Discordant Elements Research Articles

Value the Edge: Permaculture as Counterculture in Australia

Value the Edge: Permaculture as Counterculture in Australia

The “Breaches” of Shakespeare’s The Life of King Henry the Fifth

The argument of this essay involves documenting the presence of dilation in Henry the Fifth . Rhetorical dilation suits Shakespeare’s presentation of Henry as a heroic king, chiefly in the staging of his reconquering France in the spirit of his great-grandfather, Edward III. Nevertheless, the playwright qualifies the heroic swellings in this play whose virile monarch made it appealing to Londoners dissatisfied with aging, childless Queen Elizabeth by introducing into it literal and figurative breaches of various wholes, whether a national boundary or an army. Rifts in these entities often possess social overtones with political implications for England’s national expansion and ethnic inclusion, as well as for the possibility of imperial rule elsewhere. Finally, the presence of breaches in a dilated entity provides a way of understanding how the notoriously discordant elements in Henry’s character—his capacities for Machiavellian intrigue, heroic valor, and Christian piety—can coexist without the denial of or preference for any one of them.

“It’s Like Playing with a Nuclear Bomb”

Most observers of the evangelical purity culture situate it within a form of contemporary evangelicalism that prioritizes personal spiritual growth and self-fulfillment. As a result, portrayals of the movement emphasize the therapeutic individualism and optimism of new paradigm spirituality. But the new paradigm does not help us explain the language of spiritual warfare and what Jason Bivins calls a religion of fear within purity rhetoric. Evangelical purity culture is as equally informed by a religion of accommodation and new paradigm spirituality as it is by a religion of fear and the remnants of cold war fundamentalism. This discordance makes sense only when the contemporary purity culture is placed within a broader historical trajectory that marks its genesis in the fundamentalist resurgence of the 1940s, not the 1970s when new paradigm churches first emerged. By examining the seemingly discordant elements of evangelical purity culture, historians are able to recognize the theological and historical continuity between evangelicalism’s religion of fear and religion of accommodation.

AUTOEVALUACION DE LA MAESTRIA EN CIENCIAS DE LA ENFERMERIA

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación de la Maestría en Ciencias de la Enfermería, la cual pertenece al Programa de Posgrado en Enfermería de la Escuela de Enfermería. Participaron 5 estudiantes, 7 egresados, 5 profesores, 6 miembros de la Comisión del Programa de Posgrado, 1 asistente administrativa, y 8 empleadores (Hospital México, Hospital Tony Facio de Limón, Hospital de Cartago, Hospital San Juan de Dios, CENARE, Instituto Nacional de Seguros, la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Costa Rica y el Colegio de Enfermeras). El objetivo fue determinar el funcionamiento de la maestría académica en Ciencias de la Enfermería y su impacto en la profesión para elaborar estrategias que mejoren la formación de investigadores (as) en la disciplina. El diseño implementado es el sugerido por el sistema de Estudios de Posgrado de la Universidad de Costa Rica el cual consta de etapas, componentes y pautas. Se establecieron tres etapas: 1. Sensibilización del proceso, 2. Elaboración, validación y aplicación de instrumentos y técnicas para la recolección de los datos, 3. Procesamiento y análisis de información. Como resultado relevante se observó que existen elementos discordantes en los diferentes componentes (estudiantes, plan de estudios, graduados, empleadores, investigación, gestión académica, proyección, viabilidad política) que influyen en el éxito de la maestría y que pueden ser resueltos desde una posición política y logística desde el Programa de Posgrado. Se concluye que la construcción del enfoque teórico metodológico expuesto en el plan curricular tiene congruencia y coherencia entre la formación que propone y el perfil académico y profesional, no obstante, en el desarrollo de una maestría hay factores internos y externos que influyen en su éxito o fracaso y debilitan la lógica de un plan educativo.

‘Illness in Absence’: Mansfield and Murry's Collaborative Text: 1918

Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry's correspondence between January and April of 1918 can be read as a collaborative text in which each participant engages in the construction of a writing self. The text's narrative is teleological and the story it depicts is the heroic struggle of two lovers separated by fate in the forms of war and illness. The story's climax is the bombardment of Paris, and its dénouement will be the wedding of its two lovers. Murry constructs his writing self as a poet, but his self-projection fails to coincide with his talents, although Mansfield encourages his aspirations. She wants to write ‘love prose’. Both writers link themselves with the Romantics, not only as poets but as people. This identification allows them to set themselves in opposition to Bloomsbury, especially to Lady Ottoline Morrell and Virginia Woolf. Murry's writing becomes delusionary due to exhaustion from his work at the War Office. Mansfield's entrapment in Paris during the bombardment is captured in vivid descriptions conveying a fusion of discordant elements, combining terror, practicality, and optimism.

Gowardia (Parmeliaceae)—a new alectorioid lichen genus with two species

In recent years, Alectoria in the Acharian sense has been shown to contain several discordant elements, now recognized as separate genera, including Bryoria, Nodobryoria, Pseudephebe and Sulcaria. Here we describe a new segregate genus Gowardia. At present, Gowardia contains two species: G. arctica sp. nov. and G. nigricans (Ach.) comb. nov. (syn. Alectoria nigricans). In addition to several morphological and chemical characters, our decision to recognize Gowardia as distinct from Alectoria is supported by phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and GAPDH data. Gowardia arctica is known from Arctic regions of Canada and Russia, while G. nigricans has a wider range. Alectoria vancouverensis is documented from Finland, which is the first report of the species outside the Pacific coast of North America.

Dilemma-of-Dilemmas: The Position of Conscience in Research

Research has the potential of surfacing not only new and groundbreaking findings but also moral dilemmas that have been hidden deeply within the layers of the research process and even more deeply within the very fabric of the basic theorem from which the research is conceived. As moral dilemmas surface, they have an even greater potential for challenging the individual conscience of the researcher to the degree of questioning moral obligations that sanction premises, even laws, that the researcher may discover that she or he holds as utterly wrong. Such was the dilemma–of–dilemmas of one doctoral researcher when interpretations of her data appeared incongruous with accepted thought and threatened the original theoretics, epistemological position, ontological argument and axiological foundation of her research. In the process of coming to methodological crossroads, hidden realities embedded within the very fabric of everything that this researcher once sanctioned created a breakaway or drift from the popular views held by mainstream educational, medical and psychological associations. The stance of the epistemorph and other associated concepts are adapted by the researcher to describe her experience with research findings that contained discordant elements. Whilst facing possible marginalisation, the researcher takes up her right to ethical disagreement and chooses a reflexive role to bring out values held deeply within the research.

Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Aristotle's Great-Souled Man

This paper seeks to illuminate magnanimity by examining Shakespeare's Coriolanus in light of Aristotle's account of greatness of soul in the Nicomachean Ethics. I contend that contemplation of Coriolanus's similarity to Aristotle's magnanimous man allows us to harmonize two apparently discordant elements of the magnanimous man's character: his seriousness about the good, on the one hand, and his apparently status-oriented intolerance of insult, on the other. Nevertheless, Coriolanus falls short of Aristotle's standard; reflection on his defects reveals that genuine magnanimity requires prudence and a philosophic detachment from the city's moral convictions that Shakespeare's hero lacks.

Ernest Barker and Greek Political Thought: Aristotle

Ernest Barker is best remembered for his study of Plato and his Predecessors (1918), yet his early efforts to mine Greek political theory for relevant insights centred on Aristotle.While not as original as his teacher, Aristotle represents a significant advance in political science, first, by avoiding Plato’s extremes, second, by forwarding a naturalistic and ethical vision of civic life, and finally, by adopting a pragmatic approach to improving ‘deviant’ regimes. Both thinkers serve as a foil for exposing the shortcomings of modern politics, particularly the atomistic individualism of Hobbes, Locke, and Bentham. Unlike Plato, Aristotle exhibits an ‘English spirit’ of compromise, moderation, and balance, although from a distinctly Burkean perspective. Barker’s sympathies did not, however, blind him to the ‘reactionary’, ‘primitive’, and ‘illiberal’ aspects of Aristotle’s teaching. His failure to reconcile these discordant elements—culminating in a quixotic call for an ‘aristocratic democracy’ — merely echoed the ambiguity and equivocation that marked his treatment of Plato. Barker maintained a grudging respect for Plato, but knew he was politically incorrigible. Aristotle showed farmore promise, but in the end could not be made to fit the mould of the Edwardian progressive.

H.D.'s Poetry: 'The Meanings That Words Hide' by Marina Camboni (review)

236 Reviews Musselwhite aims to read Hardy's tragic novels in terms ofthe differentkinds of so? cial order described by Deleuze and Guattari, and in terms such as the 'body without organs', the 'megamachine', Autrui, and so on. In addition he offers,as a corrective to the anti-psychoanalyticpolemic of Anti-Oedipus, an analysis ofthe 'phantasm' de? rived from the work of Laplanche and Pontalis?pointing out that Deleuze's earlier work (especially Logic du sens) was in fact founded on the notion of the phantasm, the ambiguous imprinting, a writing and rewriting, which represents the interface between social construction and the biological drives of the body. Musselwhite's richly informed argument takes us in many directions: into an ana? lysis of the 'territorial' order represented by Henchard, cruel, paternalistic, and attached to oral tradition, versus the 'despotic' written order of the modernizer Farfrae in The Mayor of Casterbridge; into an analysis of just what an attachment to?and a dissolving of the self into?the heath might mean in Return of the Native. But the core of the book is a series of analyses of a central phantasm originating in the figure of the hanged woman Martha Brown, whom Hardy saw executed in 1857; linked in turn to historical memories of the torture and execution of Mary Channing in 1706, a story which Hardy returned to obsessively. Musselwhite sees the body of Mary Channing as underlying the cruel theatre of The Mayor of Casterbridge and its fascination with feminine excess, on the one hand, and feminine self-control on the other (Elizabeth-Jane). He argues that the spectre of the dead woman underlies the idealized, marmoreal, and temporally repeated object of desire in The Well-Beloved, the idealization of Christminster injude the Obscure, and the representation of Tess as akin to Freud's 'magic writing block', a surface on which is inscribed a constantly re-formed collection of impulses. Sometimes Musselwhite threatens to overreach. The assertion that the contradic? tions and savage patterning oijude the Obscure represent the totality of capitalism is not really sustained (it might be true but how could one disprove it?). And in general, if one wanted to offera critique of the notion of the phantasm, it would be that the extent to which it represents a historical (rather than individual) trauma remains unclear . His meditation on the notion of 'translation' injude the Obscure can represent, to my mind, a problematic literalization of a metaphorical structure. But one would not want him to be any less bold a critic, and even when he is pushing an argument towards extremity he often manages to convince the reader by the scholarly surefootedness with which he traces linguistic details, sources, revisions, and structural resonances; or finds in texts discordant elements and clumsiness which he is surely right in seeing as evidence of Hardy's trauma. Royal Holloway, University of London Tim Armstrong H.D.'s Poetry: 'The meanings that words hide'. Ed. by Marina Camboni. New York: AMS Press. 2003. xix + 2o8pp. $74.50. ISBN 0-404-61594-5. H.D.'s poetry and prose continue to generate a broad range of critical interest. H.D.'s Poetry: 'The meanings that words hide' is an examination of the early imagist work but also the lesser-known poems of the middle and late years. The editor, Marina Cam? boni, has gathered together essays from some of the most important and influential scholars working on H.D. today. Evident in this collection is the way in which critics are developing new interpretative strategies for engaging with this writer's work as well as evolving and adapting some of the strategies firstformulated in the groundbreaking criticism of Rachel Biau DuPlessis, Susan Gubar, and Shari Benstock. Based on a one-day colloquium held at the University of Macerata, contributions from Ita? lian, American, and British scholars lend the collection an appropriately international MLR, ioi.i, 2006 237 perspective on a poet whose work draws on a number of cultural sources, both ancient and modern. In a tripartite division, the firstgroup of essays engage with H.D.'s early lyrics. Diana Collecot's ' "She too is my poet": H.D.'s Sapphic Fragments...

Fuzzy nationalism: The case of Jordan

This article, on the basis of a case‐study of Jordan, argues that engaging in the construction of collective identity is a much more complex task than dealing with the relationship between a territorial or pan‐nationalism as either a binary apposite or as synthetic dualism. In Jordan, the construction of nationalism is deliberately fuzzy and eclectic due to security concerns. Jordan's eclectic collective identity, based on four often discordant elements ‐ lineage and family, usually advanced by the monarchy; civic identity, promoted by both society and the monarch; the (pan)‐Arab identity; and religion ‐ deals with inner tensions facing the integrity of the Jordanian state and society.

Circumscription and lectotypification of Cycas rumphii (Cycadaceae)

The misapplied nameCycas rumphii Miquel is demonstrated to be based on discordant elements, and is lectotypified by excluding the discordant elements of the protologue. Synonymy and misapplications of the name are provided.

A new sectional combination in Nageia Gaertn. (Podocarpaceae)

The genus Nageia has received varying taxonomic treatments. The most recent are those by de Laubenfels (1969, under the name Decussocarpus de Laub.; 1987, as Nageia Gaertn.), by Fu (1992) and by Melikyan & Bobrov (2000). De Laubenfels treated the genus in a broad sense, embracing three sections that are now generally recognized respectively as the separate genera Afrocarpus (J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray) Gaussen ex C. N. Page, Nageia sensu stricto, and Retrophyllum C. N. Page (as by Page, 1989, 1990). In de Laubenfels's earlier paper, these three sections were respectively called Decussocarpus de Laub. sect. Afrocarpus (J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray) de Laub., D. sect. Dammaroideae (Benn.) de Laub. [as ‘Dammaroides’], and D. sect. Decussocarpus. The name Decussocarpus had been substituted for Nageia Gaertn. as the type of that generic name is based upon mixed elements belonging to Myrtaceae and Podocarpaceae and, in 1969, an Article of the International Code then in force (Art. 70) banned the use of names based on such ‘discordant elements’. This Article was deleted by the Leningrad Congress and the name Nageia once again became legitimate and available for use. This necessitated de Laubenfels's brief paper of 1987, where the three sections of Decussocarpus which he had earlier recognized were respectively renamed Nageia sect. Afrocarpus (J. Buchholz & N. E. Gray) de Laub., N. sect. Nageia and N. sect. Polypodiopsis (C. E. Bertrand) de Laub.

As You Like It, Rosalynde, and Mutuality

Over years, critics have noted a variety of thematic oppositions in As You Like It: fortune versus nature, country versus court, a view of time medium of decay versus time medium of fulfillment, contrary notions of identity, the conspicuous narrative artifice of opening scenes versus equally prominent theatrical artifice in forest scenes, two different manipulative modes, and, most recently, concerns of a generally privileged versus the concerns of wage laborers, servants, and clowns.' Even play's title seems to refer to an opposition between audience and author, leading George Bernard Shaw, for one, to read it as a snub of audience's taste: here is what you, spectators, like (but I, playwright, do not).2 Are oppositions placed in a kind of balance by end of play (at least in character of Rosalind), dissolved by play's skeptical treatment of seemingly clear-cut distinctions, or are they necessarily partial and constrained gestures toward recognizing value of what might have seemed to Shakespeare and his audience to be culturally subversive attitudes?3 It all appears to hinge on whether we think Shakespearean comedy creates harmony among discordant elements, acts like a solvent on social constructions of difference, or serves to contain (though not always completely) threats to dominant social and cultural order its characters might sometimes express or embody. None of these formulations, however, addresses what I would argue is most important aspect of drama: dynamic nature of relationship between audience and play, spectator

Interart Narrative: (Un)Reliability and Ekphrasis

As defined in my previous work, (un)reliability is one of five types of hypothesis or integration mechanism, whereby readers account for textual incongruities. In principle, we may always appeal to alternative logics of resolution: ambiguous data may be attributed to generic convention, as in the detective story, and/or to functional drives, like surprise, no less than to the teller's blind spots. What distinguishes the perspectival or the unreliability hypothesis is that it brings discordant elements into pattern by attributing them to the peculiarities of the speaker through whom the world is mediated. This links up with Meir Sternberg's model of how fictional communication works through quotation. To infer unreliability is to make sense of the text at a quotational remove, with the mediator as ironized quotee set into the overall narrative for a purpose. And the ultimate quoter along the chain of transmission is the author, our frame-sharer and our normative reference-point for every intermediate viewpoint.To test and illustrate these relations anew, they are extended here beyond the traditional semiotic boundaries of language, so that mediation extends to the very medium. My test case is a dramatic monologue in which the narrator manifests (un)reliability through verbalization of a visual artwork (throughekphrasis, in short). Here the difficulties of translating between media or art forms intersect with those of managing a quote within a quote. Semiotic and perspectival complexities arisetogether. Furthermore, to quote or re-present an artwork in words is to frame one global act of communication within another. The perspectives involved in visual discourse—painter versus beholder—are thereby reset into the verbal discourse about the visual discourse. So, in ekphrasis, the quoting chain goes from literary author to narrator to plastic artist, with their respective ends, skills,vehicles, audiences, and at times with further mediators en route. Ekphrastic speakers can therefore betray themselves—as this one does—in more ways than usual, against more diverse (e.g., aesthetic) norms and to richer ironic effects. In my example, Blake Morrison's “Teeth” (appended below), the issues and disparities of point of view multiply even further. Due to a strategic allusion to Robert Browning's “My Last Duchess,”the modern speaker unknowingly echoes the Renaissance Duke, and the Duchess's picture hovers behind the re-presentation of the modern artwork. In such light, readers infer that the monologist has similarly murdered his wife once we catch and decode the underlying intertextual cum intermedia allusion. This goes to shownot only that (un)reliability hinges on reading but also that different orders of (un)reliability (e.g., between flat and fine judgments, as on the speaker here) correlate with different orders of reading.

DERMATOCARPON LEPTOPHYLLODESAND RELATED SPECIES IN THE BRITISH ISLES

The species ofDermatocarponoccurring in the British Isles are reviewed, with special reference to the hydrophilous species; a number of related species not yet recorded for the British Isles are also briefly treated.Dermatocarpon deminuensandD. leptophyllodesare confirmed as British; the nameD. leptophyllumshould be deleted from the British list. The nameD. meiophyllumis shown to be based on discordant elements. A key is provided to the British and Irish species.

Teleomorph-anamorph connections in Ascomycetes: the anamorphs of three species of Chaetosphaeria

Menispora glauca and Phialophora sp. were experimentally proved to be the anamorphs of Chaetosphaeria ovoidea comb. nov. Chaetosphaeria glauca is regarded as conspecific with C. ovoidea, and the latter is also neotypified. Ascospore cultures of C. pygmaea comb. nov. produced an anamorph similar to Phialophora phaeophora. Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa proved to be based on discordant elements, partly conspecific with C. vermicularioides. The name is neotypified and proposed for conservation in order to retain the present usage and avoid nomenclatural changes.

Phylogenetic Relationships of Hyophiladelphus gen. nov. (Pottiaceae, Musci) and a Perspective on the Cladistic Method

The moss Barbula agraria Hedw., a discordant element in the genus Barbula, is recognized as distinct at the generic level by upgrading the monotypic Barbula sect. Hyophiladelphus C. Mull. Cladistic analysis supports a removal to the subfamily Pottioideae wherein Hyophiladelphus is related to one of two circum- Tethyan groups of genera. This study details the several necessary methodological steps for reclassifying this problematic species. Barbula agraria Hedw. is a small, nearly stemless moss endemic to islands and mainland shores of the Caribbean area. It has been described, discussed, and illustrated by Bartram (1949), Breen (1963), Crum and Steere (1957), Steere (1938), Crum and Anderson (1981), and Zander (1979, 1993, 1994). It is particularly common in the West Indies, whence I have seen specimens from Barbados, Cuba, Do- minican Republic, Guadaloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is one of a distinctive group of Pottiaceae, including the essentially Caribbean species Luisierella barbula (Schwaegr.) Steere, Quaesticula navicularis (Mitt.) Zand., and Plaubelia sprengelii (Schwaegr.) Zand., that have a morphology apparently adapted to a shared sun-drenched, dry habitat of tropical and subtropical islands and the shores of nearby mainlands. That morphology includes a rosulate, short-stemmed habit, broad leaves with plane or incurved margins, ventrally bulging upper laminal cells, and papillae small or entirely absent. In the genus Barbula (authorities of the supraspe- cific taxa throughout are according to Zander 1993), B. agraria has long been recognized as incongruous because of its broadly ellipical or spathulate leaves, but its two costal stereid bands have not, in the past, been taxonomically acceptable in the Tortula rela- tionship, which is characterized by such leaves but with a single band. C. Miiller (1849) placed B. agrar- ia in Barbula sect. Hyophiladelphus C. Mull., to- gether, significantly, with Barbula spathulata Dozy & Molkenb. (a synonym of Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg.), citing as distinctive the involute, more or less spathulate leaves, and both basal and upper laminal cells small and lacking papillae. Zander (1979) raised Miiller's section to the subgenus level, and noted a clear resemblance to Luisierella barbula through the similar strongly colliculate adaxial laminal surface and nearly smooth abaxial surface. Steere (1938) placed B. agraria in its own group, B. sect. Agrariae, saying of the species that it ap- proaches Barbula in the structure of its costa, but on the basis of leaf-shape it is frequently placed in Tortula. It is sufficiently distinct from both genera, however, to justify, perhaps, the eventual erection of a new genus. A cladistic analysis of the family Pottiaceae at the genus level (Zander 1993) demonstrated the exis- tence of a lineage of taxa to B. agraria in morphology, especially in the leaves often tubulose when dry, leaf margins plane or incurved or invo- lute, and upper laminal cells ventrally bulging. The leaf shape was commonly elliptical or spathulate, but also occasionally lanceolate, and the number of stereid bands was either one or two. Included were the 18 genera Aloina, Aloinella, Crossidium, Gan- guleea, Globulinella, Hymenostyliella, Hyophila, Hypodontium, Luisierella, Molendoa, Plaubelia, Pterygoneurum, Quaesticula, Stegonia, Teniolo- phora, Weisiopsis, Weissia, and Weissiodicranum. The group occurred either as comprising the base of the Pottioideae subclade (Zander 1993, pp. 41, 42) when analyzed with Timmia or Ptychomitrium as outgroups, or as a separate branch of the Pot- tioideae subclade (1993, pp. 40, 46) with Polytri- chum as outgroup or Timmiella as functional out- group. Viewing the last cladogram of the four as best, Zander (1993) recognized the group as the Hy- ophileae.

A Hyperparasite Mistaken for an Inflorescence: The Identity and Typification of Phoradendron rusbyi Britton (Viscaceae)

The type of Phoradendron rusbyi Britton (Viscaceae) consists of two species of Phor- adendron, one hyperparasitic on the other. The hyperparasite is designated to be the type; the host mistletoe is P. crassifolium (DC.) Eichler. The protologue of the Bolivian Phoradendron rusbyi Britton (in Rusby, 1900; not to be confused with P. rusbyanum Trelease) has been puzzling in the past in that it seemed to be made up of discordant elements. Britton described leaf shape, while the rather fragmentary types at NY are strictly squa- mate. The species is exceedingly rare, being known only from the type collection. Inspection of the types at NY and US, however, has provided a solution to the problem.

An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae)

SummaryDarbyshire, S. J. & Cayouette. J.: An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 737‐743. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The type specimen of ×Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob, was examined. It is composed of 3 discordant elements, none of which would seem to be a hybrid resulting from the proposed parentage. The name is lectotypified on an element identified as Poa eminens. Taxonomic and nomenclatural implications of the observations are discussed. The synonymy for P. eminens is given.