Orientalist Discourse Research Articles

About the Discourse of the Necessity of Military Intervention in Brazil for the "Restoration of Order in the Country": Analytical Notes

Abstract In this work, based on the analysis of the French orientation discourse, we aim to reflect on a discourse that is becoming increasingly common in Brazil: the request for the Armed Forces to take control of the country by force. Although a recent past full of suffering, death and torture stamped the pages of the history books when telling about the Military Coup of 1964, research indicates the support of more than 40% of the population for a supposed military intervention in Brazil in 2018. In a quick survey of major newspapers in the country and in social networks, we noted that often some statements are associated with the demand for seizure of power, such as: "We are going to sanitize the country", "establish order", "in the name of God and the family, Brazil will be a serious country". Such relations between this "semantic universe" makes us question whether there is a discursive "order" that governs and sustains this need for military intervention in Brazil. Therefore, we will use a theoretical-discursive approach based on the concepts of Alice Krieg-Planque (2016), Dominique Maingueneau (2014) and Marie-Anne Paveau (2015), more specifically of small phrases and discursive virtue, respectively. The latter guides us in the sense of answering a question that the author herself asks: "Will there be good statements in the moral sense of the term? If so, what then is a statement capable of receiving a judgment of moral value? And how does moral value manifest itself linguistically?" (p. 24). This is because, for her, this notion "functions at the core of an ethics of values and supposes an intersubjective negotiation within a given group or given society" (p. 26). For the constitution of our corpus, will be analyzed especially statements published in newspapers and magazines of great circulation in the country.

About the Discourse of the Necessity of Military Intervention in Brazil for the "Restoration of Order in the Country": Analytical Notes

Abstract In this work, based on the analysis of the French orientation discourse, we aim to reflect on a discourse that is becoming increasingly common in Brazil: the request for the Armed Forces to take control of the country by force. Although a recent past full of suffering, death and torture stamped the pages of the history books when telling about the Military Coup of 1964, research indicates the support of more than 40% of the population for a supposed military intervention in Brazil in 2018. In a quick survey of major newspapers in the country and in social networks, we noted that often some statements are associated with the demand for seizure of power, such as: "We are going to sanitize the country", "establish order", "in the name of God and the family, Brazil will be a serious country". Such relations between this "semantic universe" makes us question whether there is a discursive "order" that governs and sustains this need for military intervention in Brazil. Therefore, we will use a theoretical-discursive approach based on the concepts of Alice Krieg-Planque (2016), Dominique Maingueneau (2014) and Marie-Anne Paveau (2015), more specifically of small phrases and discursive virtue, respectively. The latter guides us in the sense of answering a question that the author herself asks: "Will there be good statements in the moral sense of the term? If so, what then is a statement capable of receiving a judgment of moral value? And how does moral value manifest itself linguistically?" (p. 24). This is because, for her, this notion "functions at the core of an ethics of values and supposes an intersubjective negotiation within a given group or given society" (p. 26). For the constitution of our corpus, will be analyzed especially statements published in newspapers and magazines of great circulation in the country.

The Western Framing of the Female Captive: A Hermeneutic Study of Captivity in Morocco

The study of the Western consumption of the female captive remains central to the circulation of cultural and social constructions in the mainstream visual and literary texts. Due to the massive upsurge of such constructs, the hermeneutic study of the existing images about captivity in the East has stipulated new perspectives into the production of these substantial messages that determine genuine challenges to the preexisting canonical view of cultural representations. As many scholars have advanced critics about the female images in many narratives, Western cinema has shown significant portraits of the female which draws an orientalist design of a discursive discourse, introducing extreme exoticness of both pleasures and destruction. With the promise to deconstruct the captive portraits of the female identity, this paper discusses the circulation of such images, explaining why they exist, offering some solutions, as well as offering an analysis of their possible impact on the public. Given the damaging misperceptions that exist as a result of their circulation and consumption, this paper fills a much-needed research gap by asking the following research questions. How does the circulation of these images reproduce issues of femininity and captivity? How do visuals reinvent the literary tradition to depict the female captive in the orientalist discourse? By answering these questions, the paper attempts to examine the issue of representation by adopting a cultural studies approach, relying specifically on qualitative content analysis to reveal alternative possibilities of some of the Western perceptions. The rationale behind this approach lies in the fact that cultural studies bash to study all aspects of cultures without canonizing some artifacts at the expense of others.

Orientalizing Arab Migrant Women: Faten and Reema as Sexual Fantasies in Laila Lalami’s Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits and Susan Muaddi Darraj’s The Inheritance of Exile

The orientalist discourse is characterized by the discursive conceptualization of an uncivilized and sexualized east. Eastern women are portrayed as sexual objects and fantasies whose purpose is the satisfaction and obedience of the brown men. This discursive representation has affected the Westerner’s perception of migrant women as the novels suggest. This article probes the sexualizing and objectifying of Arab migrant women as a result of their ideological representation by the orientalists in the context of diaspora. Faten in Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits as a Moroccan female migrant in Spain and Reema in The Inheritance of Exile as an American of Arab descent are perceived by the Spanish customer and American boyfriend respectively as harem and sexual objects who can fulfill their fantasies. The agency Lalami and Darraj associate with their female protagonists does however dismantle the fixed representation of orientalism as Faten and Reema are given voice to rewrite the discursive narratives and to present alternative representations of Arab female migrants as being heterogeneous and independent individuals with freedom and control over their choices and decisions. The two studied novels as postcolonial diasporic literature disrupts and debunks the discursive orientalist discourse on Arab women.

AsianCrit and Autoethnography: A Future-Focussed Fugue of Critical Collaborative Inquiry

Despite the considerable influence of the “Asian Century” on Australian Government policy and the purported centrality of Asia to Australian national identity, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has simultaneously highlighted and intensified the deleterious impacts of anti-Asian racism. Specifically, Orientalist discourses and a “fear of invasion” that underpin the differential racialized treatment of the Asian diaspora in Australia have manifested in both old and new racisms that have had significant impacts on the mental and physical wellbeing of Asian Australians. In response to this crisis, this autoethnographic paper acknowledges the growing methodological complexity of Critical Race Theory and advances a novel, future-focussed Asian Australian social justice agenda in solidarity with other racialized minorities by interrogating the collaborative potential of Asian Critical Race Theory (AsianCrit) and Autoethnography through an investigation of their respective theoretical and methodological intersections.

Hollywood’s (Mis) Construction of Gender: The Aesthetics and Politics of Stigmatising Arab/Muslim Women

The image of the Arab and Muslim woman, whether as sexually obsessed and oppressed or simply a backward terrorist invented and reinvented in the studios of Orientalist filmmakers, has been an object for decades (and hardly a subject) of imperial Orientalist discourse. From being depicted as repressed mysterious harems sexually outfoxing one another to gain the sheik’s attention to eroticised veiled belly dancers alluring the audience to eventually fanatical extremists threatening the United States, Arab and Muslim women’s representation reflects that Hollywood cinema had reached its sexist and racist height long before the September 11 attacks. By presenting them as voiceless and unable to speak for themselves, the entire industry not only undermine the efforts of female Arab and Muslim activists to achieve gender equality but also acts and reacts within a vicious hegemonic patriarchal discourse that hinders their progressive attempts to better their image.

“ALBANIAN” AS A TERM: ALBANIANS IN THE 18TH CENTURY OTTOMAN THINKING

Bu çalışma, modern Osmanlı dönemi öncesinde Osmanlı devlet adamları ve düşünürlerinin - modern öncesi dönemde etnik isimleriyle anılmış - Arnavut topluluklara karşı geliştirdiği söylemleri incelemektedir. Büyük ölçüde 18. yüzyıldaki Osmanlı vakanüvislerinin “Arnavut” sözcüğünü ilişkilendirdiği bağlamları irdeleyerek Osmanlı müesses nizamında Arnavutlara karşı geliştirilmiş basmakalıp ve sıklıkla pejoratif ifadeler içeren söylem diline odaklanmaktadır. 19. yüzyıl ve sonrasında bilhassa Batılı şarkiyatçı söylemlerde pejoratif sıfatlarla birlikte anılan “Arnavut” terimini, kolonyalizm öncesinde de Osmanlı seçkinleri arasında başka bir veçhe ile de olsa görmek ilginçtir. Bu makale, bir yandan bu seçkinlerin imparatorluktaki birçok göçer topluma ilişkin olumsuz kanaatlerinin etnik terimlerle ilişkilendirmedeki Halduncu düşünceyi incelerken bir yandan da bu ilişkilendirmenin 18. yüzyıldaki isyanlar sonrasındaki değişen veçhelerini ve hâkim Osmanlı söylemlerinde köklü bir yer alıp almadığına ışık tutmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Osmanlı kamu düzen, ordusu ve din anlayışı konuları üzerinden bu söylemin “Arnavut” terimiyle nasıl ilişkilendirildiğini ele alarak, Osmanlı elitlerinin bu söyleminin 19. yüzyılda “modern” ve “şarkiyatçı” saikler ile Arnavut topluluklarına yöneltilmiş pejoratif dilin temelini oluşturup oluşturmadığını araştırmaktadır.

DOĞU-BATI EKSENİNDE ŞARKİYATÇILIK ÇEVİRİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: KURGUSAL FREMEN DİLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Bu çalışma, Herbert’ın Dune, Dune Messiah ve Children of Dune eserlerinin Türkçe ve Almanca çevirilerini kültürel çeviri ve şarkiyatçılık kapsamında karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemekte ve çevirilerle elde edilen etkiyi Doğu-Batı perspektifiyle değerlendirmektedir. İngilizce devam eden hikâye akışı içerisinde Fremen halkının konuştuğu Fremen dilindeki baskın Arap kültürü ve Fremen sosyal kimliğini betimleyen birçok Arapça sözcük, Herbert’ın şarkiyatçı söyleminin en belirgin göstergesidir. Türk ve Alman çevirmenlerin Arapça sözcükleri erek metinlere aktarım şekilleri ve sosyal kimliklerinin doğal sonucu olarak erek kültür içinde yakaladıkları etki, Edward Said’in “Şarkiyatçı Söylem Analizi” ve Tajfel ile Turner’ın “Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı” çerçevesinde yorumlanmakta ve ötekinin çevirisine yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak hedeflenmektedir. Çalışma içerisinde Arapça sözcüklerin Türkçe ile Almanca metinlere aktarımları Newmark’ın kültürel öğe çevirileri için önerdiği çeviri stratejileri çerçevesinde ve çevirmenlerin erek kültürlerde “iç grup” ya da “dış grup” şeklinde yarattıkları etki açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Arapça izlenimli Fremen sözcüklerin çevirilerinde en çok tercih edilen çeviri stratejileri Aktarım ve Doğallaştırma olarak belirlenmiştir. Dune serisinin 1995 yılı Türkçe çevirilerinde bu çeviri stratejilerinin kullanım oranları sırasıyla %41’e %58 ile 2015 yılına %75’e %22 ve Almanca çevirisinde ise %95’e %2 şeklindedir. Türkçe çeviri metinlerde Arapça sözcüklerin çoğunlukla kurgusal bir dilin parçası gibi değil de doğal bir dil olan Arapçadan Türkçede yer aldıkları halleriyle aktarıldığı gözlenmiş ve bu durum hâlihazırda yabancı olunmayan Arap dili ve kültürü sebebiyle Türkçe içinde doğallaştırılarak kaybedilen bir Fremen diline neden olmuştur. Alman erek kültür için ise çoğu Fremen sözcüğünün olduğu gibi aktarılması ve Alman sosyal kimliği gereği Herbert’ın hayali Doğu algısının Alman okuyucuya tüm yabancılığıyla götürülmesi erek okuyucu kitlesi için kaynak metindeki eşdeğer kültürel etkiyi sağlamıştır denilebilir.

O selvagem africano, o falso mouro e o exótico gentio: Imagens dos orientais n’«Os lusíadas» e no presente

Using as its background the celebration of the 450 years since the publication of The Lusiads by Luís Vaz de Camões and the several discourses which have originated in the media around those same celebrations, this paper aims at analysing the contribution of this work for the shaping and development of Orientalist discourse in Portugal. I begin by listing the terms that Camões used to refer to Africans, Middle Easterners and Indians and then I compare them with modern media representations of the same peoples. I conclude that, despite the temporal difference, modern representations are defined by continuity and similarity rather than by rupture and difference. In the final section, I try to assess the different memories regarding Camões and his work as well as the history of Portugal and of the African and Asian people in the contemporary world.

Serat Baron Sakendher: Sejarah Legitimasi Kolonial di Tanah Jawa pada Abad XIX

Serat Baron Sakendher (SBS) is one of the classic Javanese works that narrates the relationship between the Javanese and the Belanda. The SBS script was written in the post-Java war of 1830, when the south-central part of Java was politically completely controlled by the Belanda. The kings and aristocrats in the four Javanese palaces were very submissive to the authority of the VOC as well as being an extension of the power to suppress and explore the population. SBS became the legitimacy of the Javanese king's power over his people as well as the history of the presence of white people. SBS was written by Ngabei Yudasara and later developed by Carik Sasanapustaka. In four Javanese courts, the SBS script was rewritten by different authors during the reign of the same king and duke. Until now, through catalog searches, 21 SBS scripts were found with different panedhak and in different years. It is narrated that at first the presence of Baron Sakendher (BS) to Java was to trade and expand the territory. But when he arrived in the Mataram area, he lost to Panembahan Senopati, the first Mataram King. Finally, BS and his brother made up their mind to serve the Javanese rulers by changing their form into subtle creatures who served and protected the King of Mataram. This narrative reverses with the orientalism narrative which is echoed by the west against the east. West as the ocean and east as the other. Javanese poets view the presence of westerners on the contrary from the discourse of orientalism. West was seen by Javanese poets as someone who came to serve the Javanese rulers.

Empire, diplomacy, and the racial imagination: Spain at the Cairo Congress of Arab Music (1932)

ABSTRACT This article uses Spain's participation at the Cairo Congress of Arab Music (1932) as the basis to raise questions pertaining to the place of Arab music in the racial imagination of Europeans. It argues that Spain's unique response to the challenges arising from the study of Arab music in a context of colonial rivalry reveals still uncharted tensions and fractures running through musicology and Orientalist discourse at the time. My line of inquiry sheds light on the origins and characteristics of the forms of self-reflexivity evident in the musicological work produced by Spain and other European countries. In what ways did the shifting tectonics of North African politics impact or even impair the capacity of European musicological discourse to inscribe Arab music in the global imagination in ways supportive of Europe's identity projects? To what extent was the discourse on Arab music emerging in the context of colonial rivalry suitable for Spain to rewrite the memories of its past of anti-Muslim violence? What could Spain's unique position as both an insider and an outsider relative to notions of Europe reveal about western attitudes towards Arab music in a context of colonial rivalry? The answers to these questions lie not only with the peculiar ways in which Spain addressed its identity crises, but also with the extent to which the Cairo Congress exposed the inadequacy of reigning paradigms in musicology, anthropology and the social sciences, and underscored their inability to keep up with the changing face of North African societies.

ڕەنگدانەوەی گوتاری ڕۆژهەڵاتناسی لە ڕۆمانی "هوتێل ئەوروپا"ی فەرهاد پیرباڵدا

Abstract Orientalist discourse is the result of western points of views on the Eastern world, in which work is done on dividing the world into two opposite poles, each representing a different tradition, culture, civilization, and ... etc. In this article, a group of negative points of views about the East and a group of positive views about the West are produced. Farhad Pirbal's Novel (Hotel Europe) is also producing the same discourse and part of the views of orientalist discourse about the East are reflected in the novel Farhad Pirbal's Novel (Hotel Europe) is also producing the same discourse and part of the views of orientalist discourse about the East are reflected in the novel. In this study, we followed the method of description and analysis, and for this purpose, our research was divided into two parts, and in the first part, we talked about Orientalism and Edward Saeed has been portrayed and interpreted as one of the thinkers in this field, and in the second part, the orientalist views reflected and talked about in the novel.

Constructing Race on the Borders of Europe: Ethnography, Anthropology, and Visual Culture, 1850-1930 ed. by Marsha Morton and Barbara Larson

Reviewed by: Constructing Race on the Borders of Europe: Ethnography, Anthropology, and Visual Culture, 1850-1930 ed. by Marsha Morton and Barbara Larson Bariş Ülker Constructing Race on the Borders of Europe: Ethnography, Anthropology, and Visual Culture, 1850-1930. Edited by Marsha Morton and Barbara Larson. London: Bloomsbury, 2021. Pp. ix + 277. Cloth. $103.50. ISBN 978-1-3501-8232-5. This volume, edited by Marsha Morton and Barbara Larson, uncovers both the practices of ethnic othering and the resistance mechanisms in these processes, as they emerged within the visual and design arts. Although the essays concentrate on the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the late 1920s, during which period the arts were heavily influenced by the rise of ethnography and anthropology, the authors [End Page 379] extend their discussion on the creation of racial inequalities and systems of domination backwards and forwards in time. At the intersection of academic works related to postcolonialism, race, the history of ethnography and anthropology, Orientalism, and memory studies, these essays reflect on the complex relationships between power and knowledge. From a broader perspective, one of the most crucial contributions of this edited volume is its regional focus on Scandinavia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. These regions not only reveal transnational connections in terms of geopolitical identities, but also generate linkages between migration patterns, linguistic developments, and collaborative ethnographic work. Therefore, the eleven chapters in this edited volume intend to go beyond Edward Said's binary model (depicted in Orientalism) by analyzing the fine and applied arts from Eastern and Northern Europe and Russia. In the first chapter, Patricia G. Berman explores how the concept of race, mediated through photography, became a crucial element in Norway's nation-building process. By photographing military recruits and gathering anthropometric data in the eastern and southern regions of the country, military physician Carl Oscar Eugen Arbo—as Berman argues in reference to the photographic theories of Margaret Olin, Deborah Poole, and Elizabeth Edwards—measured the physical capacity of the nation, encouraged a classification system for racial research through international collaborative work, promoted the authentic representation of the Norwegian mountain farmer for the nation-building process, and influenced the foundational arguments for the development of eugenics and racist ideologies in Europe and America. Similarly, Bart Pushaw's chapter considers the representation of colonial subjects within the Danish Empire through the interactions between archeologist Daniel Bruun and artist Johannes Klein, stemming from their expeditions, which would become part of various exhibitions. In contrast, Pushaw also depicts the works of Sámi artist John Savio as an example that challenges the anthropological gaze of the state, narratives of racial biology, and the perception of docile indigenous subjects. Alison W. Chang reflects, in chapter 3, on the oeuvre of Pia Arke, a Greenlandic/Danish artist, who used archival photos, reports, and collections to question untold and forgotten stories of Danish colonization in Scoresbysund, Greenland. Connecting Arke's uses of space, photographs, and stories to Homi Bhabha's understanding of "in-between" spaces, Chang illustrates the reconstruction of narrative and memory through Arke's personal stories, the materiality of images, and a critique of colonial mapping. In chapter 4, Robert Born and Dirk Suckow illustrate the multilayered Orientalist discourses in Transylvania and Hungary during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by juxtaposing representations of Roma people in texts and images with the construction of national identities and music as a platform of mobilization and differentiation. In a complementary manner, in chapter 5, Marsha Morton analyzes the Orientalism surrounding Leopold Carl Müller's paintings of Egyptians, which [End Page 380] she situates between middle-class Viennese liberalism's interpretation of ethnic identities through ethnographic comparisons and the increasing influence of physical anthropology with its emphasis on biological racial difference, nationalist tensions, and prejudicial narratives. Elaborating on the idea of unity in diversity, Rebecca Houze points to the ethnographic interests of the Gödöllö art colony near Budapest (set up by middle-class artists and intellectuals who blended folk art practices and contributed to the production of a rich material culture), while Barbara Larson examines Paul Gauguin's visual representations of the Celts of Brittany through his interest in comparative linguistics...

From Melting Pot to Islamophobia: Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist

America was founded on the idea of the melting pot that guarantees success, an opportunity to prosperity and social upward regardless of race, religion or status at birth. After the events of 9/11, the idealized notion of the melting pot was abandoned. Therefore, another version of America initiates fueled by post-9/11 xenophobia and President Bush administration’s “war on terror” launched on the pretext of promoting democracy. The Bush Doctrine, however, represented terrorism as a cause rather than an effect of the long history of Western colonization, oppression and manipulation of the Muslim World. This is exactly where the importance of Mohsin Hamid’ novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), is manifested to challenge and subvert the dominant post-9/11 discourse. In Hamid’s novel the “Other” is directly represented, not through the Orientalist discourse, but through an Easterner who changes his allegiance from a believer in and proponent of the neoliberal capitalist version of the American Dream to a skeptic and opponent of USA economic and political foreign policy. Therefore, this research argues that Hamid’s novel attempts to delineate the discourses of Islamophobia, capitalism, economic and political domination of the west, and fundamentalism in context of 9/11 attacks and their aftermath.

Ghosted: Jewishness and the Haunted Hegemony of Racial Modernity

In this article, I introduce affect as a theoretical paradigm for describing and understanding the logic of racialization by focusing on the late nineteenth and early twentieth century discourses of religion, Orientalism, and civic equality, and the specific case of Jewish racialization. Describing racialization primarily in affective terms, I focus on the case of Jewish “racial affect”—the unseen circulation of feelings about Jews, about what Jewishness makes Europeans feel—as a spectral and haunted discourse of European racial modernity. I suggest that Jewish racial affect can help illuminate how racialization and racial formation, more generally, form “affective economies” that help the idealized citizen-subject of national identities orient themselves, feeling their way past those negative carriers of racial impurity and disgust and securing borders and banners in the name of their own likeness. Thus, the spectral figure of the Jew provides a figure of a living death (to conjure Leon Pinsker’s description), an undead past that continues to haunt an increasingly secular modernity in which race organizes presence in order to mark religion as a necessary exclusion. Focusing on the negative affects attributed to Jews in the Enlightenment discourse of “civic improvement,” the imagined role of the “Semite” in Orientalist literature, and the anxiety triggered by Jewish persistence in historical exile, I outline the spectral role of the Jew in the shifting discourse of religion and secular historical thought in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe.

The U.S. drone programme, imperial air power and Pakistan’s federally administered tribal areas

ABSTRACT This article argues that the conduct of state violence by the U.S. drone programme against FATA, with roots in racist and Orientalist discourse, is a contemporary manifestation of imperial air power. While the U.S. drone programme has had a devastating effect on the civilians residing within the programme’s operational areas, this article will focus on Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). With its own colonial history and position as the epicentre for U.S. drone strikes throughout the War on Terror, this region’s civilian population has been caught in the crossfire. Though incredibly valuable, the current literature pertaining to the tribal region is largely isolated from colonial realities, which are necessary to understanding the function of U.S. drones within a contemporary context. This article will examine the various levels of civilian harm endured by FATA civilians by analysing these experiences alongside the imperial nature and neo-colonial emergence of drones, as well as the region’s colonial history. Although global attention has shifted away from this region as the U.S. drone programme has expanded into other areas including Yemen and Somalia, an understanding of the FATA civilian experience illuminates patterns of imperial air power and mechanisms of control actively weaponised against various populations.

Brexit Referandumundaki Oryantalist İzler: Brexit Afişleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir Çözümleme

Orientalism is a discourse that the West built on the East. In this discourse, the East is always pointed as another. Because the West is an ideal place that has progressed and developed with the modern period. East, which can’t modernize, is another that always falls behind the West, needs the West to develop, has to follow the West, and often fails to do so, even has no potential to succeed. For this reason, the East is always a potential threat to the West and this threat should be constantly taken into account. It’s possible to see the orientalist perspective of the West in a wide range from politics to economy, from sports to art. A current sample of the orientalist discourse constructed by the West has been seen in the United Kingdom during the Brexit process. In the process of withdrawal from the EU, the UK didn’t include the messages directly related to the EU in some campaign materials and also indicated the EU as a threat through Turkey which it pointed as the other with an orientalist perspective. In these narratives, Turkey is positioned as a threat, having potential to join the EU and messages are given about the threat that UK will face in case of the ongoing membership to EU. On the other hand, the countries such as Syria and Iraq were implied as a threat and the links of these threats with Turkey were emphasized. This study reveals this situation with the semiotic analysis method for the posters in the open public spaces, the traditional media and social media during the Brexit process. In the study, 5 Brexit posters selected by the purposive sampling method were examined.

From discourse to practice: Orientalism, western policy and the Arab uprisings

Abstract Ten years on since the Arab uprisings we are in a position to assess how the nexus between knowledge, discourse and practice had a bearing on the trajectory of the protests. They represented hope and change for millions of Arabs in the region, but to what extent was that the case for onlookers in Europe and the US, and did western discourse on events in the Middle East matter? While the toppling of longstanding dictators was met with jubilation by Arab populations, it conversely created anxiety and fear in many western governments. This was reflected in the shift from an initially celebratory discourse in western commentary to disappointment, pessimism and disavowal of the uprisings. Within a year, op-eds and academic articles were asking whether the ‘Arab Spring’ had turned into an ‘Islamist winter’, reverting to Orientalist narratives about the inevitability of conflict, bloodshed and sectarianism in the Middle East. I argue this discourse had implications for the outcome of the uprisings as ‘latent Orientalism’ translated into ‘manifest Orientalism’ and western states hesitated to support opposition groups they initially encouraged and emboldened. I begin the article with a study of western discourse in the first year of the uprisings, which I then situate within a long durée history of western policy and representation of the Middle East. In the final sections I consider the role of scholarship and think tanks as mediators of Orientalist discourse.

Orientalist discourses that have justified suppression of labor after liberation in India (1947-2010) and South Africa (1993-2010)

ABSTRACT Over the years, the discussion of the impact of colonialism on labor has waned despite its continued profound impacts on the agency of labor to respond to injustices. This research seeks to answer the question: How do postcolonial theories help us understand the nature of labor agency post-liberation in South Africa and India? The purpose of this research is to show the utility of Said’s Orientalism and Bhabha’s mimicry in making sense of the continued subordination of workers and the mimicking responses by South African unions. There is a gap in the scholarship in the study of labor through these theoretical lenses. Through archival analysis and process tracing, this research utilizes legislative proceedings and debates as well as policy documents to provide a narrative of the ways that labor unions are restricted in South Africa and India. The research concludes that although Orientalist discourses are present in policy debates and legislative documents, mimicking responses by South African labor show greater potential to further the cause of labor.

Western Rock Artists, Madame Butterfly, and the Allure of Japan: Dancing in an Eastern Dream by Christopher T. Keaveney

Reviewed by: Western Rock Artists, Madame Butterfly, and the Allure of Japan: Dancing in an Eastern Dream by Christopher T. Keaveney Rebecca Suter (bio) Western Rock Artists, Madame Butterfly, and the Allure of Japan: Dancing in an Eastern Dream. By Christopher T. Keaveney. Lexington Books, 2020. x, 229 pages. $105.00, cloth; $39.99, paper; $38.00, E-book. Christopher Keaveney's monograph is a very welcome addition to the field of transnational and comparative Japan studies, and by extension contemporary cultural studies. Examining the history of Western rock music's engagement with Japan as a form of Orientalist discourse, the book is in conversation with a growing body of scholarship that, ever since Richard Minear's 1980 review of Edward Said's Orientalism (1978) for the Journal of Asian Studies, has reflected critically on the applicability of the notion of Orientalism, initially developed by Said in relation to the European discourse on the Middle East, to Anglo-American discourse on East Asia. The book fills an important gap in this debate by examining an understudied area of cultural and creative production, namely rock music. It focuses primarily on rock music of the golden age of the long-playing album, that is to say the decades between the late 1950s and the mid-1980s, but it extends its scope to also consider early twentieth-century and early twenty-firstcentury musical genres such as opera, jazz, and pop. The title of the book is slightly misleading, since the objects of analysis are not so much "Western" artists as British and North American ones. Except for a couple of Australian artists, such as Crowded House and Kylie Minogue, and a couple of "honorary English" groups such as the Swedish band ABBA, the analysis centers almost exclusively on musicians from the United Kingdom and the United States. It could have been interesting to examine a few more examples of Western European musicians who made a career in Japan, such as Claude Ciari, who left the French rock group Les Champions in 1964 to pursue a highly successful career as a solo singer popular with Japanese audiences, or Rosanna Zambon, who after traveling to Tokyo as a vocalist for a rock group as a teenager remained in the country and rose to popularity in the 1970s as part of the duo Hide and Rosanna. Another rich and unexplored object of inquiry potentially very relevant to the book would have been Western European musicians who deployed Japanesque imagery in their lyrics, music videos, or band names, like the 1984 album Rita Mitsouko, by the eponymous French pop rock duo Les Rita Mitsouko, or Italian singer-songwriter Francesco Gabbani's kimono-clad performance of his award-winning "Occidentali's karma" song at the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest, to name only two. [End Page 248] As a study of British and North American rock artists' encounters with Japan, and of their contribution to Orientalist discourse, Dancing in an Eastern Dream is a brilliant interdisciplinary endeavor, combining a sophisticated close reading of lyrics, sound, and visual imagery deployed in the songs, the albums, and the related promotional videos with an in-depth analysis of the British, North American, and Japanese music industries. The study of the context of reception is equally thorough and persuasive. Particularly convincing is the investigation of the impact of Japanese rock journalism—and of locally specific cultural practices such as the production and distribution of visually striking flyers advertising concerts and albums—on the formation of a distinctive Western rock fan culture in Japan, and the impact of this fan culture, in turn, on the "Budōkan concert" and "live in Japan album" phenomena. Given the focus on the importance of fandom, readers might be curious to learn a little more about actual fan responses and the phenomenon of "gaijin akogare" that could have been gathered for example by examining information drawn from fan letters in rock magazines or from interviews with fans. This, however, would probably be the subject of a different book. The book is based on an impressive number of English- and Japaneselanguage primary and secondary sources in a variety of disciplinary fields. The best part of the study is undoubtedly...