Discrepancy In Behavior Research Articles

Roentgenological signs in the skeleton of uremic children. An analysis of the anatomical principles underlying the roentgenological changes.

The roentgenological signs encountered in the skeleton of uremic children, some treated by hemodialysis and others untreated, are described and related to histological studies. There is a discrepancy in behaviour between cortical and cancellous bone. Under the influence of parathormone cortical bone is eroded from the periosteal, endosteal and Haversian system surfaces. In contrast, cancellous bone is dense (osteosclerosis). The epiphyseal growth plate is narrow in end-stage renal failure; the histological equivalent of the radiolucent area in the growing zone is primary spongiosa consisting of undermineralised woven bone devoid of chondroid.

Leadership preference, leadership behavior, and employee satisfaction

This study investigated five leadership dimensions and seven satisfaction criteria in two state highway department bureaus. One bureau dealt with Construction, the other was a bureau of Design. Each bureau differed in work demands and potential for supervisor-subordinate interaction. Data about leadership preference, leadership behavior, and satisfaction criteria were obtained statewide by mail questionnaires. Differences between the Construction and Design bureaus were predicted for: (1) leadership preference scores; (2) leadership behavior scores and their relationships with criteria; (3) leadership preference minus behavior discrepancy scores and their relationships with criteria; and (4) interactive leadership behavior X preference relationships with criteria. It was also predicted that the models in (3) and (4) above would have a stronger relationship with criteria than would leadership behavior alone. In general, a number of differences were found between the two bureaus concerning (1–4) above but the discrepancy and interactive models were not more strongly related to criteria than leadership behavior alone. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Form birefringence in biaxially oriented polypropylene

AbstractThe birefringence of several biaxially oriented polypropylene films swollen with a number of fluids has been measured and found to exhibit a minimum when plotted against the fluid refractive index, as predicted by the theory of Wiener. However, a discrepancy in the form birefringence behavior is observed when samples of different degrees of crystallinity but the same total birefringence are compared. These results are interpreted in terms of Bullough's theory and suggest that this discrepancy arises because of different morphologies. A refractometric technique was employed that makes possible the simultaneous determination of birefringence and the volume fraction of fluid.

Standard electrode potential of ?-manganese dioxide and its relation to other properties

Further measurements are reported for the standard potentials of variously prepared and treated samples of β-manganese dioxide. Values lie in the range 1.231–1.244 V except for a highly crystalline autoclaved sample (1.196 V). A discrepancy in the ion-exchange behaviour of these almost stoichiometric β-MnO2 samples, compared with that of less stoichiometric forms of manganese dioxide, has been traced to a reaction between manganese dioxide and dilute acids which is rate controlled by diffusion in the oxide.

The Growth of Schoenus Nigricans on Blanket Bog Peats: I. The Response to pH and the Level of Potassium and Magnesium

Over most of Britain and on the continent of Europe Schoenus nigricans grows only in certain types of fen. In the west of Ireland, however, as is well known, it is one of the most important and characteristic constituents of blanket bog. This discrepancy in behaviour has been explained by Tansley in the following terms: 'It has recently been suggested that the abundance or dominance of Schoenus in blanket bog near the western coasts may be favoured by the falling of sea spray, driven by inshore gales on the surface of the bog, thus changing the soil reaction in the direction of its more normal habitat' (Tansley 1939). Gorham discusses the subject in a paper on the acidity and base status of a raised bog in the English Lake District and a blanket bog in western Ireland, but appears to think more in terms of a direct nutritional effect of sea spray. He misinterprets Tansley and Osvald (1949) but provides an alternative explanation when he writes '... it has been claimed that the greater exposure of the blanket bogs to sea spray provides them with more mineral nutrients, thus enabling them to support the growth of plants such as Schoenus' (Gorham 1953a). He goes on to show that for the bogs he studied, both the pH and the base status were considerably higher on the blanket bog. He concludes, however, that because the base status is not so high as that of the waterlogged soils influenced by mineral soil water on which Schoenus is usually found, 'Perhaps the mildness of the climate is the factor allowing Schoenus to grow in habitats less base-rich than it commonly frequents elsewhere.' The present author became interested in this problem in 1954, when working on the relationships between various bog types in Connemara, Co. Galway. It was noticed that Schoenus occupied a variety of waterlogged peats from mineral flushes to ombrogenous blanket bog and that, on the whole, the luxuriance of the plant decreased as the degree of flushing decreased. Thus there was available a range of habitats from something close to the 'normal' to the 'abnormal', all under the same climate. If the mineral salt content of the peat were the factor responsible for the differences in growth observed, it was argued that, since the growth on blanket bog peat was poor, a reduction in nutrient level below that found on Galway bogs might result in failure of the plant altogether and that it may not be found on blanket bogs farther east for this very reason. An attempt to discover what nutrients were involved was made by analysing plants from various habitats in western Ireland and comparing the growth with the relative nutrient content by the technique of partial correlation. The case for this approach has been put at length by Goodall & Gregory (1947) and, in a more refined state, by Leyton

A new haemoglobin variant exhibiting anomalous electrophoretic behaviour.

IN moving-boundary electrophoresis, cacodylate buffer, pH 6.5, µ0.1, the relative mobilities of the better-known haemoglobin variants are the same or only slightly different from those in paper electrophoresis, veronal buffer, pH 8.6, µ0.05. Owing to the fact that the two buffers are on the opposite sides of the isoelectric points of these types of haemoglobin, the order of migration is reversed; however, the relative mobilities of haemoglobin types A, S = D and C are identical under both conditions. The earliest instance of a type of haemoglobin exhibiting some discrepancy in behaviour in free electrophoresis as compared to paper electrophoresis is that of haemoglobin F; with the latter technique, the mobility of F is always slightly less than that of A, but with the former, F is indistinguishable from A. A somewhat greater difference occurs in the mobility of haemoglobin E, which, in veronal paper electrophoresis (pH 8.6), lies between S and C, but in free electrophoresis (cacodylate, pH 6.5) is slightly less than that of S (between S and A)1. Similarly, the mobility of haemoglobin G lies between F and S in paper electrophoresis at pH 8.6; but in free electrophoresis at pH 6.5 (cacodylate) G is inseparable from S 2.

The Electrical Conductivity of Glass Part I. The Formation of Highly Resistant Layers

An effort is made to distinguish more clearly between two types of phenomena which may occur in some glasses: (1) a ``reversible absorption'' current due to the formation of a high counter electromotive force, and (2) an ``irreversible absorption'' current due to the formation of a highly resistant layer in the glass. Characteristic curves showing one type of the latter which may occur under certain conditions are given. Although many observers seem to have observed both phenomena previously, considerable confusion still seems to exist in distinguishing between them. Combinations of both phenomena may be one possible cause of some of the large discrepancies in current-time behaviors reported. A study of the relatively small, slowly decreasing residual electromotive force observed upon discharging the sample shows a linear increase of this electromotive force with increase in temperature for temperatures as high as 150°C.