Discriminatory Policies Research Articles

SAUDI WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN HEALTH CARE SECTOR: BARRIERS TO THEIR SUCCESS

Purpose: Women’s leadership is a necessary step in the development of civilization. However, the purpose of this study is to identify the barriers and challenges facing Saudi Arabian women seeking leadership positions in the health care industry. Theoretical Framework: The model's constructs are based on the studies cited, and they include barriers related to culture, a woman's personality, organizational politics, women's empowerment, and male top management discrimination. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used a survey to collect data from 459 female was chosen for the study and a sample comprised of female employees in the Saudi privet healthcare sector from all the regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.. Using smart PLS, was employed to analyses the research data. Findings: The findings and the results of the analysis indicates that the dimensions of the model included Male top management discrimination, Culture, woman’s personalities, and organizational politics exert different influences on women's empowerment. we find Measuring the effect of moderating factors (The Male top management discrimination) indicates has the strongest effect on Culture and women's empowerment in the Saudi healthcare sector. Research, Practical & Social Implications: As a result, this study has deepened our understanding of the dynamic nature of women's empowerment and the challenges facing women's prospects for leadership while also helping to reframe gender roles. According to this study, women should receive leadership training in order to improve their capacity for decision-making, fulfill their organizational obligations, and expand the opportunities for women's empowerment. Originality/Value: The degree to which Saudi citizens are willing to change their opinions of women's leadership and personalities; to end practices that support male dominance and oppression of women; to end discriminatory laws and policies that impede women's career advancement; and to place their faith in a woman's self-assurance and ability to make the right decisions and shoulder the responsibility in healing.

Historical Redlining and Present-Day Nonsuicide Firearm Fatalities.

Redlining began in the 1930s with the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC); this discriminatory practice limited mortgage availability and reinforced concentrated poverty that still exists today. It is important to understand the potential health implications of this federally sanctioned segregation. To examine the relationship between historical redlining policies and present-day nonsuicide firearm fatalities. Maps from the HOLC were overlaid with incidence of nonsuicide firearm fatalities from 2014 to 2022. A multilevel negative binomial regression model tested the association between modern-day firearm fatalities and HOLC historical grading (A ["best"] to D ["hazardous"]), controlling for year, HOLC area-level demographics, and state-level factors as fixed effects and a random intercept for city. Incidence rates (IRs) per 100 000 persons, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and adjusted IRRs (aIRRs) for each HOLC grade were estimated using A-rated areas as the reference. 202 cities with areas graded by the HOLC in the 1930s. Population of the 8597 areas assessed by the HOLC. Nonsuicide firearm fatalities. From 2014 to 2022, a total of 41 428 nonsuicide firearm fatalities occurred in HOLC-graded areas. The firearm fatality rate increased as the HOLC grade progressed from A to D. In A-graded areas, the IR was 3.78 (95% CI, 3.52 to 4.05) per 100 000 persons per year. In B-graded areas, the IR, IRR, and aIRR relative to A areas were 7.43 (CI, 7.24 to 7.62) per 100 000 persons per year, 2.12 (CI, 1.94 to 2.32), and 1.42 (CI, 1.30 to 1.54), respectively. In C-graded areas, these values were 11.24 (CI, 11.08 to 11.40) per 100 000 persons per year, 3.78 (CI, 3.47 to 4.12), and 1.90 (CI, 1.75 to 2.07), respectively. In D-graded areas, these values were 16.26 (CI, 16.01 to 16.52) per 100 000 persons per year, 5.51 (CI, 5.05 to 6.02), and 2.07 (CI, 1.90 to 2.25), respectively. The Gun Violence Archive relies on media coverage and police reports. Discriminatory redlining policies from 80 years ago are associated with nonsuicide firearm fatalities today. Fred Lovejoy Housestaff Research and Education Fund.

Intergovernmental alignment and the electoral value of mayors: reverse coattails in an unexpected technocracy

Although parties are documented to invest significant amounts of resources towards strengthening their hold on local governments, whether mayors benefit their parties in national elections remains an open question. More specifically, it is unclear if mayors are electorally valuable in periods when party-affiliated central governments do not support them via politically discriminatory policies. We address this gap by studying “reverse coattails” in a unique setting: under a technocratic central government instituted following an unexpected, exogenous tragic event that forced the previous government’s resignation. Investigating close mayoral races in Romania in a regression discontinuity analysis, we find that local incumbency generated meaningful vote share premiums in the 2016 parliamentary elections. Exploring the underlying mechanism, we retrieve evidence for prospective voting, suggesting that the reverse coattails we document are partially driven by voters’ expectations of future preferential resource allocations by the central government. We show that preferential central policies were implemented after, but not before the national elections, and find that reverse coattails were stronger in constituencies where funds received from the center are an important component of local revenues.

Association of same-sex criminalisation laws and national HIV policies with HIV testing in African MSM: an ecological single-level and multilevel cross-sectional study of sub-Saharan African countries

BackgroundHIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains high compared with the general population. Many countries in the region still criminalise consensual homosexual...

Awareness and Knowledge of HIV in the Workplace Policy Among Employees, Employers, and Decision-makers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) anti-stigma and discrimination policies are aimed at protecting the rights of persons living with HIV (PLHIV). In response to the stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV in the state, Akwa Ibom State, like many states in Nigeria, enacted the HIV in the Workplace policy (HIV_WPP). Despite its adoption, many PLHIV still experience stigma and discrimination in workplaces in the state. This study was undertaken to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of the HIV_WPP and related organizational policies in Akwa Ibom State across the private and public sectors. A cross-sectional study using a mixed methods approach was conducted for 591 consecutively recruited employees and 43 employers/ decision-makers across 23 organizations in the State. Data was collected from October 2022 to February 2023. Results were analyzed using SPSS 15.1 for quantitative and NVivo 10 for qualitative data. The study showed that 464 (78.5%) employees and 42 (95.3%) of employers/decision-makers, were unaware of the Akwa Ibom State HIV in the workplace policy (AKS_HIV_WPP). Also, 560 (94.8%) employees had poor knowledge of this policy. A larger proportion of respondents knew more about their organizational policies than the AKS_HIV_WPP. Older respondents (41.1% versus 37.5%, p=0.026) had significantly higher levels of knowledge of the policy. Three hundred and twenty-four (45.2%) respondents had good knowledge of their organizational policies. The awareness and knowledge of the AKS_HIV_WPP was suboptimal. It is recommended that relevant state agencies create awareness of the AKS_HIV_WPP in all public and private organizations through public-private collaboration.

Exclusion and invented water scarcity: a historical perspective from colonialism to apartheid in South Africa

This paper examines the dynamics of water governance in South Africa during the colonial and apartheid periods, focusing on the socio-economic and political invented water scarcity experienced by black communities. By exploring historical policies and legislation, such as the Irrigation and Conservation of Water Act No. 8 of 1912, the Riparian Rights principle, and the Water Act of 1956, this study sheds light on black people’s systemic exclusion and marginalisation from accessing water resources. The analysis reveals how water governance practices were utilised as instruments of power and control, disproportionately favouring European settlers and reinforcing racial inequalities. Implementing discriminatory policies, forming reserves and forcing removals to Bantustans, establishing segregated water supply systems, and discriminatory practices in farms, mines, and urban townships, resulted in invented water scarcity for black communities. The deliberate exclusion of black communities from equitable water access created systemic disadvantages, impacting health, livelihoods, and socio-economic development. This paper argues that invented water scarcity was integral to colonial and apartheid strategies, further entrenching power imbalances and exacerbating socio-economic disparities.

Empowering and supporting frontline providers in the paediatric-adolescent HIV response: results from participatory priority-setting and group discussions in twenty-four sites in twelve high HIV-burden African countries

ABSTRACT Children and adolescents living with HIV in Africa experience poor outcomes across the HIV cascade of care. Paediatric and adolescent-friendly services are crucial to their well-being, and recent years have seen a call for urgent service improvements. While frontline health workers are responsible for these services, less attention has been given to their contextual realities, and what constitutes an enabling service delivery environment. We engaged participatory priority-setting and group discussions across twenty-four sites in twelve high HIV-burden African countries in November 2022 with 801 frontline paediatric-adolescent providers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and priority mapping. We constructed a socio-ecological model for supportive and empowering service delivery environments for frontline paediatric-adolescent HIV services. Individual-level themes related to well-being, self-care and mental health. Interpersonal themes included supportive supervision/mentorship, teamwork and acknowledgement. At the organisational level, resources, physical infrastructure and confidential spaces were included. The community level included feeling appreciated and positive stakeholder relationships. The structural level included funding, discriminatory SRHR policies and guidelines. Results provide insight into priorities, challenges and needs of frontline providers in the paediatric-adolescent HIV response. Improving the well-being of HIV-affected children and adolescents requires greater investment and attention to creating more caring, supportive environments for their frontline providers.

Memories and testimonies of passbooks, permits and platkeps in apartheid-era Batho, Mangaung

he memories and testimonies of black people who were on the receiving end of racial discrimination provide important evidence of their lived experiences during the apartheid era (1948–1994). They ‘revisit’ apartheid South Africa because of recurring memories of traumatic experiences. Sadly, they relive the painful incidents emotionally when such memories are triggered. The National Museum in Bloemfontein has interviewed more than 150 Batho residents about their experiences of Batho’s apartheid past, specifically their experiences of racist municipal laws and regulations. Although discriminatory municipal policies are rooted in the racial sentiments of Bloemfontein’s colonial (1846–1910) and segregationist (1910–1948) periods, they are also based on national legislation, notably the Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923. Direct quotes from interviews allow interviewees to speak for themselves. The interviewees’ testimonies of their experiences have generated information about, among others, the carrying of passbooks; visits to the pass office; maltreatment by municipal police (platkeps); being arrested for not having a passbook; spending time in police cells for committing loaferskap (idleness) or for housing an overnight guest without a lodger’s permit; being victims of violent house raids; and being harassed by the night curfew siren. Because most interviewees’ parents and grandparents were subjected to similar discriminatory laws and regulations, traumatic experiences are a multi-generational phenomenon.Contribution: The oral history methodology was used to reconstruct aspects of Batho’s apartheid history. By tapping into people’s memories and testimonies, this article aims to present a history from ‘below’ of Mangaung’s oldest existing township and, thereby, contribute to local historiography.

How to Reduce Microaggression and Other Negative Racial Experiences at Work with Continuous Improvement

While government regulation or company policy can be used to curtail discrimination at work, it is hard to regulate away negative experiences like microaggression or perceptions of discrimination against minority employees in hiring and promotion. Using data from interviews with minority ethnic staff at a UK university, I present evidence of microaggression and minority employees feeling excluded and posit that perceptions of discriminatory policy engender negative perceptions of the organization. I further show the link between employee engagement and organizational performance and propose that minority employees’ negative experiences and perceptions lower their job and organizational engagement and, eventually, impact organizational performance. I offer a solution in the form of an enterprise-wide continuous improvement program that would directly improve organizational performance by improving business processes and indirectly by improving minority employees’ experience, perceptions, and engagement.

L’espace public à Algér : le désintérêt privé (beylick) comme produit du contrôle public

Public spaces in Algeria are characterized by the strong lack of interest among people who rely entirely on public authority. Not any tendency here to make of it a common good. The purpose of the paper is to exhibit the extent of popular indifference from in situ observations in Algiers and to explain this attitude through historical analysis. Indeed, the collective imaginary and practices have not always been insensitive to public spaces. On the contrary, in traditional rural society, public spaces were perceived as a continuity of domestic space. The peasant was obliged to take charge of its maintenance as well as for his home, his intimate space. To understand the later behavioural evolution, we must refer to the Ottoman and colonial domination processes. Each period had its own way of considering public spaces, but the urban management systems have always been based on a discrimination policy against natives and a strict control of the public spaces to the point of making them appear as the State property in the collective mentality. This perception of a grabbing of public spaces by the Turkish governor (Beylik) and later by the French colonial administration (for security reasons) has led amongst city dwellers to a feeling of exclusion and a disaffection that still characterize their attitude today.

ROUTE-T1D: A behavioral intervention to promote optimal continuous glucose monitor use among racially minoritized youth with type 1 diabetes: Design and development

BackgroundType 1 diabetes management is often challenging during adolescence, and many youth with type 1 diabetes struggle with sustained and optimal continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use. Due to racial oppression and racially discriminatory policies leading to inequitable access to quality healthcare and life necessities, racially minoritized youth are significantly less likely to use CGM. MethodsROUTE-T1D: Research on Optimizing the Use of Technology with Education is a pilot behavioral intervention designed to promote optimal CGM use among racially minoritized youth with type 1 diabetes. Intervention strategies include problem solving CGM challenges and promoting positive caregiver-youth communication related to CGM data. ResultsThis randomized waitlist intervention provides participants with access to three telemedicine sessions with a Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist. Caregiver participants are also connected with a peer-parent coach. ConclusionHypothesized findings and anticipated challenges are discussed. Future directions regarding sustaining and optimizing the use of diabetes technology among racially minoritized pediatric populations are reviewed.

Structural Discrimination against and Structural Support for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People as a Predictor of Late HIV Diagnoses among Black Men who Have Sex with Men.

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) have been consistently reported to have the highest estimated HIV incidence and prevalence among MSM. Despite broad theoretical understanding that discrimination is a major social and structural determinant that contributes to disparate HIV outcomes among Black MSM, relatively little extant research has empirically examined structural discrimination against sexual minorities as a predictor of HIV outcomes among this population. The present study therefore examines whether variation in policies that explicitly discriminate against lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people and variation in policies that explicitly protect LGB people differentially predict metropolitan statistical-area-level variation in late HIV diagnoses among Black MSM over time, from 2008 to 2014. HIV surveillance data on late HIV diagnoses among Black MSM in each of the 95 largest metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, from 2008 to 2014, were used along with data on time-varying state-level policies pertaining to the rights of LGB people. Results from multilevel models found a negative relationship between protective/supportive laws and late HIV diagnoses among Black MSM, and a positive relationship between discriminative laws and late HIV diagnoses among Black MSM. These findings illuminate the potential epidemiological importance of policies pertaining to LGB populations as structural determinants of HIV outcomes among Black MSM. They suggest a need for scrutiny and elimination of discriminatory policies, where such policies are currently in place, and for advocacy for policies that explicitly protect the rights of LGB people where they do not currently exist.

Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951

ABSTRACT The transition from life under Ottoman rule to life under the Iraqi Kingdom established in 1921 marked a positive shift in the fortunes of the country’s Jewish community. During the British mandate for Iraq (1921–32), the Jews enjoyed equal rights and were economically and socially integrated into Muslim society. However, with the end of the mandate and the acceptance of Iraq’s independence, a process of restricting the Jews and physically harming them began, culminating in the pogrom (known as the Farhud) of June 1941. During the decade attending the Farhud, the Iraqi government linked the fate of the Jewish community to that of the Palestinian Arabs. The state pursued a policy of oppression and discrimination, which eventually led to the displacement of the country’s Jewish community from a place it had called home for thousands of years.

Historical Redlining, Persistent Mortgage Discrimination, and Race in Breast Cancer Outcomes

Inequities created by historical and contemporary mortgage discriminatory policies have implications for health disparities. The role of persistent mortgage discrimination (PMD) in breast cancer (BC) outcomes has not been studied. To estimate the race-specific association of historical redlining (HRL) with the development of BC subtypes and late-stage disease and a novel measure of PMD in BC mortality. This population-based cohort study used Georgia Cancer Registry data. A total of 1764 non-Hispanic Black and White women with a BC diagnosis and residing in an area graded by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) in Georgia were included. Patients were excluded if they did not have a known subtype or a derived American Joint Committee on Cancer stage or if diagnosed solely by death certificate or autopsy. Participants were diagnosed with a first primary BC between January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017, and were followed through December 31, 2019. Data were analyzed between May 1, 2022, and August 31, 2023. Scores for HRL were examined dichotomously as less than 2.5 (ie, nonredlined) vs 2.5 or greater (ie, redlined). Contemporary mortgage discrimination (CMD) scores were calculated, and PMD index was created using the combination of HRL and CMD scores. Estrogen receptor (ER) status, late stage at diagnosis, and BC-specific death. This study included 1764 women diagnosed with BC within census tracts that were HOLC graded in Georgia. Of these, 856 women (48.5%) were non-Hispanic Black and 908 (51.5%) were non-Hispanic White; 1148 (65.1%) were diagnosed at 55 years or older; 538 (30.5%) resided in tracts with HRL scores less than 2.5; and 1226 (69.5%) resided in tracts with HRL scores 2.5 or greater. Living in HRL areas with HRL scores 2.5 or greater was associated with a 62% increased odds of ER-negative BC among non-Hispanic Black women (odds ratio [OR], 1.62 [95% CI, 1.01-2.60]), a 97% increased odds of late-stage diagnosis among non-Hispanic White women (OR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.15-3.36]), and a 60% increase in BC mortality overall (hazard ratio, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.17-2.18]). Similarly, PMD was associated with BC mortality among non-Hispanic White women but not among non-Hispanic Black women. The findings of this cohort study suggest that historical racist policies and persistent discrimination have modern-day implications for BC outcomes that differ by race. These findings emphasize the need for a more nuanced investigation of the social and structural drivers of disparate BC outcomes.

Preliminary evaluation of the effect of revised reimbursement scheme in outpatient hemodialysis for medical aid recipients in Korea.

South Korea has universal health coverage guaranteeing equitable healthcare for all. However, equity issues have been raised regarding hemodialysis reimbursement for medical aid recipients with chronic kidney disease. Physicians and civic groups demanded a revision of the discriminatory policy, and in response, the Ministry of Health and Welfare amended the hemodialysis case payment scheme. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the reform and detect any unintended policy outcomes. Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of Korea was used. All subjects were patients with chronic kidney disease who received outpatient hemodialysis and medical aid from April 2017 to March 2022. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the generalized estimation equation was used to control for covariates and identify policy effects. The reform of the case payment scheme in 2021 raised the compensation level per hemodialysis case, which was fixed for 7 years from 2014, by approximately 2,000 Korean won. There was no negative effect such as additional expenditure resulting from an unintentional increase in medical use. A year has passed since the implementation of the outpatient hemodialysis rate system reform for medical aid recipients. Our results indicate that the reform has gone smoothly, and we anticipate continuous efforts by the government to guarantee universal health coverage to medical aid recipients. Through such consistent endeavors to correct the discriminatory aspects of policies, South Korea will achieve true universal health coverage.

Information Sharing and Personalized Pricing in Online Platforms

With the rise of big data technology, an online platform can easily gather customer information to engage in price discrimination and obtain additional profits. Sharing customer information with a third-party seller increases the platform’s commission and information revenue, but the seller’s personalized pricing using customer information intensifies the price competition, which may damage the profitability of the platform’s own product. Whether to share information remains an unsolved strategy decision for the platform. We employ a game-theoretic model to characterize the interplay of information sharing by the platform and the pricing strategies of two firms. We consequently study four basic scenarios where the two firms adopt either uniform or personalized pricing policies. In equilibrium, the seller does not always have incentives to acquire information, and the platform is not always willing to share information. Intriguingly, with different combinations of the commission rate and the new consumer ratio, the equilibrium of the overall system has four possible results where the information may not be used for price discrimination. With a relatively high commission rate and a low new consumer ratio, the platform no longer pursues a demand for its own product and lets the seller occupy the whole market, which leads to the lowest consumer surplus and social welfare. We finally show that in the event of a relatively high commission rate, prohibiting information sharing increases consumer surplus and social welfare, verifying the necessity of regulations. These results could provide useful guidelines for platform managers and regulators to better design information sharing and price discrimination policies.

The impacts of racially discriminatory housing policies on the distribution of intra-urban heat and tree canopy: A comparison of racial covenants and redlining in Minneapolis, MN

Research has demonstrated the impact of historic discriminatory mortgage lending (i.e., “redlining”) on the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, while the environmental legacies of other racially discriminatory housing policies remain unexplored. Using a novel dataset of racial covenants in Minneapolis and its suburbs, the first complete map for any U.S. city, we find a significant positive association between historic racial covenant presence and cooler temperatures, increased tree canopy, and reduced impervious surface today. When compared to redlining, we find that covenants have an environmental impact comparable to the two highest HOLC designations (A or B). Further, within each HOLC grade, covenant presence is associated with additional environmental benefits that mitigate the negative environmental impact associated with redlining. This analysis reveals that the positive environmental benefits associated with covenants are not simply driven by an urban-suburban land-use gradient but, rather, are related to the privilege afforded to the legal guarantees of whiteness embedded in the covenant itself.

The Policy of Preserving National Linguistic Identity on the Example of the Welsh

Introduction. The article examines the British policy pursued in the 16th – first half of the 20th centuries in relation to the autochthonous languages of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The author characterizes the language policy of Great Britain in this period as a policy of linguistic nationalism of the English language and discrimination against the national languages of other peoples. The article also discusses the main legal acts aimed at expanding the use of the Welsh language and consolidating the status of the Welsh language as the national language of Wales.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the article used the method of the structural-functional approach, as well as modern principles of scientific knowledge of complex social phenomena and processes, based on a combination of macro- and microsociological research. The materials of the article were the works of scientists on the stated issues.Results of the study. It is concluded that the Welsh language has managed to maintain its independence to a greater extent than other autochthonous languages of the peoples of Great Britain, and in modern conditions there is a tendency to increase the number of people using the Welsh language in everyday life. The main findings of this article were the demonstration of specific discriminatory measures applied by the UK in relation to the Welsh language, including the ban on the use of Welsh as the language of legislation, the language of judicial proceedings and restrictions on teaching in Welsh.Discussion and conclusion. The study identifies the reasons and constitutional and legal factors for the transition from a policy of language discrimination to a policy of dialogue of cultures, as well as the influence of public figures advocating the preservation and expansion of the use of the Welsh language on the language policy of Great Britain. The constitutional significance of the Welsh Language Regulations 2011 is stated, and for the first time in the Russian-language doctrine the content of this law is analyzed.

A History Of The Impacts Of Discriminatory Policies On Housing And Maternal And Infant Health In An Ohio Neighborhood.

Community-level disinvestment and de facto segregation rooted in decades of discriminatory race-based policies and racism have resulted in unacceptably large infant mortality rates in racial minority neighborhoods across the US. Most community development and housing work, implemented with the goal of addressing health and social inequities, is designed to tackle current challenges in the condition of neighborhoods without a race-conscious lens assessing structural racism and discrimination. Using one historically segregated neighborhood-Linden, in Columbus, Ohio-we detail how state and local policies have affected the neighborhood and shaped neighborhood-level demographics and resources during the past 100years. We explore how structural racism- and discrimination-informed strategic community reinvestment could provide a solution and yield lasting change.

Menggali Akar Rasisme: Analisis Terhadap Pembentukan Stigma dan Dampaknya Pada Masyarakat

This research delves into the formation of racial stigma and its impact on society, exploring the factors contributing to the emergence of discriminatory attitudes. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive method with a literature review approach, the study investigates historical, cultural, and institutional elements shaping racial perceptions. The analysis not only scrutinizes "how" racial stigma forms but delves into the "why" of discriminatory attitudes, encompassing historical, policy, and social norm influences. The research findings aim to contribute significantly to understanding the intricate interplay between racial stigma and its societal repercussions, identifying patterns that may be challenging to detect without a holistic overview.