≥ 60 years), the prevalence trends were similar to those before the stratification by sexes. The prevalence of CKD in Korean adults has decreased since 2001 in men and since 2005 in women.

Association between the Ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults: The 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: The ratio of triglycerides (TG, mg/dl) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, mg/dl) is a reliable indicator of insulin resistance and atherosclerotic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between TG/HDL-C and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a nationally representative sample of Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,503 subjects (≧19 years of age) who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 ml/min/1.73 m² as calculated by the abbreviated formula from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. Results: The overall prevalence of CKD in our sample was 9.0%. eGFR was negatively correlated with logarithm-transformed TG/HDL-C in Pearson’s correlation. The prevalence of CKD in increasing TG/HDL-C quintiles was 4.4, 6.6, 9.5, 11.9, and 12.8%. In comparison with the lowest quintile of TG/HDL-C (<1.38), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for CKD in the highest quintile of TG/HDL-C (≧4.50) was 2.15 (1.38–3.37), after adjustment for multiple covariates (p value for trend = 0.036). Conclusions: TG/HDL-C was independently associated with increased prevalence of CKD in a sample of Korean adults.