Disease Control Measures Research Articles

Job loss and mental disorders: International evidence from the early stages of COVID-19 outbreak.

Using a rich individual level dataset from six countries, we examine the relationship between job loss and mental disorders during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. We consider four indicators of mental disorders based on their severity, viz. anxiety, insomnia, boredom, and loneliness. We draw our conclusions based on two groups of countries that differ by the timing of their peak infections count. Using a logit and a two-stage least squares (TSLS) regression methods, we find that the people who lost their jobs due to the pandemic are more likely to suffer from mental disorders, especially insomnia and loneliness. Additionally, people with financial liabilities, such as housing mortgages, are among those vulnerable to anxiety. Women, urban residents, youth, low-income groups, and tobacco users are more prone to mental disorders. The findings from this research have significant policy implications on infectious disease control measures and mental health conditions due to lockdowns and social distancing.

Entomopathogenic fungi associated with cultivated honeybush, Cyclopia spp., in South Africa and their pathogenicity towards a leafhopper pest, Molopopterus sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

The southern and eastern parts of the African Fynbos region favour the production of honeybush tea. Honeybush biomass and extracts are used to prepare a beverage both locally and internationally, mainly as herbal tea with health benefits. Honeybush tea is mostly grown organically requiring natural control measures for pests and diseases. The leafhopper, Molopopterus sp., is one of the most important pests of cultivated honeybush in South Africa, as its feeding compromises the quality and quantity of the yield through leaf discolouration and reduction of the photosynthetic area. Local entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can provide a pool of potential biocontrol agents for this pest. Therefore, a total of 98 soil samples were collected from organically grown honeybush fields and vegetation surrounding the honeybush fields in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated using the insect bait method and were characterised using molecular techniques. Twenty fungal isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Fusarium oxysporum were recovered from soil samples, of which 70% were from honeybush fields and 30% were from surrounding vegetation. Fusarium oxysporum isolates comprised 20% of the recovered isolates; M. anisopliae the remainder. Laboratory bioassays of the recovered isolates against adults and nymphs of the leafhopper, showed that F. oxysporum isolates caused 10–45% mortality and M. anisopliae isolates 30–80% mortality. Metarhizium anisopliae isolates J S1, KF S3, KF S11, KF S13, LS1 and LS2 were the most virulent and induced over 60% mortality in both nymphs and adults at a concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/ml.

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED GUAVA PRODUCTION PRACTICES

Present research was conducted in Kaurihar block of Prayagraj district of U.P. The purpose of the study was to assist the socio-economic profile of the guava growers and the adoption regarding the recommended guava production practices. Kaurihar block was purposely selected because of the maximum production. From the block total 20 villages were randomly selected for the study, 6 respondents were selected from each village thus the total respondents 120. The results show that majority 61.67 per cent of the respondents belongs to medium level of progressiveness, 66.67 percent belongs to medium level of risk bearing capacity and 49.17 per cent of the respondent belongs to medium level of socio-economic status. The respondents were having medium level of adoption in improved varieties, propagation methods, row-row and plant-plant distance, NPK ration, irrigation, pruning of plant and packaging. And low level of adoption in bahar treatment, intercropping, high density planting, control measures of diseases, insecticides application, mulching, training of plant and post-harvest. Majority 56.67 per cent of the respondent has medium level of adoption. Association between socio-economic profile and adoption of guava cultivation source of information 0.95, annual income 0.87, social participation 0.86 and extension contact 0.81 shows strong and positive correlation.

Barriers to and facilitators of populational adherence to prevention and control measures of COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases: a qualitative evidence synthesis.

To summarise the evidence on barriers to and facilitators of population adherence to prevention and control measures for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other respiratory infectious diseases. A qualitative synthesis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. We performed an electronic search on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO from their inception to March 2023. We included 71 studies regarding COVID-19, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, pertussis and H1N1, representing 5966 participants. The measures reported were vaccinations, physical distancing, stay-at-home policy, quarantine, self-isolation, facemasks, hand hygiene, contact investigation, lockdown, infection prevention and control guidelines, and treatment. Tuberculosis-related measures were access to care, diagnosis and treatment completion. Analysis of the included studies yielded 37 barriers and 23 facilitators. This review suggests that financial and social support, assertive communication, trust in political authorities and greater regulation of social media enhance adherence to prevention and control measures for COVID-19 and infectious respiratory diseases. Designing and implementing effective educational public health interventions targeting the findings of barriers and facilitators highlighted in this review are key to reducing the impact of infectious respiratory diseases at the population level.

How do disease control measures impact spatial predictions of schistosomiasis and hookworm? The example of predicting school-based prevalence before and after preventive chemotherapy in Ghana.

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections are among the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affecting primarily marginalized communities in low- and middle-income countries. Surveillance data for NTDs are typically sparse, and hence, geospatial predictive modeling based on remotely sensed (RS) environmental data is widely used to characterize disease transmission and treatment needs. However, as large-scale preventive chemotherapy has become a widespread practice, resulting in reduced prevalence and intensity of infection, the validity and relevance of these models should be re-assessed. We employed two nationally representative school-based prevalence surveys of Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections from Ghana conducted before (2008) and after (2015) the introduction of large-scale preventive chemotherapy. We derived environmental variables from fine-resolution RS data (Landsat 8) and examined a variable distance radius (1-5 km) for aggregating these variables around point-prevalence locations in a non-parametric random forest modeling approach. We used partial dependence and individual conditional expectation plots to improve interpretability of results. The average school-level S. haematobium prevalence decreased from 23.8% to 3.6% and that of hookworm from 8.6% to 3.1% between 2008 and 2015. However, hotspots of high-prevalence locations persisted for both infections. The models with environmental data extracted from a buffer radius of 2-3 km around the school location where prevalence was measured had the best performance. Model performance (according to the R2 value) was already low and declined further from approximately 0.4 in 2008 to 0.1 in 2015 for S. haematobium and from approximately 0.3 to 0.2 for hookworm. According to the 2008 models, land surface temperature (LST), modified normalized difference water index, elevation, slope, and streams variables were associated with S. haematobium prevalence. LST, slope, and improved water coverage were associated with hookworm prevalence. Associations with the environment in 2015 could not be evaluated due to low model performance. Our study showed that in the era of preventive chemotherapy, associations between S. haematobium and hookworm infections and the environment weakened, and thus predictive power of environmental models declined. In light of these observations, it is timely to develop new cost-effective passive surveillance methods for NTDs as an alternative to costly surveys, and to focus on persisting hotspots of infection with additional interventions to reduce reinfection. We further question the broad application of RS-based modeling for environmental diseases for which large-scale pharmaceutical interventions are in place.

Productive efficiency of beef cattle production in Botswana: a latent class stochastic meta-frontier analysis

IntroductionEfficiency in food production is crucial for sustainable agriculture in developing countries. This paper contributes to the existing literature by presenting an innovative approach to modeling productive efficiency in beef cattle production. Treating farm performance across regions as unobserved heterogeneity, we determine technical efficiency of beef cattle production in Botswana. We aim to shed light on the factors influencing efficiency in this sector.MethodsThe study utilized block-level data from various annual agricultural surveys (2006–2014) covering 26 agricultural districts and six agro-ecological regions in Botswana. We employed a latent class stochastic frontier model complemented with the stochastic meta-frontier analysis.ResultsResults show that the best performing farming systems in terms of efficiency are districts with well-developed infrastructure and better access to output and input markets. In contrast, the farming systems that perform poorly consist of agricultural districts without access to livestock advisory centers, with higher average temperatures and foot and mouth disease, limiting access to export markets. The mean technical efficiency scores for beef production for agricultural districts in class one and two were 62 and 59%, respectively, implying high potential to improve beef production using the same level of agricultural inputs through efficiency-enhancing investments.DiscussionBased on our results, it is crucial for agricultural policies to prioritize regionally specific investments that address the needs of the under-performing districts. By targeting the lagging districts, policymakers can help beef producers improve their input efficiency and bridge the technological gaps to the meta-frontier. This can be achieved through investments in infrastructure, access to livestock advisory services, and disease control measures. Such efforts will not only enhance the efficiency of beef production but also contribute to the overall sustainability of the agricultural sector in Botswana.

Knowledge of COVID-19 Updated Guidelines among Undergraduate Nursing Students in Selected Nursing Schools in Palestine

The aim of this study was to assess undergraduate nursing students’ understanding of updated guidelines for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). For the methodology, the study used a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative design. Three hundred undergraduate nursing students from 10 nursing schools in the West Bank, in the occupied Palestinian territories, were surveyed between April and May 2022 using a computerised survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first comprising sociodemographic data, and the second evaluating nursing students’ knowledge. Based on the study findings, 48.3% of the nursing students had inadequate knowledge, 50.3% had satisfactory knowledge, and just 1.3% had good knowledge. Students with higher academic levels (p < 0.001); students who began clinical training in healthcare facilities (p < 0.001); and students who had one or more family members employed in the healthcare sector (p = 0.038) all showed significantly higher levels of knowledge of COVID 19 guidelines. In conclusion, nearly all elements of COVID-19, including its clinical presentation, treatment, and prevention, were poorly understood by nursing students as a whole. Evaluating nursing students’ knowledge about COVID-19 will assist policy-makers in developing appropriate techniques for moving forward with mindfulness and states of mind about COVID-19 to encourage oversight of the pandemic and increase nursing professionals’ adherence to disease anticipation and control measures.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MEASURES TO CONTROL MELON PESTS AND DISEASES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN

The article presents measures to control diseases and pests, which are considered to be the main problems in the cultivation of melon crops in the conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The effectiveness of the use of a combined control system of pest and disease control measures has been determined. Autumn and spring agrotechnical measures in the destruction of pupas that have gone to the wintering, timely and moderate use of chemical preparations to control mature breeds and diseases, achieve high biological efficiency. KEYWORDS: melon, pests, diseases, agrotechnical measures, chemical preparations, efficiency

Knowledge of Farmers towards Improved Cultivation Practices of Ginger in Serchhip District of Mizoram

The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge of farmers towards improved ginger cultivation practices in Serchhip District of Mizoram in the year 2021-2022. Data collection was done on 120 respondents selected randomly. A pre-tested interview schedule was used for collection of data. The collected data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of appropriate statistical tools to draw out meaningful results. It was revealed through the study that the majority 50.83 per cent of the respondents were middle aged, 68.33 per cent male, 74.17 per cent married. It was also found that 58.33 per cent of the respondents were marginal farmers based on the size of their land holding with medium level of annual income. Majority of the respondents had medium level of sources of information, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media and extension contact. The level of knowledge regarding various improved practices for ginger cultivation was medium. Majority of the respondents had, full knowledge about soil type, varieties, time of planting, chemical fertilizers and harvesting. Also, majority of the respondents had partial knowledge about seed treatment, spacing, organic sources of nutrients, diseases and pests, control measures of pests and diseases and weeding. Annual income, sources of information utilized, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure and extension contact had positive and significant correlation with the knowledge of the farmers towards improved cultivation practices of ginger.

Fecal Calprotectin in Gastrointestinal Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of chronic conditions characterized by relapsing and remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence is increasing worldwide, and the therapeutic options for management are expanding. Endoscopy is the gold standard investigation for diagnosis of IBD and for assessing mucosal healing, which is increasingly being used as a measure of disease control. However, it is an invasive procedure that is unpleasant for patients and expensive and time-consuming for hospitals. Fecal calprotectin has been shown to be an accurate surrogate marker of gastrointestinal inflammation in IBD. Fecal calprotectin was initially used for the diagnosis of IBD but is now recognized as having a role in assisting in assessment of disease activity, prediction of relapse, and informing decisions around therapy and may help to minimize requirement for endoscopy. However, there are various preanalytical and analytical factors that can affect interpretation of the results; these need to be understood to optimize clinical care. Preanalytical and analytical factors that can potentially influence fecal calprotectin concentrations are examined, and an overview is provided of clinical situations in which fecal calprotectin is commonly measured.

Prevention and Control Measures of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Mueang Phitsanulok District, Thailand

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral infection, primarily in infants and children aged younger than 5 yr. HFMD has been widely spread in Asia. Of the infected children, approximately 83% were caused by Coxsackievirus A16 and were relatively mild, but serious complications involving the central nervous system can occur due to Enterovirus 71. The purpose of this study was to develop social measures to prevent and control HFMD in Muang Phitsanulok District, Thailand. The multistage mixed method was conducted from February–December 2021 on 436 participants. Multiple regression was used to analyze the factors affecting HFMD prevention and control behaviors in the first phase, which were the caregiver’s attitude, family income, caregiver’s secondary education, and awareness of the disease situation. For the next step, the findings were taken back to communities and the social measures developed through community participation. The developed social measures were guideline-based and consisted of two parts: prevention and control of disease measures. The stakeholders were classified into five social sectors – including [1] caregiver; [2] nursery, early childhood development center, and kindergarten; [3] primary care unit; [4] the Bureau of Public Health and Environment Municipality; and [5] private sector. The social measures were considered in credibility and feasibility by nine experts in a connoisseurship seminar. Finally, the expert opinions were made congruent for all measures. The recommendation for improving HFMD prevention and control in the community is for low-income groups to support and promote HFMD prevention and control behaviors. All relevant sectors should conference together to inform the results of their operations and collaborative problems solving. In addition, effective communication channels should be developed for all sectors.

Yoruba Folksong Philosophical Approach to Health Education: Curbing the Spread of COVID-19

Throughout the world's history, there are cases of epidemics in nearly every country, state, and community at various times. During the dark ages in Africa, a number of diseases led to the premature deaths of young ones, adults, and even the elderly within clans and communities. Back then, people believed that outbreaks were caused by the wrathful gods of their communities, whereas it was the unsanitary living conditions and lack of hygiene that served as catalysts for these epidemics. Consequently, the people constantly remained at risk of incessant outbreaks. However, the Yorubas in Southwest Nigeria, among others, have a rich traditional culture that permeates their daily lives and surroundings. Music, as an integral part of their culture, accompanies all aspects of individual and communal existence. Education is deemed crucial for a good life and health. The Yoruba people have employed diverse methods to instil education in their growing citizens, dating back to the neo-colonial era. These methods include teaching folk songs, folk tales, poems, proverbs, and imitating societal values and norms.
 The emergence of COVID-19 with its deadly implications has instilled fear worldwide. Everyone pondered preventive measures through education before considering treatment and cure. Preventing the virus spread became the responsibility of individuals and organizations all levels. This discussion examines the impact of an educational Yoruba folksong that promotes self-restraint to mitigate contact with this deadly disease and recommends their adoption at the local level of human habitation to enhance understanding and adaptation to disease prevention and control measures.

Global transmission suitability maps for dengue virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti from 1981 to 2019

Mosquito-borne viruses increasingly threaten human populations due to accelerating changes in climate, human and mosquito migration, and land use practices. Over the last three decades, the global distribution of dengue has rapidly expanded, causing detrimental health and economic problems in many areas of the world. To develop effective disease control measures and plan for future epidemics, there is an urgent need to map the current and future transmission potential of dengue across both endemic and emerging areas. Expanding and applying Index P, a previously developed mosquito-borne viral suitability measure, we map the global climate-driven transmission potential of dengue virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from 1981 to 2019. This database of dengue transmission suitability maps and an R package for Index P estimations are offered to the public health community as resources towards the identification of past, current and future transmission hotspots. These resources and the studies they facilitate can contribute to the planning of disease control and prevention strategies, especially in areas where surveillance is unreliable or non-existent.

Analysis of a hybrid SIR model combining the fixed-moments pulse interventions with susceptibles-triggered threshold policy

In our study, a novel hybrid mathematical model is proposed to describe the susceptibles-triggered vaccination and isolation strategies at fixed monitoring moments, which is more in line with the general rule of the implementation of control measures of infectious diseases in practice. We theoretically investigate the complex dynamic behaviors with the appearance of (k+m)T-periodic solutions. Firstly, we investigate the existence and stability of the order-1 (k+1)T-disease-free periodic solution with nonnegative integer k and the order-m(1+m)T-disease-free periodic solution with m being any positive integer. Furthermore, we study the existence and stability of (3+2)T-disease-free periodic solution. These theoretical results indicate that new kinds of disease-free periodic solutions can be studied in depth. We also show other kinds of the high-order disease-free periodic solutions through the numerical simulations. In addition, through studying the bifurcation near the disease-free periodic solution, we discuss the existence and stability of the endemic periodic solutions. Numerical simulations show the complex dynamics, such as the bistability of the endemic equilibrium and an endemic periodic solution or a disease-free periodic solution, bistability of two endemic periodic solutions, and tri-stability of three endemic periodic solutions. Our main results indicate that there exists a critical monitoring period or vaccination rate such that the proposed intervention strategy can successfully control and eliminate infectious diseases. Furthermore, the selection of threshold value is highly maneuverable.

Quantifying the impact of individual and collective compliance with infection control measures for ethical public health policy.

Infectious disease control measures often require collective compliance of large numbers of individuals to benefit public health. This raises ethical questions regarding the value of the public health benefit created by individual and collective compliance. Answering these requires estimating the extent to which individual actions prevent infection of others. We develop mathematical techniques enabling quantification of the impacts of individuals or groups complying with three public health measures: border quarantine, isolation of infected individuals, and prevention via vaccination/prophylaxis. The results suggest that (i) these interventions exhibit synergy: They become more effective on a per-individual basis as compliance increases, and (ii) there is often substantial "overdetermination" of transmission. If a susceptible person contacts multiple infectious individuals, an intervention preventing one transmission may not change the ultimate outcome (thus, risk imposed by some individuals may erode the benefits of others' compliance). These results have implications for public health policy during epidemics.

Genetic Insight into the Interaction of IBDV with Host-A Clue to the Development of Novel IBDV Vaccines.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry across the globe. As a double-stranded RNA virus, IBDV undergoes genetic mutation or recombination in replication during circulation among flocks, leading to the generation and spread of variant or recombinant strains. In particular, the recent emergence of variant IBDV causes severe immunosuppression in chickens, affecting the efficacy of other vaccines. It seems that the genetic mutation of IBDV during the battle against host response is an effective strategy to help itself to survive. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the viral genome diversity will definitely help to develop effective measures for prevention and control of infectious bursal disease (IBD). In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the relation of genetic mutation and genomic recombination of IBDV to its pathogenesis using the reverse genetic technique. Therefore, this review focuses on our current genetic insight into the IBDV's genetic typing and viral genomic variation.

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This paper examines how the Chinese government’s perception of Japan before and after the pneumonic plague epidemic in Manchuria in 1910-1911 influenced China’s disease control and prevention efforts as well as how disease control measures were utilized in the context of the China-Japan relationship. During the New Policy Reform in the Late Qing, the Qing government established a government-led health care system, adopted from the Japanese model, to enhance national prosperity. In Manchuria, the central government’s plan was implemented immediately, in response to Japan’s attempt to expand its influence through disease control, which had been in place since the late 19th century.
 During the pneumonic plague in Manchuria in 1910-1911, cooperation and containment between Qing and Japan continued over the initiatives in epidemic control. The Japanese authorities approached the Qing government’s anti-epidemic efforts based on an assumed image of “Japanese assisting Chinese.” However, the Qing government sought to thwart it by implementing systematic and autonomous measures for disease control. Furthermore, at the Japan-Qing Joint Epidemic Prevention Conference, the Qing government constrained Japanese authorities’ involvement in epidemic control, and through the International Plague Conference, it internationalized the issue of pneumonic plague prevention.
 The government of the Republic of China that succeeded Qing accepted resolutions submitted by the representatives who participated in the International Plague Conference, and set up the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service. The North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service, which had to make achievements to garner international recognition, mostly appointed members from the British-American faction, who were considered to have a higher level of medical skill than those of the Japanese faction that held the majority in the Western medical community in China at the time. This was in line with desire of the British-American faction, who sought to expand their influence in China.
 As anti-Japanese sentiments increased after Japan’s Twenty-One Demands in 1915, the central government of the Republic of China appointed members of the British- American faction as field practitioners to take leadership in epidemic prevention. Thus, China was able to distance itself from Japan by going through a wide range of options for disease control and prevention.

Awareness of Zoonotic Diseases among the Bachelor of Science New Entrants at the Open University of Sri Lanka in 2020

Global attention towards zoonotic diseases has been oriented with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 as they are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and they pose a significant threat to public health. This study draws on the awareness of a group of new BSc degree registrants (N=267) at The Open University of Sri Lanka in 2020 about common zoonotic diseases. A cross-sectional study was employed for the participants in a virtual orientation session in December 2020 using a structured online questionnaire. Pearson Chi-square test (χ2) was used evaualte statistical significance at p<0.05. The survey reveals that from the total respondents, 89.9% were aware of zoonotic diseases in humans by animals, 77.9% are aware that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals and 75.3% knew that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted by eating raw meat of infected animals. Further, 82.4% and 86.1% of respondents agreed that zoonotic diseases could be treated and prevented while 85.4% agreed that zoonotic diseases could be controlled. The majority of the respondents were aware of Rabies, Covid 19, Malaria, Dengue fever and SARS as zoonotic diseases and a higher proportion of female respondents identified Hepatitis E as a zoonotic disease. Bovine tuberculosis was identified by students who studied biological sciences compared to other streams. Respondents below 24 years of age identified Anthrax and Leptospirosis, SARS and Trichinellosis as zoonotic diseases than other age categories. Students in suburban areas had a higher tendency to identify Ebola virus disease, Giardiasis, and Hepatitis E as zoonotic diseases. Urban and suburban students had a higher tendency to wash their hands thoroughly after petting the animals. Pet owners only identified Giardiasis as a zoonotic disease and agreed that avoiding direct contact with animals, avoidance of rearing pets indoors and discarding pet faeces in a proper place as good practices to avoid the transmission of zoonoses. Most of the respondents agreed that zoonotic diseases could be prevented by avoiding eating raw meat, avoiding eating unwashed fresh fruits and vegetables, avoiding direct contact with animals, avoiding rearing pets indoors, regular vaccination of pets, proper discharge of animal faeces, washing the hands thoroughly after petting the animals. Overall, this study revealed that the level of awareness about zoonotic diseases among the new BSc registrants was satisfactory. It is inferred that the students could be more educated about the preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases. It is expected that students will develop essential life skills that are required for the prevention and control of diseases.

Pre-coronavirus disease 2019 brain structure might be associated with social anxiety alterations during the pandemic.

Pre-coronavirus disease 2019 brain structure might be associated with social anxiety alterations during the pandemic.

A Bivalent Bacterium-like Particles-Based Vaccine Induced Potent Immune Responses against the Sudan Virus and Ebola Virus in Mice

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever disease causing thousands of deaths. The large Ebola outbreak in 2014–2016 posed significant threats to global public health, requiring the development of multiple medical measures for disease control. Sudan virus (SUDV) and Zaire virus (EBOV) are responsible for severe disease and occasional deadly outbreaks in West Africa and Middle Africa. This study shows that bivalent bacterium-like particles (BLPs)-based vaccine, SUDV-EBOV BLPs (S/ZBLP + 2 + P), generated by mixing SUDV-BLPs and EBOV-BLPs at a 1 : 1 ratio, is immunogenic in mice. The SUDV-EBOV BLPs induced potent immune responses against SUDV and EBOV and elicited both T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. The results indicated that SUDV-EBOV BLPs-based vaccine has the potential to be a promising candidate against SUDV and EBOV infections and provide a strategy to develop universal vaccines for EVD.