Discipline In Russia Research Articles

Andrei Fedorov’s impact: a scientometric analysis

ABSTRACT This paper presents a scientometric analysis of Andrei Fedorov's research publications. Fedorov, a preeminent Russian translator and translation scholar, was the author of the Introduction to Translation Theory, published in Russian in 1953. The book was highly influential and considered the beginning of translation studies as a discipline in Russia and in other countries, mainly of the Eastern Bloc. Fedorov's work has also been known to some extent in the Western European literature. Previous studies have emphasised the ideological divide between Fedorov and Western European scholars. While recognising the ideological barriers that did not facilitate free exchange of knowledge, this paper focuses on another perspective, bringing to light citations to Fedorov's works by European theorists, including those from the Western Bloc, thus reassessing his role in the scholarship. Adopting several methods of publication count and citation analysis, this paper is the first scientometric assessment of Fedorov's work.

КАЗУСЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ В РОССИИ: О НЕПОХОЖЕЙ СУДЬБЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ

The article provides a comparative analysis of the processes of adapting of the disciplines formed in the USA (“ecological anthropology”, “environmental history”) to national ethnography and history, respectively. In the early 1980s V.I. Kozlov was the first to attempt institutionalizing a special science that is on the border of the subject fields of ecology and ethnography. As a result of his active actions, the name “ethnic ecology” was fixed for a vast field studying questions related to ecology and ethnography. The literal translation of “ecological anthropology” and “ethnoecology” (in the meaning in which the term is used in the West) in Russia is usually used only when describing a foreign tradition. During the formation of the national ecological history, there was a direct transfer of the foreign tradition to the Russian soil, supported by the activity of foreign institutions. Therefore, the issue of constructing the name for a new discipline in Russia is more connected with the question of translating “environmental history”. The analysis of two opposite ways of institutionalization of new scientific directions allows us to take a fresh look at the issues of national specifics of the general subject structure of social and humanitarian knowledge and the role of the subjective factor in the formation of scientific traditions.

Социологическая культура педагога: место и роль в системе педагогического образования

We study issue of the development of teachers’ sociological culture. The concepts of “sociological culture”, “sociological imagination” and “sociological thinking” are specified. The evolution in sociological thinking and imagination is presented, the historical and logical analysis of the process of institutionalization of sociology as an academic discipline in Russia is carried out. The revealed peculiarities of the development of teachers’ sociological culture are reasons, competences, methods and issues. As a result, the conclusion is made that the concept of “sociological culture” is the broadest, that is, it describes the ability to comprehend social life in a holistic way. Contemporary sociological thinking and imagination recognizes the complexity and variability of society, and the importance of interdisciplinary efforts to study it. Throughout the period of sociology institutionalization in Russia as an academic subject, the incorporation of this science into other disciplines can be traced. The development of sociological culture among educators will mainly help them to: improve their understanding of social phenomena and processes, which in turn will contribute to a more effective preparation of students for life in society; give meaning and spirituality to the teaching process; be able to define their place in the changing conditions of modern society, which will improve teaching activities; develop critical thinking; master sociological methods; instill a scientific perspective on reality; focus on solving practical problems; form civic consciousness. In the future, it is planned to conduct theoretical and empirical research aimed at the development and experimental testing of the model of development of sociological culture in students of pedagogical training areas. The results of the study can be used in the creation of curricula in sociology for non-major areas of training and subsequent research.

ЦЕРКОВНАЯ ДИСЦИПЛИНА В ПСКОВСКОЙ ЕПАРХИИ В XIX - XX ВВ. АНАЛИЗ ИСТОЧНИКОВОЙ БАЗЫ

Despite the large volume of archival materials on church discipline in Russia of the XIX – early XX centuries, this topic has been studied rather poorly. This article analyzes the source base on the church discipline in the Pskov diocese based on the materials of the State Archive of the Pskov region. During the study of these sources, a count of specific violations of the church discipline among the laity, church officers and the clergy was made, and the main categories of offenses were identified. The main types of punishments for violating church discipline are shown. The gender composition of laypeople in the structure of offenses is considered. The structure of the titles of archival cases concerning violations of the church discipline is also addressed. The author came to the conclusion that clerics were punished mainly for drunkenness and official misconduct. In relation to the laity, the Pskov Spiritual Consistory most often considered cases related to the violations of sexual morality and illegal marriages, as well as murders and suicide attempts. This work is relevant because at present the Russian Orthodox Church is continuing to create unified documentation regulating the issues of the church court. This study, in turn, allows us to update the historical experience of regulating the church discipline and assigning punishments for its violation. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the materials on the church discipline of the Pskov diocese of the XIX – early XX centuries have been analyzed for the first time, and the data obtained were introduced into scientific circulation.

On the Relevance of The Present State of the Study of Politics (Round Table)

The authors view the main issues raised in Charles Merriam’s article The Present State of the Study of Politics in the context of the current trends in the development of political knowledge in Russia and worldwide. Merriam proposed a new view of Political Science as a scientific discipline with its own research goals related to the empirical study of the political behavior of people. Merriam’s approach to determining the status of Political Science within the framework of social knowledge assumed delineating its own problem field and identifying those factors that determine events taking place in this field. Merriam emphasized the relativity of both the autonomy of politics and the significance of the impacts that are exerted upon politics. Professional organization and coordination of political studies (one of Merriam’s key initiatives) at the beginning of the 21st century are associated with the competition between hierarchical and network models of interaction between representatives of the Political Science community. Moreover, the current state of discipline in Russia is largely determined by the specifics of its institutionalization. Unlike the United States, where the evolution of Political Science took place under the decisive influence of formalized knowledge, the Russian Political Science is still influenced by some of the approaches inherent in the old-fashioned institutionalism. The movement of Political Science in the direction of interdisciplinary synthesis, which received its impetus from the scientific and organizational activities of Merriam, was not linear. The current methodological configuration of the discipline is most adequately expressed in the concept of “multiparadigmality”, which does not solve the problem of b ringing together conflicting methodologies.

Formation and development of public health teaching in the system of higher medical education (From social hygiene to public health and health care)

The article deals with the historical ways of formation and development of the educational and scientific discipline Public Health and Healthcare, underlines the role of N.A. Semashko in the formation and development of the educational and scientific discipline, in the foundation and holding the first Department of Social Hygiene in Russia. The features of teaching the discipline at the stage of formation, the content of the first Russian manual on Social Hygiene are highlighted in this article. The stages of the formation and development of the discipline in Russia since the 20s of the last century until the present, the peculiarities of teaching the discipline at each of the stages, the reasons for changing the name of the discipline are considered. The special role of the Department of Public Health and Health Care Organization, among other departments dealing with the study of health, is highlighted. The article substantiates the leading, methodological role of the Department in teaching the issues of preserving, strengthening and restoring public health, presents the modern requirements for the departments of Public Health and Health Care Organization, as well as for teachers, shows special aspects of teaching the discipline, the content of the national education program and differences from foreign programs. The ways of development of the academic discipline and the Departments teaching it are also presented.

Stimuli Selection Criteria for the Experiment “Visual Perception of Imitative Words in Native and Non-Native Language by the Method Lexical Decision”

Introduction. The present article is aiming to describe the procedure of stimuli selection for the psycho-semantic experiment on visual perception of imitative words in native (Russian) and non-native language (English). The methodology of the experiment is predominantly based on the implementation of the “lexical decision” method. Thus, the aim of the article is to verify the procedure of and to define clear-cut criteria for the material selection. In particular, we introduce indicating de-iconization stage of imitative words as an important criterion for data pre-selection. De-iconization is a gradual loss of an iconic sound-sense link in an imitative word due to the parallel impact of regular sound changes and semantic shifts.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the works ofS. V. Voronin who is the founder of phonosemantics as a linguistic discipline inRussia, as well as on works of his followers (including a co-author of this paper, M. A. Flaksman). The article is also based on the methodology of research on phonotactics. The authors also use psycho-semantic methods such as the method of lexical decision. The main sources of stimuli selection are The Russia Etymological Dictionary by M. Vasmer, The Oxford English Dictionary, the frequency dictionaries by O. N. Liashevskaya and S. A. Sharov. The classification of imitative words according to their de-iconization stages was done by the method of the diachronic evaluation of the imitative lexicon.Results and discussion. As a result of a rigorous selection procedure described in the article the authors arrived on 128 stimuli (an even number (64 + 64) of words and quasiwords). The quasi-words are coined according to phonotactic rules and made according to the same pattern as the corresponding words. The group of real words is constituted of two sub-groups: 32 imitative words and 32 non-imitative words. The words from these two subgroups are homomorphous – they have the same number of syllables, frequency and belong to the same parts of speech. Imitative words include onomatopoeic and soundsymbolic words of different sub-classes and de-iconization stages. The combination of the material selection methods discussed in this paper (especially, the introduction of the distinction of imitative words according to their de-iconization stage) is aiming at facilitating the experiment procedure as well as eliminating the chance factors.Conclusion. The stimuli selection for the psycholinguistic experiment based on the procedure introduced in this paper allows to establish the existing patterns of the systematic function of human brain in the process of visual perception of imitative words on different de-iconization stages.

Establishment of Russian Oncology before the Great Patriotic War

The establishment of oncology as a discipline in Russia should be considered taking into account the specifics of national history, as well as key historical events. In 2020, Russia celebrates the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (World Was II). Russian oncology also celebrates its 75th anniversary. April 30, 1945 is considered the birthday of the Russian oncological service connected with the publication of a historical resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR No. 935 “On measures to improve oncological care to population.” In pre-revolutionary Russia, oncological care had the character of a private initiative, rather than a well-organised process. The tsarist government did not bear responsibility for organising the fight against cancer. The Great October Socialist Revolution contributed to the organisation of the fight against malignant neoplasms at the state level, based on the decisions of party congresses and healthcare laws. This created favourable conditions for improving and expanding anticancer care to the population. Soviet scientists-enthusiasts made a significant contribution to the development of oncology in the USSR. The organisation of medical professional societies facilitated the determination of main directions in the development of oncology as a discipline in the country. By the beginning of World War II, oncology in the USSR had acquired the character of an oncological care system, implementing measures aimed at developing and transferring into clinical practice early detection methods and those of treating malignant tumours, as well as their prevention. By the beginning of World War II, this system had comprised a large number of oncological dispensaries, located in almost all the republics of the Soviet Union. However, at that moment, there was still no unity in the creation of practical oncological institutions. Neither was practiced the registration of cancer cases, their account and observation, which measures are necessary for the prevention and early diagnosis of malignant tumours and precancerous diseases.

Sergei Viktorovich Yarov, 1959–2015

Abstract This article offers a brief tribute to the life and career of Sergei Viktorovich Yarov, whose works pioneered new avenues of research in the history of workers, popular mentalities, and the city of Leningrad, especially during the Siege. It provides an assessment of his key works, especially his monographs, and his role in the development of the historical discipline in Russia before and after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Interactions et influences entre les écoles russes, occidentales et françaises dans la recherche linguistique, à travers l’exemple de la notion de « collocation »

As the title implies the article describes various approaches to the definition of the notion «collocations » in Russian , Occidental and French linguistic traditions and different interactions and influences between them . Following the work of Vinogradov in the 1940s , we were the witnesses of the birth of phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline in Russia . He has proposed a classification of phraseologisms , based on the conception of the Suisse linguist Bally . The evolution of the concept of «collocation » is particularly interesting within groups of phraseologisms . In fact , in case this problem is closely related to the theory «Meaning Text » of Melchuk developed in the USSR in the 1960s , then most linguists who have adopted these ideas and use the term «collocation » are Western scolars and particularly French (for example , Tutin and Grossmann , Williams, Kanahe and Polguère ).

Историка Иоганна Густава Дройзена как методология истории

<p>Теория и методология истории немецкого ученого XIX в. И. Г. Дройзена, одного из ведущих теоретиков истории, названная им «историкой», оказала существенное влияние на становление исторической науки в России. Целью данной статьи является осмысление основных концептов историки И. Дройзена как методологии истории.</p><p>Историческая концепция Дройзена аккумулировала в себе интеллектуальные достижения немецких школ историков (гёттингенской, гейдельбергской, берлинской). Малогерманская (прусская) школа, к которой принадлежал Дройзен, определила научное направление в области истории, созвучное традиции русской исторической школы. Ведущие представители русской исторической школы второй половины XIX — начала ХХ в. (Н. И. Кареев, В. О. Ключевский, А. С. Лаппо-Данилевский и др.) занимались осмыслением и разработкой идей И. Г. Дройзена, основанных на синтетическом подходе к изучению истории. Ключевое значение для развития истории как науки имела разработка научных методов исследования исторического процесса.</p><p>В историке Дройзена рассмотрены основные концепты немецкого мыслителя: выделение в качестве исследовательских предметов теории исторического знания, теории исторического процесса в дройзеновской систематике психологического направления соотношение объективного и субъективного знания, эволюционное развитие общества, неприятие спекулятивной философии истории, разработка исторической теории на основе эмпиризма, отрицание так называемых исторических законов.</p><p>Особое значение придается освещению методологии истории Дройзена. Многоуровневое представление истории основано на синтетическом подходе в исследовании исторического процесса, восходящего от локальной истории к всемирно-исторической идее восприятия человечества как единого целого. Наукоучение Дройзена включает объяснение, интерпретацию, осмысление, понимание, использование комплекса методов (компаративный, аналогия, гипотеза и др.). Многоаспектный характер истории охватывает все области и сферы человеческой деятельности — экономическую, политическую, социальную, культурную, личную. Человеческое измерение истории выражается интересом к истории человечества как нравственной истории, вниманием к человеческой личности, осмыслением феномена свободы воли, соотношением прагматической истории и культурной истории. </p>

Market Discipline and the Russian Interbank Market

The interbank market plays an important role in the overall function of the financial system. The efficiency of the interbank market, in turn, depends largely on its inherent disciplining mechanisms. This paper investigates the discipline mechanisms of Russia's interbank market, testing the hypothesis that market discipline in Russia was strong enough to constrain excessive risk-taking by participating banks before, during, and after the 2008- 2009 financial crisis. The existence of quantity-based market discipline is investigated using Heckman's sample selection model and the efficiency of market discipline is studied with a panel data model. Our approach detects market discipline only during the financial crisis, not before or after. Even during the crisis, its efficiency in curbing bank risk-taking was rather low. JEL Classification: G21, G01, P2. Keywords: market discipline, interbank market, risk-taking, banks, Russia

Towards the Panopticon: School Building and Discipline in Early Modern Russia

This article explores the notion of discipline in Russia since the late 17th century and up to the accession of Catherine II. Discipline and disciplining occupy a central place in our thinking about early modern state, and the reconstruction of debates about school building helps to illuminate the ways in which this notion has been articulated. The article traces the emerging concern with using the school building as an instrument of confinement and surveillance, and demonstrates unexpected links between the Noble Cadet Corps in St Petersburg and Bentham's 'Panopticn' via the Ecole Militaire in Paris. It argues that the peculiarly modern understanding of discipline was rooted in specific religious sensibilities that had not been developed in seventeenth-century Orthodox thinking. Rather, it stresses the central role of Pietism and the Pietists in introducing these notions in post-Petrine Russia, as well as the ways in which these notions have been appropriated, 'domesticated,' and 'secularized' by a variety of Russian palters. At the end, the article reflects on the relationship between discipline, religious sensibilities, was, and the estate in a non-Western early modern context.

Market Discipline in the Interbank Market: Evidence from Russia

The efficiency of the interbank market depends largely on its inherent disciplining mechanisms. This paper investigates the discipline mechanisms of Russia’s interbank market, testing the hypothesis that market discipline in Russia was strong enough to constrain excessive risk-taking by participating banks before, during, and after the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The existence and efficiency of quantity-based market discipline are investigated using the Arellano-Bover and Blundell-Bond linear dynamic panel-data estimations. Our approach detects market discipline only during the financial crisis, not before or after. Even during the crisis, the efficiency of market discipline in curbing bank risk-taking was rather low.

Political Science in Russia: Scholarship without Research?

After several decades of institutionalization of political science as a scholarly discipline in Russia, its quantitative output is quite impressive. This article offers a critical reconsideration of its substantive impact on scholarship in political science – and considers why that output has not been so impressive in terms of increasing knowledge about politics, both in Russia and beyond. It presents an overview of the state of Russian political science, with an emphasis on its major theoretical, methodological, and empirical shortcomings. It also considers the role of historical, institutional, and political factors for its developmental trajectory, and offers some suggestions for overcoming them.

Market Discipline and the Russian Interbank Market

The interbank market plays an important role in the overall function of the financial system. The efficiency of the interbank market, in turn, depends largely on its inherent disciplining mechanisms. This paper investigates the discipline mechanisms of Russia's interbank market, testing the hypothesis that market discipline in Russia was strong enough to constrain excessive risk-taking by participating banks before, during, and after the 2008- 2009 financial crisis. The existence of quantity-based market discipline is investigated using Heckman's sample selection model and the efficiency of market discipline is studied with a panel data model. Our approach detects market discipline only during the financial crisis, not before or after. Even during the crisis, its efficiency in curbing bank risk-taking was rather low. JEL Classification: G21, G01, P2. Keywords: market discipline, interbank market, risk-taking, banks, Russia

Journals on nanotechnologies in the system of scientific periodicals in Russia

This paper presents the analysis of domestic journals on nanotechnologies for 1998–2011. Data collection was performed using the Google.ru search system on the internet sites of the leading Russian libraries: the Russian State Library (RSL), State Public Scientific Technical Library of Russia (SPSTL), eLIBRARY.RU, OJSC Rospechat’ and Periodicals.com, as well as Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communication. The following parameters are analyzed: the title of a journal, the first year of publication, a publishing organization, subject sphere, and the periodicity of publication. The goal of the research is to determine the appearance, development, and modern state of the journal system on nanotechnologies as a new discipline in Russia.

Valentina Konen's Early Years in America: An Excerpt from "100 Years of Musical Impressions"

Valentina Dzhozefovna Konen (1909–91) was one of the most distinguished and wide-ranging Russian musicologists of the twentieth century, whose bibliography of nearly 150 items includes books, articles, and monographs on subjects ranging from Purcell, Schütz, and Vaughan Williams to American jazz and rock.2 Although this introduction concerns itself primarily with Konen's scholarship about American music, a few words about her historical approach and her legacy are in order. Konen approached musicology by combining theoretical and aesthetic analyses of music with a careful consideration of its cultural history. Her independent philosophy, her scholarly principles, and her contemporary way of thinking did more than establish Konen's reputation as a musicologist: they enhanced the prestige of the discipline in Russia and inspired many young Soviet and Russian musicologists to build on her example. Her Istoriya zarubezhnoy muzïki, vol. 3: Germaniya, Avstriya, Italiya, Frantsiya, Pol'sha s 1789 goda do seredinï XIX veka (A History of Foreign Music, vol. 3: Germany, Austria, Italy, France, and Poland, from 1789 to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, 1958) went through seven editions, the last in 1989.

The Difficult Way of Social Psychology in Russia

This paper is dedicated to the characteristics of the complicated destiny of social in Russia, something that Western colleagues may be aware of to some degree, but also may be subject to misapprehensions or myths. One of these myths is connected with the belief that there exists a special Russian (earlier Soviet). When is discussed in regional terms specific countries appear in the scientific literature quite seldom, usually referring only to the American social in the case of juxtaposition with European. Meanwhile the attributions German, English or Swedish seem not to be used in any cases (an exception concerns only French social because of the fact that many researchers are engaged in some particular theoretical position). So first of all one has to explain the real specificity of social in Russia. For these reasons (and not only because of national mentality) the narration will be rather long, in order to include some historical facts as well as a brief observations of the theoretical and methodological backgrounds. It would be quite difficult to explain the contemporary status of the discipline without that.The main landmarks of the rise and development of social in RussiaIn fact it is rather impossible to speak about a unique history of social as an academic discipline in Russia before the revolution of 1917. The problems included later in the subject-matter of social were primarily elaborated within sociology (Solovjev, 1874; Sorokin, 1914) or were included into ideological conceptions of social movements and accepted by different social forces. This is the reason that traditionally social was angagiert (affected) by ideology.As to the academic status, one of the first systematic uses of the term (social) psychology was suggested by the sociologist M. Kovalevsky in the lectures read by V. Bekhterev's proposition in the Psychoneurologic Institute in Petersburg (Kovalevsky, 1910). Other references to social were also to be found in sociological or public literature (Petrashicky, 1908; Michailovsky, et al. 1906-1914), and then in psychological works. In this case the connection with social-political movements was expressed less strongly. The most prominent contribution within this tradition was made by V.M. Bechterev (Bechterev, 1903). He defined for the first time the subject-matter of social (collective reflexology) and described one of the most important mechanism of influence - suggestion - studied both at the individual and collective level. Bechterev also organized the first university course in sociology where the relationships between sociology and social were embraced.In summary, the development of the social-psychological ideas in pre-revolutional Russia occurred predominantly not within the but within the wider spectrum of social sciences. And here one has to look for the roots of the transformation in the history of social which took place after the revolution of 1917.Social Psychology in the USSRThe history of Soviet social witnessed two stages of discussion concerning the subject-matter of the discipline: the 1920s and the late 1950-early 1960s. Both of these stages are interesting both from a historical point of view and because they help better understand the place social occupies in the system of scientific knowledge and provide for a more precise definition of its content.In the 1920s, that is in the first years of Soviet power, the discussion was stimulated by two circumstances. On the one hand, life in the new- ly-formed social structures required a solution to the problems relevant to social psychology. On the other hand, socio-psychological knowledge came to the orbit of the acute ideological struggle of those years. The content of this struggle was connected with a demand of reconstructing of the whole system of social sciences on the philosophical base of Marxism. …

Teaching Sociology in Military Educational Institutions of Russia

This article examines the periods of military sociology in Russia. The Russian State system of periods of the military sociology had an effect on the evolution of sociology as a science and as an educational discipline in Russia. These periods include a pre-revolutionary period, a post-revolutionary period, soviet I, soviet II, and a modern period.