Discrepancy In Behavior Research Articles

Structural basis for the discrepancy of spectral behavior in C-H stretching band between steroids and long chain hydrocarbon compounds

Structural basis for the discrepancy of spectral behavior in C-H stretching band between steroids and long chain hydrocarbon compounds

Effect of grain growth and measurement on fracture toughness of silicon nitride ceramics

Two kinds of α-Si3N4 powders with different properties (high purity and low purity) were pressureless sintered using MgAl2O4-ZrO2 as sintering additives. The grain growth was controlled by sintering time and temperature. The fracture toughness was determined using indentation microfracture (IM) and single-edge-precracked-beam (SEPB) methods. A discrepancy of fracture toughness was found between the values obtained by these two methods, and the SEPB method provided higher fracture toughness than the IM method. Materials with more large elongated Si3N4 grains gave higher fracture toughness, R-curve behavior and larger discrepancy. This is contributed to the effects of grain bridging, pull-out and deflection by the large elongated Si3N4 grains. Comparing the specimens from two kinds of α-Si3N4 powders with different purity level, both gave high fracture toughness of over 9 MPa · m1/2 by the SEPB method, while the E10 samples have a little higher flexural strength.

Jobless Durations of Displaced Workers: A Comparison of Canada and the United States

This paper deals with one fact of the unemployment rate gap between Canada and the United States that started in the early 1980s. We seek to analyse discrepancies in the search behaviour and environment of displaced workers which give rise to a higher observed average jobless duration for Canadian workers. A common hazard function is estimated from a data set which combines comparable information from the American and the Canadian Displaced Worker Surveys for 1986. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics' and the distribution of jobless spells of displaced workers in the two countries reveals some relevant differences across countries. The results from the regression model are roughly similar for the two countries, with the exception of significant differences in the impact of a few variables, such as the cause of displacement (plant closure versus production cutback); there is also a higher degree of negative duration dependence in the US. An empirical decomposition exercise suggests that the differences in the characteristics of displaced workers and their labour markets are relatively more important than differences in the estimated regression coefficients of the corresponding variables in generating a longer average duration in Canada.

Discovering Error Classes from Discrepancies in Novice Behaviors Via Multistrategy Conceptual Clustering

The automatic discovery of classes of errors that represent misconceptions and other knowledge errors underlying discrepancies in novice behavior is not a trivial task. A novel approach to this problem is described, in which relationships among behavioral discrepancies are analyzed and inductively generalized via an unsupervised, incremental, relational multistrategy conceptual clustering method that takes into account similarities as well as causalities in the data. Performance results on the classification of discrepancy sets and discovery of error classes from discrepancies of buggy PROLOG programs demonstrate the potential of the approach.

A novel sol-gel route to superconducting oxyfluoride Sr 2Cu(O,F) y thin films

Oxyfluoride Sr 2Cu(O,F) y thin films were prepared by a sol-gel method using Sr(O- iC 3H 7) 2 and CuF 2 as starting materials and trifluoroacetic acid as an additional fluorine source. The sols were coated on SrTiO 3 (STO) or LaAlO 3 (LAO) single crystal substrates and then heated at 800°C under a condition controlled by the concentration of O 2 gas. For the films on STO, Sr 2CuO 3 was formed first and changed to the K 2NiF 4-type Sr 2Cu(O,F) y phase by post-fluorination using a methanol solution of NH 4F. In the case of using LAO substrates, the Sr 2Cu(O,F) y phase was directly formed by one time heating at 800°C. A direct formation of the Sr 2Cu(O,F) y phase has never been reported before. The presence of fluorine in the films was confirmed both by chemical analysis and XPS spectroscopy. The discrepancy in the crystallization behavior of the films on STO and on LAO substrates is explained by the formation of SrF 2 impurities owing to the reaction between fluorine in the film and strontium in the STO substrate. The Sr 2Cu(O,F) y thin films on STO exhibited the superconducting transition at 45 K in a SQUID measurement.

ACID LEACHING STUDIES OF NEUTRON-IRRADIATED CHYRSOTILE ASBESTOS

Samples of chrysotile from Quebec (UICC B and Jeffrey 4T-30) and from the Coalinga region of California (Calidria RG-144) were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a reactor. The main activation products induced were 46Sc, 51Cr, 59Fe and 60Co. Accurately weighed samples of the irradiated materials were dispersed in N HCl by hand shaking for 10 s. After leaching for predetermined periods at 25°C, the samples were filtered and the concentrations of Mg determined in the filtrates by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (IPC-AES) and the activities of the four radionuclides by high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. Similar measurements were made on solutions obtained by refluxing samples of irradiated chrysotilc with 2N HCl for 2 h. The specific activities of each of the four activation products were calculated in arbitrary units and, as the concentrations of Sc, Cr, Fe and Co in the UICC B sample had already been determined, it was possible to estimate the concentrations of these elements in the other two samples. Similanties in the leaching patterns of magnesium and of the activation products showed that with all samples, high proportions of the parent trace elements were present in the form of isomorphous substitutes for magnesium in structural brucite. Agreement was closest with the Calidria chrysotile in which all the radionuclides had a similar pattern. With the Jeffrey and UICC B samples, the presence of a high proportion of the iron as relatively insoluble magnetite accounted for the observed discrepancy in behaviour between 59Fe and Mg. More detailed calculation of leaching rates over specific time intervals showed that, initially, 51Cr and 60Co dissolved more rapidly than Mg but that this was followed by a period in which the opposite was the case. It was concluded that the Calidria RG-144 sample is an ideal candidate for studies of magnesium dissolution in vivo. © 1997 AEA Technology plc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

Acid leaching studies of neutron-irradiated chyrsotile asbestos

Samples of chrysotile from Quebec (UICC B and Jeffrey 4T-30) and from the Coalinga region of California (Calidria RG-144) were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a reactor. The main activation products induced were 46Sc, 51Cr, 59Fe and 60Co. Accurately weighed samples of the irradiated materials were dispersed in N HCI by hand shaking for 10 s. After leaching for predetermined periods at 25°C, the samples were filtered and the concentrations of Mg determined in the filtrates by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (IPC-AES) and the activities of the four radionuclides by high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. Similar measurements were made on solutions obtained by refluxing samples of irradiated chrysotile with 2N HCI for 2 h. The specific activities of each of the four activation products were calculated in arbitrary units and, as the concentrations of Sc, Cr, Fe and Co in the UICC B sample had already been determined, it was possible to estimate the concentrations of these elements in the other two samples. Similarities in the leaching patterns of magnesium and of the activation products showed that with all samples, high proportions of the parent trace elements were present in the form of isomorphous substitutes for magnesium in structural brucite. Agreement was closest with the Calidria chrysotile in which all the radionuclides had a similar pattern. With the Jeffrey and UICC B samples, the presence of a high proportion of the iron as relatively insoluble magnetite accounted for the observed discrepancy in behaviour between 59Fe and Mg. More detailed calculation of leaching rates over specific time intervals showed that, initially, 51Cr and 60Co dissolved more rapidly than Mg but that this was followed by a period in which the opposite was the case. It was concluded that the Calidria RG-144 sample is an ideal candidate for studies of magnesium dissolution in vivo.

Les villageois dans et hors du village. Gestion des conflits et contrôle social des travailleurs migrants originaires des montagnes françaises (fin XVIIe siècle-milieu du XIX

The article analyses the different forms of social control practiced on populations of migrant workers according to whether the men are in the village, in transit or at migration sites ; it also takes into consideration the respective social positions of migrants and settled inhabitants. The author begins by identifying and analyzing discrepancies in behaviors between mountain and valley, which are revealed by delinquency and how it is managed, and uses the few matters brought before royal or seignioral courts, as well as a systematic inventory of acts drawn up by notaries, to penetrate the way in which justice was exercized in the village and to grasp how the family, the community and the organization of work impinge, according to the situation, on individuals.

Effects of Stereotypicality and Perceived Group Variability on the Use of Attitudinal Information in Impression Formation

In line with Susan Fiske and Steven Neuberg's continuum model of impression formation, it was found that when a social category was perceived as homogeneous on a stereotypic trait, a target's behavioral discrepancy from that stereotype elicited attention to and elaboration of individuating information. Individuating information consisted of the target person's attitude toward a stereotype-unrelated issue. Perceived variability was manipulated. Impressions of the stimulus person were related to participants'own attitude toward the issue, suggesting a similarity attraction effect. In the atypical-behavior/low-variability condition, this relationship was mediated by attitude-related thoughts. This suggests a cognitive-response-mediated similarity-attraction effect leading to relatively individuated impressions. All results were consistent across two different stimulus groups that were associated with complementary stereotypes.

Hyphal contribution to water uptake in mycorrhizal plants as affected by the fungal species and water status

Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae may increase resistance of plants to drought by a number of mechanisms, such as increased root hydraulic conductivity, stomatal regulation, hyphal water uptake and osmotic adjustment. However, a substantial contribution of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) hyphae to water uptake has not been demonstrated unequivocally. The objective of this investigation was to examine the contribution of hyphae from two VAM fungi to water uptake and transport by the host plant. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were grown in a container divided by a screen into two compartments. One was occupied by roots, the other only by VAM hyphae, which the screen permitted to pass. Roots were colonized by the VAM fungi Glomus deserticola or Glomus fasciculatum, or were left uninoculated but P‐supplemented. Water was supplied to the hyphal compartment at a distance of 10 cm from the screen (root). CO2 exchange rate, water‐use efficiency, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic phosphorus‐use efficiency of VAM or P‐amended control plants were evaluated at three levels of water application in the hyphal compartment. Results indicate that much of the water was taken up by the hyphae in VAM plants. VAM plants, which had access to the hyphal compartment, had higher water and nutrient contents. G. deserticola functioned efficiently under water limitation and mycelium from G. fasciculatum‐colonized plants was very sensitive to water in the medium. This discrepancy in VAM behaviour reflects the various abilities of each fungus according to soil water levels. Different abilities of specific mycelia were also expressed in terms of nutritional and leaf gas‐exchange parameters. G. fasciculatum caused a significant increase in net photosynthesis and rate of water use efficiency compared to G. deserticola and P‐fertilized plants. In contrast, the G. deserticola treatment was the most efficient affecting N, P and K nutrition, leaf conductance and transpiration. Since no differences in the intra‐ and extra‐radical hyphal extension of the two endophytes were found, the results demonstrate that mycorrhizal hyphae can take up water and that there are considerable variations in both the behaviour of these two VAM fungi and in the mechanisms involved in their effects on plant water relations.

Three Case Studies in Finite Element Model Updating

This article summarizes the basic formulation of two well-established finite element model (FEM) updating techniques for improved dynamic analysis, namely the response function method (RFM) and the inverse eigensensitivity method (IESM). Emphasis is placed on the similarities in their mathematical formulation, numerical treatment, and on the uniqueness of the resulting updated models. Three case studies that include welded L-plate specimens, a car exhaust system, and a highway bridge were examined in some detail and measured vibration data were used throughout the investigation. It was experimentally observed that significant dynamic behavior discrepancies existed between some of the nominally identical structures, a feature that makes the task of model updating even more difficult because no unequivocal reference data exist in this particular case. Although significant improvements were obtained in all cases where the updating of the FE model was possible, it was found that the success of the updated models depended very heavily on the parameters used, such as the selection and number of the frequency points for RFM, and the selection of modes and the balancing of the sensitivity matrix for IESM. Finally, the performance of the two methods was compared from general applicability, numerical stability, and computational effort standpoints.

Three Case Studies in Finite Element Model Updating

This article summarizes the basic formulation of two well-established finite element model (FEM) updating techniques for improved dynamic analysis, namely the response function method (RFM) and the inverse eigensensitivity method (IESM). Emphasis is placed on the similarities in their mathematical formulation, numerical treatment, and on the uniqueness of the resulting updated models. Three case studies that include welded L-plate specimens, a car exhaust system, and a highway bridge were examined in some detail and measured vibration data were used throughout the investigation. It was experimentally observed that significant dynamic behavior discrepancies existed between some of the nominally identical structures, a feature that makes the task of model updating even more difficult because no unequivocal reference data exist in this particular case. Although significant improvements were obtained in all cases where the updating of the FE model was possible, it was found that the success of the updated models depended very heavily on the parameters used, such as the selection and number of the frequency points for RFM, and the selection of modes and the balancing of the sensitivity matrix for IESM. Finally, the performance of the two methods was compared from general applicability, numerical stability, and computational effort standpoints.

High density behaviour of nuclear symmetry energy

There exists profound discrepancy in the high density behaviour of the nuclear symmetry energy obtained in realistic variational many-body (VMB) calculations and in relativistic mean-field (RMF) calculations. While the symmetry energy decreases to negative values in the former approach it increases monotonically in the latter one. The origin of this discrepancy is discussed and it is argued that VMB prediction is more reliable. It is shown that vanishing of the symmetry energy implies proton-neutron separation instability in dense matter.

Neonatal Temperament in Full-Term Twin Pairs Discordant for Birth Weight

To examine the significance of relative birth weight of cotwins for neonatal temperament, 70 pairs of full-term twins who were at least 15% discordant for birth weight were assessed. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity, reactivity, and reinforcement value. The larger twin of the pair was more irritable, more difficult to soothe, more active while awake, more active during sleep, less reactive to visual and auditory stimuli, and less reinforcing to the examiner than the smaller cotwin. Both the lighter and heavier cotwins exhibited behavioral discrepancies. The results are discussed in relation to prenatal influences on early behavioral development, and implications for differential parent-infant interaction with each twin.

Discrepancy of Behavior of Perturbed Sequences in L p Spaces

Discrepancy of Behavior of Perturbed Sequences in L p Spaces

Discrepancy of behavior of perturbed sequences in 𝐿^{𝑝} spaces

Given p ∈ [ 1 , ∞ ) p \in [1,\infty ) , examples of sequences { n k } k ⊂ N {\{ {n_k}\} _{k \subset \mathbb {N}}} such that for any ergodic dynamical system ( X , β , m , T ) (X,\beta ,m,T) the averages \[ A N f ( x ) = 1 N ∑ k = 1 N f ( T n k x ) {A_N}f(x) = \frac {1} {N}\sum \limits _{k = 1}^N {f({T^{{n_k}}}x)} \] converge almost everywhere in all L q ( X ) , q > p {L^q}(X),\,q > p , but fail to have a finite limit for some function in L p ( X ) {L^p}(X) are shown. Also, sequences such that for all ergodic dynamical systems the averages A N f ( x ) {A_N}f(x) do not converge for some function f ∈ L p ( X ) f \in {L^p}(X) for all 1 ⩽ p > ∞ 1 \leqslant p > \infty but do converge for all functions in L ∞ ( X ) {L^\infty }(X) are shown.

The β-configuration of the rhamnosidic linkage in salmonella serogroups C 2 and C 3, lipopolysaccharide is important for the immunochemistry of the o-antigen 8

Pairs of synthetic di- and trisaccharide-polyacrylamide (PAA) conjugates, isomers in configuration of the rhamnose residue and related to the sequence abequosyl-(α 1–3)-rhamnosyl-(β 1–2)-mannose (ARM), found in Salmonella serogroup C 2 (O-antigens 6,8) and C 3 (O-antigens 8,20) lipopolysaccharides, have been used as coating antigens and inhibitors in enzyme immunoassay to evaluate the immunochemical importance of the β-rhamnosidic linkage in the O-antigen 8. In each pair, the reaction with the factor O:6,8 serum was more pronounced for the synthetic antigen with the β-rhamnosidic linkage. The ARM-PAA conjugate with the β-rhamnosidic linkage was found to be 2000 fold more efficient as inhibitor of binding of the factor O:6,8 serum to the ARβM-PAA conjugate as compared to the α-linked analogue. The discrepancy in immunochemical behaviour of the α and β -rhamnose containing ARM oligosaccharides can be explained by conformational differences of the oligosaccharides. A slight cross-reactivity observed in the interaction of antiserum against abequosyl-(α 1–3)-mannose, representative of Salmonella O-antigen 4, coupled to BSA, with Salmonella O-factor 8 specific abequosyl-(α 1–3)-rhamnose containing conjugates is due to the common terminal immunodominant sugar, abequose.

A comparison of toughness of C-Mn Steel with Different Grain Sizes

The low-temperature toughness of C-Mn weld steel with different grain sizes was investigated with notched and precracked specimens. The results indicated that the fine grain steel, evaluated by notched specimens (Charpy V-notch and 4 point bending specimens), is tougher than that of the coarse grain steel over a temperature range from -196 °C to -30 °C. On the other hand, the coarse grain steel, evaluated with precracked specimens, has a remarkably greater plane strain fracture toughness compared to the fine grain steel. The microstructural analysis revealed that the fracture toughness of both the fine grain and the coarse grain steel is not directly related to the distance of the fracture initiation site from the precrack tip or the size of the ferrite grain. The behavioral discrepancy can be explained in terms of the ratio of local fracture stress to yield stress,i.e., σ f f/σ y. The fine grain steel had a higher σ f f/σ y in the notched specimens but a lower value in the precracked specimens compared to the coarse grain steel. The scatter of toughness data can be mainly attributed to the probabilistic distribution of the weakest particle. We suggested that σ f f/σ y may be a useful parameter for the engineering evaluation of toughness.

Nuclear DNA ploidy and prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men in the United States [1]. Although 103,000 new cases were expected in 1989, less than one third were projected to die of their disease. The vast majority of prostate cancer remains clinically undetectable for the patient’s entire life. This discrepancy in the biologic behavior of prostate cancer remains a mystery. However, attempting to determine which tumors will remain indolent and which will follow an aggressive course is the work of much investigation.

Hydrophobically end-capped poly (ethylene oxide) urethanes: 1. Characterization and experimental study of their association in aqueous solution

Three hydrophobically end-capped poly (ethylene oxide) urethanes have been characterized carefully by n.m.r., size exclusion chromatography (s.e.c.) and light scattering in tetrahydrofuran. Their associative behaviour in aqueous solutions has been studied by several techniques. Hydrophobic substance solubilization and surface tension measurements have shown the formation of hydrophobic microdomains above a critical concentration; s.e.c., light scattering and viscometry have allowed us to determine the molecular weights and dimensions of the aggregates. Slight differences in the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance may induce large discrepancies in the associative behaviour but it remains difficult to determine the exact role played by the chemical nature of the hydrophobic moieties.