Discrete Modeling Method Research Articles

ACTIVE TRANSFORMATION OF PLANES DURING FORMATION OF DISCRETE FRAMES WHITH A STATIC-GEOMETRIC METHOD

Various transformations have found widespread use in applied geometry problems in simulating discrete frameworks of different surfaces with given properties. The paper presents a mathematical apparatus of active coordinate transformation, designed to solve problems of discrete geometric modeling. Under the active transformation of coordinates, the authors propose to consider a clear match between the points of the original and new coordinate systems, while maintaining their numerical correspondence, when the numerical values of the parameters of the original coordinate system will transition to the numerical values of the parameters of the new coordinate system. The paper describes the peculiarities of using active coordinate transformation. In the study is proposes to use the properties of the active plane transformation when switching from The work a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system to a rectangular cylindrical coordinate system for further modeling of discrete frameworks of curved surfaces. The authors of the article focus on that there are many discrete modeling methods among which the generalized static-geometric method of Professor Kovalev S.M. The work demonstrates the possibilities of this method by additional use of active coordinate transformation. It has been proved that the advantages and features of active transformation of coordinates can be used in providing the modeled surface with certain properties necessary for the designer or architect in the process of creating a particular modeled image. Using an active coordinate transformation will simplify the process of forming new geometric shapes of curved surfaces, which are quite difficult to describe analytically. The information presented in the work will be useful for architects and designers in the formation of discrete frames of various surfaces

Discrete element modeling method for anisotropic mechanical behavior of biotite quartz schist based on mineral identification technology

Discrete element modeling method for anisotropic mechanical behavior of biotite quartz schist based on mineral identification technology

Shock Model of K/N: G Repairable Retrial System Based on Discrete PH Repair Time

A discrete time modeling method is employed in this paper to analyze and evaluate the reliability of a discrete time K/N: G repairable retrial system with Bernoulli shocks and two-stage repair. Lifetime and shocks are two factors that lead to component failure, and both of them can lead to the simultaneous failure of multiple components. When the repairman is busy, the newly failed component enters retrial orbit and retries in accordance with the first-in-first-out (FIFO) rule to obtain the repair. The repairman provides two-stage repair for failed components, all of which require basic repair and some of which require optional repair. The discrete PH distribution controls the repair times for two stages. Based on discrete time stochastic model properties, priority rules are defined when multiple events occur simultaneously. The state transition probability matrix and state set analysis are used to evaluate the system performance indexes. Numerical experiments are used to illustrate the main performance indexes of the developed discrete time model, and the impact of each parameter variation on the system indexes is examined.

Analysis and Experimental Study on the Influence of Louver Separation Device on the Sand Collection Efficiency of Wind Erosion Instrument

A wind erosion instrument is a core instrument for collecting sand particles in wind and sand flows and studying the laws of wind and sand movement. To study the influence of the internal structure of the wind erosion instrument on its sand collection efficiency, a built-in louver separation device was designed. Based on CFD and Fluent 2022 software, numerical analysis was conducted using an RNG k-ε model, and the discrete phase model (DPM) method was used to calculate the sand collection efficiency. The flow field analysis of the new wind–sand separator was carried out. The influence of blade inclination angle, blade thickness, and blade number on sand collection efficiency was studied using single-factor and response surface analysis methods. The optimal parameter combination was obtained as blade inclination angle of 30°, blade thickness of 1.25 mm, and blade number of 10. A simulation model was established based on the optimal combination parameters, and the performance of the wind erosion instrument before and after the addition of the louver separation device was compared. The simulation results show that adding a louver separation device can increase static pressure, alleviate short-circuit flow and back-mixing phenomena, and stabilize the flow field; increasing tangential velocity leads to an increase in particle centrifugal force; reduce axial velocity, prolong particle stagnation time, and minimize particle escape. The particle trajectory pattern is mostly a continuous spiral path, which is conducive to capturing particles and improving sand collection efficiency. Compared with the original structure, for particles with diameters ranging from 0.001–0.05 mm, 0.005–0.01 mm, 0.01–0.05 mm, 0.05–0.1 mm, and 0.1–0.5 mm, the addition of a louver separation device increased the sand collection efficiency by 32.74%, 22.55%, 33.17%, 11.45%, and 0.13%, respectively. When the wind speed is 13.8 m/s and the diameter range is 0.001–0.5 mm, the average sand collection efficiency obtained from simulation tests and wind tunnel tests is 86.18% and 84.32%, respectively, with an error of 2.2%. The simulation results are reliable. The research results show that adding a louver separation device can improve the sand collection efficiency of the wind erosion instrument, and has better overall performance compared to the original wind–sand separator. This study provides a basis for further research on the structure of wind erosion gauges and the environmental protection of farmland. Strengthening land management can effectively protect soil resources, reduce wind erosion, ensure the stability of the ecosystem, and lay the foundation for promoting the sustainable use of land.

Active micro-vibration isolation system for adaptive vibration suppression tests using piezoelectric stack actuator

An active micro-vibration isolation system for adaptive vibration suppression using piezoelectric stack actuators is presented, along with the discrete time modelling method, real-time adaptive controller design, and hardware implementation. The system comprises piezoelectric stack actuators, capacitive displacement sensors, power amplifiers, signal conditioners, and a real-time computer. A discrete asymmetric Bouc-Wen model is developed to characterize the nonlinear behavior of the piezoelectric stack actuators. System identification is conducted using an improved particle swarm optimization method, specifically the Hybrid PSO-Jaya algorithm, which sequentially integrates the PSO algorithm with the Jaya algorithm. Additionally, an improved adaptive filtering algorithm employing affine projection, referred to as the FXAPA algorithm, is introduced to facilitate real-time control. The efficacy of the proposed active micro-vibration isolation technology is validated through micro-vibration suppression tests.

Multi‒scale numerical investigations on the atomization performance of liquid‒liquid pintle injector

Three‒dimensional atomization field of the radial annular slot type liquid‒liquid pintle injector under different total momentum ratio (TMR) is simulated based on the volume of fluid to discrete particle model (VOF to DPM) method and the octree adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The typical spray morphology of the injector is obtained, the variation of spray angle, breakup length of liquid film, amplitude of disturbance waves before liquid film breaking and its causes are analyzed. The results show that the injector can form a hollow conical spray during operation, and there are two recirculation zones near the inner surface of liquid film. According to the characteristics of the spray morphology, the spray can be divided into four areas: undisturbed liquid film, disturbed liquid film, fluctuating breakup zone and small droplets accumulation zone. The simulated spray angle is close to the model proposed by Heister when TMR is smaller than 0.6 and is close to the model proposed by Boettcher when TMR exceeds 0.6, with the maximum relative error of 9.5%. TMR has little influence on the amplitude of disturbance waves before liquid film breaking, while the breakup length of liquid film increases at first and then decreases with the increase of TMR. The breakup length is relatively large when TMR is close to 1, within the range of 20∼22 mm, while it is relatively small when TMR is far away from 1, within the range of 12∼15mm.

Development of coupled fluid-flow/geomechanics model considering storage and transport mechanism in shale gas reservoirs with complex fracture morphology

Field observations frequently demonstrate stress fluctuations resulting from the reservoir depletion. The development of reservoirs, particularly the completion of infill wells and refracturing, can be significantly impacted by stress changes in and around drainage areas. Previous studies mainly focus on plane fractures and few studies consider the influence of complex transport and storage mechanism and irregular fracture geometry on stress evolution in shale gas reservoirs. Based on the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) and finite-volume method (FVM), a coupled geomechanics/fluid model has been successfully developed considering the adsorption, desorption, diffusion and slippage of shale gas. This model achieves coupling simulation of natural fractures, hydraulic fractures with complex geometry, storage and transport mechanism, reservoir stress, and pore-elastic effect. The open-source software OpenFOAM is used as the main solver for this model. The stress calculation and productivity simulation of the model are verified by the classical poroelasticity problem and the simulation results of published research and commercial simulator with EDFM respectively. The simulation results indicate that σxx, σyy, σxy and Δσ changes with time and space due to the time effect and anisotropy of formation pressure depletion; Due to the influence of different mechanisms on shale gas storage and transport, the reservoir pressure and stress distribution under different mechanisms are different; Among them, the stress with full mechanisms differs the most compared to the stress without any mechanism. The reservoir with stronger stress sensitivity (smaller Biot coefficient) is less sensitive to formation pressure depletion, and the stress variation range is smaller. For reservoirs with weak stress sensitivity, formation pressure depletion is more likely to lead to stress reversal. Under the influence of fracture geometry, the pressure depletion regions caused by the three types of fracture geometry are approximately rectangular, parallelogram and square, respectively. The corresponding σxx, σyy and Δσ also have great differences in spatial distribution and values. Therefore, the time effect, shale gas storage and transport mechanism and the influence of complex fracture geometry should be considered when predicting pressure depletion induced stress under the condition of simultaneous production. This study is of great significance for understanding the evolution law of stress induced by pressure consumption, as well as the design of infill wells and repeated fracturing.

Exploring sustainable agriculture: Investigating the impact of controlled release fertilizer damage through bonded particle modeling

Controlled release technology of chemical fertilizers is an important cornerstone for the efficient development of sustainable agriculture. Damage to the coating layer and fragmentation of particles during the application of controlled release fertilizers can lead to the loss of their controlled release properties, making the development of effective damage reduction operations a key focus in the study of such agricultural materials. Therefore, this paper employs the bonded particle model (BPM) method within the discrete element method (DEM) framework to investigate the mechanism of coating damage in controlled-release fertilizers. It establishes a classification of damage types based on the level of damaged particles as an effective analytical approach. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is conducted between the discrete element particle model (DEPM) method and the bonded particle model method in terms of their performance in discharge mechanics and flow characteristics. The results indicate that the breakage rate of fertilizer discharge is influenced by both the formation of a steady state and the depletion of the fertilizer load within the container, with an average breakage rate of 1.511% over the total period. Differences in the average maximum compression force and mass flow rate between the discrete element particle model group and the bonded particle model group were 60.355 N and 1.998 g/s, respectively, reflecting limitations imposed by the fertilizer models on expected damage deformation behaviors. This study elucidates the process and potential impacts of fertilizer particle damage and deformation, revealing the strengths and limitations of two simulation model approaches under different application conditions, providing insights for sustainable agricultural production and technological innovation in fertilization equipment.

Numerical analysis of coupled thermal–hydraulic processes based on the embedded discrete fracture modeling method

The enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology is considered an effective way to extract energy from deep hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources, which involves the coupling of complex thermal–hydraulic processes in fractured geological media. In this work, we propose a numerical approach based on the concept of embedded discrete fracture modeling method (EDFM), to estimate heat production performance from the EGS. We validated the method by comparing the outputs of our numerical models with experimental data and analytical solutions. A simplified, idealized two-dimensional model with discrete fractures was applied to gain insights on mass and heat transfer mechanisms expected under field conditions. Simulation results indicated that isolated and dead-end fractures have little influence on the overall performance of EGS, under the initial and boundary conditions of our numerical experiments (e.g., fracture density and permeability differences between fractures and matrix). It emerges that geometry and hydraulic transmissivity of fractures are key factors in controlling the effectiveness of the heat exchange between host rocks and circulating fluids. This work emphasizes the importance of implementing increasingly reliable descriptions of the fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic behavior of fractures, to increase the confidence in the numerical assessment of the performance of EGS installations.

Front row or backstage? Evidence on concert ticket preferences from a discrete choice experiment

Sophisticated ticketing practices have become widespread in the concert industry in recent years, with a wider range of musicians now experimenting with different ticket pricing schemes. The aim of these practices is to help musicians manage ticket capacity and maximize their concert income. However, there is limited evidence on how musicians can optimally allocate and price tickets with respect to how consumers value different ticket attributes. This study uses a stated preference discrete choice experiment and choice modeling methods to analyze consumer preferences for different attributes of concert tickets. The results of the modeling exercise highlight patterns in consumer preferences across different seating areas within a hypothetical venue, as well as average preferences for other common attributes of concert tickets. Finally, this study provides evidence of the significant welfare consumers derive from the availability of new ticketing innovations in the form of VIP packages.

Eulerian–Lagrangian multiscale numerical analysis of multimodal partial shedding dynamics

The objective of this paper is to investigate the multimodal partial shedding dynamics from a multiscale perspective of cloud cavitating flows under two distinct cavity shedding mechanisms, namely the re-entrant jet mechanism and the shock wave propagation mechanism. A two-way Eulerian–Lagrangian coupling algorithm is applied to capture the multiscale vapor topologies from microbubble to large-scale cavities. The large-scale cavity evolution is solved through large eddy simulations (LES) with the volume of fraction (VOF) method in Eulerian frame. The sub-grid microbubbles are tracked in Lagrangian frame based on the discrete bubble model (DBM) method. The predictions agree well with experimental observation of the periodical cavity evolution and microbubble dynamics under both the re-entrant jet mechanism and shock wave mechanism around a NACA66 hydrofoil. The numerical simulation provides detailed analysis of the cavitating turbulent flow on the microbubble behavior with emphasis on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of microbubbles. The results show that the number and mean size of microbubbles in the cavitation region increase gradually with the growth of attached sheet cavity, development of re-entrant jet and collapse of largescale cavity for both cavitation patterns. Meanwhile, microbubbles are mainly distributed on the largescale interfaces where have high value of vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy under the effect of re-entrant jet and vortex structures. And the probability density functions (PDFs) of microbubble exhibit gamma distributions with a dominant peak at approximately 50 μm for both shedding mechanisms. However, the shock wave formation and propagation process only occurs in the final stage of cavitating flow under shock wave mechanism causing the condensation of vapor and the decrease of the number and mean size of microbubbles. Moreover, the microbubbles are uniformly distributed along the streamwise and vertical directions behind shock wave front.

Direct numerical simulation of supersonic nanoparticles flow in free-molecule regime using the angular coefficient method

We employ molecular flow methods to numerically simulate the supersonic nanoparticles flow in free-molecule regime. To streamline the computational complexity, interaction forces between the gas and solid particles are disregarded. We first develop a discrete phase model (DPM) method that integrates the non-rigid body collision model, enabling an accurate simulation of nanoparticle diffusion under the influence of the drag force and Brownian motion force. The nanoparticles considered in this study have sizes below 10 nm, and the accuracy of the DPM method is verified by comparing its results with experimental data. Subsequently, we theoretically and numerically investigate the transmission probability and number density of N2 molecules flowing through two-dimensional (2D) channels and three-dimensional (3D) tubes by using the angular coefficient (AC) method and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The findings indicate that as the diameter of the nanoparticle (dp) decreases to 1 nm, the diffusion coefficient (D) and the root mean square displacement (x) of nanoparticles approach the N2 molecules. The microscopic velocity of most N2 molecules falls within the range of 62–1400 m/s, and the macroscopic velocity of N2 flow falls within the range of Ma = 1.28–1.35. In contrast to the DSMC method, the AC method exhibits enhanced accuracy even with a reduced number of grids and obviates the process for large-scale sampling. Additionally, the solution time required by the AC method is approximately 1/10 and 1/13–1/32 of the DSMC method in 3D cylindrical tubes and 2D channels, respectively. Moreover, the AC method demonstrates superior adaptability when dealing with complex geometries.

Optimization method of refracturing timing for old shale gas wells

Based on the elastic theory of porous media, embedded discrete fracture model and finite volume method, and considering the micro-seepage mechanism of shale gas, a fully coupled seepage-geomechanical model suitable for fractured shale gas reservoirs is established, the optimization method of refracturing timing is proposed, and the influencing factors of refracturing timing are analyzed based on the data from shale gas well in Fuling of Sichuan Basin. The results show that due to the depletion of formation pressure, the percentage of the maximum horizontal principal stress reversal area in the total area increases and then decreases with time. The closer the area is to the hydraulic fracture, the shorter the time for the peak of the stress reversal area percentage curve to appear, and the shorter the time for the final zero return (to the initial state). The optimum time of refracturing is affected by matrix permeability, initial stress difference and natural fracture approach angle. The larger the matrix permeability and initial stress difference is, the shorter the time for stress reversal area percentage curve to reach peak and return to the initial state, and the earlier the time to take refracturing measures. The larger the natural fracture approach angle is, the more difficult it is for stress reversal to occur near the fracture, and the earlier the optimum refracturing time is. The more likely the stress reversal occurs at the far end of the artificial fracture, the later the optimal time of refracturing is. Reservoirs with low matrix permeability have a rapid decrease in single well productivity. To ensure economic efficiency, measures such as shut-in or gas injection can be taken to restore the stress, and refracturing can be implemented in advance.

Finite Element Method of Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy Based on UMAT

Functionally graded shape memory alloy (FG-SMA) is widely used in practical engineering regions due to it possessing the excellent properties of both FG material and SMA material. In this paper, the incremental constitutive equation of SMA was established by using the concept of a shape memory factor. On this basis, the secondary development function of the ABAQUS software 2023 was used to write the user-defined material subroutine (UMAT). The phase transformation and mechanical behavior of transverse and axial FG NiTi SMA cantilever beams under concentrated load at free ends were numerically simulated by discrete modeling. Numerical results show that the stress and shape memory factor were distributed asymmetrically along the thickness direction of the transverse FG-SMA cantilever beam, while the stress and the shape memory factor distributed symmetrically along the thickness direction of the cross section of the axial FG-SMA cantilever beam. The bearing capacity of the axial FG-SMA cantilever beam is stronger than the SMA homogeneous cantilever beam, but weaker than the transverse FG-SMA cantilever beam. The load-bearing capacity of the transverse FG-SMA cantilever beam is twice that of the axial FG-SMA cantilever beam under the same functionally graded parameters and deflection conditions. The discrete modeling method of FG-SMA beams proposed in this paper can simulate the phase transformation and mechanical behavior of an FG-SMA beam well, which provides a reference for the practical application and numerical calculation of FG-SMA structures.

Effects of axial misalignment welding defects on the erosive wear of natural gas piping

When considering solid particles in the pipe and axial misalignment weld defects in natural gas transmission systems, changes in the flow field due to structural differences can lead to various erosion characteristics in the bends. To investigate the erosion process within the bend, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) - discrete phase model (DPM) method to develop a bend model with axial misalignment weld seam defects was employed. The erosion distributions of a bend with an axial misalignment weld were investigated under various transport parameters, bend orientation, axial misalignment height, and particle incidence angle. The results indicated that the erosion rate of the outermost elbow increases with the increase of the height of the axial misalignment weld on the outside of the bend pipe. When the axial misalignment height ranges from 1 mm to more than 5 mm, the difference in the maximum erosion rate escalates from 7 % to approximately 30 %. When the length of the inlet straight pipe is shorter, an increased incident angle intensifies the erosion effect and vice versa. This research can provide a reference for field construction work involving defective natural gas pipe bends.

Predicting gas flow rate in fractured shale reservoirs using discrete fracture model and GA-BP neural network method

In the process of shale gas exploitation, the hydraulic fracturing technology is generally used to generate the stimulate reservoir volume (SRV). The network connectivity between natural fractures (NFs) and hydraulic fractures (HFs) significantly affects gas production rate in the hydraulic fracturing stage. To study the influence of natural fracture characteristics on gas flow behavior, a discrete fracture model considering matrix and fracture behaviors is developed. It is found that the increase of natural fracture permeability and distribution density leads to the increase of gas production rate, whereas large orientation angle may cause its decrease. To determine the nonlinear relationship between the natural fracture parameters and gas production rate, the method of back propagation (BP) neural network with genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to make intelligent prediction for the shale gas production. The gas flow rate values for different natural fracture parameters (e.g., permeability, density, orientation) were calculated by discrete fracture model, and used as input data for training and prediction in the GA-BP neural network. Results demonstrate the applicability of forecasting model, which is suitable for shale gas prediction during the operation of horizontal wells if more data profiles could be collected.

Effect of heterogeneity of particle properties on the mechanical properties of sandy soil materials

The random arrangement of particle composition or the heterogeneity of the particles' inherent properties is what causes the variability of mechanical parameters in sandy soils. Combining the discrete element method with random field theory, a random discrete coupling modeling method is refined, in which a rolling resistance contact model was used to take into account the rolling friction characteristics of sand soil particles. Four random discrete element models (RDEM) are developed for typical working situations taking into account the two random field factors, i.e., the coefficient of variation and fluctuation range. The Monte Carlo method is employed to simulate the triaxial RDEM, and the stress-strain relations, parameters of strength and deformation are analyzed. The effects of the coefficient of variation (Cov) and fluctuation range (δ) on the variability of mechanical characteristics are studied. The results show that the mean shear modulus G, peak friction angle φp, and critical friction angle φc of random heterogeneous samples decline while the mean Poisson's ratio μ increases as the Cov increases. The mean values of parameters of deformation and strength of random heterogeneous samples eventually approach those of homogeneous samples as the δ increases.

Money holding and budget deficit in a growing economy with consumers living forever

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I examine the problem of budget deficit in a growing economy in which consumers hold money as a part of their savings in the case where consumers live forever. For simplicity and tractability I use a discrete time dynamic model and Lagrange multiplier method. In the appendix I briefly explain the solution using a discrete time version of the Hamiltonian method. I will show the following results. 1) Budget deficit is necessary for full employment under constant prices. 2) Inflation is induced if the actual budget deficit is greater than the value at which full employment is achieved under constant prices. 3) If the actual budget deficit is smaller than the value which is necessary and sufficient for full employment under constant prices, a recession occurs. Therefore, balanced budget cannot achieve full employment under constant prices. I do not assume that budget deficit must later be made up by budget surplus.</span></p>

Study on the Basic Mechanical Properties and Discrete Element Method Simulation of Permeable Concrete

Permeable concrete pavement material has many voids and a good water permeability, which can reduce surface runoff and alleviate the problem of urban water logging. It also has the functions of acting as a supplementary source of groundwater, purifying water, bodies reducing the urban heat island effect, reducing road noise, and so on. It is an effective solution for urban infrastructures. However, at the same time, because it has a large number of pores, this also affects the strength of permeable concrete. The main factors affecting permeable concrete are particle size and the shape of the aggregate, the content of the cement paste and aggregate, the compaction degree of the mixture, and so on. In this study, the single-factor test method was used to study the effects of aggregate size, slurry-to-bone ratio and loose paving coefficient on the basic mechanical properties and permeability of permeable concrete. Here, the numerical model for permeable concrete is established by using the particle flow discrete element (Particle Flow Code (PFC)modeling method, and a numerical simulation test is carried out. It can be seen from the test results that the permeability coefficient of 50% 5–10 mm + 50% 10–15 mm mixed aggregate permeable concrete is slightly lower than that of 5–10 mm and 10–15 mm single-size aggregate, but has a higher compressive and splitting tensile strength. With the increase in paste-to-bone ratio, the permeability coefficient of permeable concrete decreases, and the compressive strength increases. The loose paving coefficient has a significant effect on the mechanics and permeability of permeable concrete with the increase in the loose paving coefficient, the water permeability decreases and the compressive strength increases. The numerical simulation results show that under the condition that the loose paving coefficient is 1.10 and the slurry-to-bone ratio is 0.5, compared with the experimental results, the error of the numerical simulation results of the compression test is less than 3%. The reliability of the simulation is verified. The discrete element modeling method in this study can be used to simulate the shape of the aggregate in permeable concrete, and the numerical model can effectively simulate the crack development and failure form of permeable concrete in compression tests.

An Agent-Based Modeling and Virtual Reality Application Using Distributed Simulation: Case of a COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit.

Hospitals and other healthcare settings use various simulation methods to improve their operations, management, and training. The COVID-19 pandemic, with the resulting necessity for rapid and remote assessment, has highlighted the critical role of modeling and simulation in healthcare, particularly distributed simulation (DS). DS enables integration of heterogeneous simulations to further increase the usability and effectiveness of individual simulations. This article presents a DS system that integrates two different simulations developed for a hospital intensive care unit (ICU) ward dedicated to COVID-19 patients. AnyLogic has been used to develop a simulation model of the ICU ward using agent-based and discrete event modeling methods. This simulation depicts and measures physical contacts between healthcare providers and patients. The Unity platform has been utilized to develop a virtual reality simulation of the ICU environment and operations. The high-level architecture, an IEEE standard for DS, has been used to build a cloud-based DS system by integrating and synchronizing the two simulation platforms. While enhancing the capabilities of both simulations, the DS system can be used for training purposes and assessment of different managerial and operational decisions to minimize contacts and disease transmission in the ICU ward by enabling data exchange between the two simulations.