Disciplinary Events Research Articles

Racial Bias in School Discipline and Police Contact: Evidence From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Social Development (ABCD-SD) Study

Black youth are disproportionately exposed to school exclusionary discipline. We examined the impact of race on age at the onset of school disciplinary actions and police contact, and the rate of receiving increasingly severe disciplinary actions. Youth (N= 2,156) and their caregivers participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Social Development (ABCD-SD) study reported on the occurrence and timing of disciplinary events and youths' demographics, delinquency, and neighborhood conditions. Experiences of exclusionary discipline were analyzed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Black youth reported significantly higher rates of almost all disciplinary events compared to White youth. In logistic regression and Cox models, Black youth experienced higher risk for exclusionary discipline and police contact (odds ratios from 2.47 [detention] to 5.16 [sent home]; hazard ratios from 1.36 [detention] to 4.71 [expelled]), even after adjusting for sex, delinquency, neighborhood conditions, and the interaction between race and sex. Black youth who received detention and suspension were at higher risk for additional, more severe school discipline than were White youth. Consistent with a racial bias in exclusionary discipline practices and policing, Black youth, particularly Black male youth, were at a higher risk for experiencing almost all disciplinary outcomes and at younger ages than White youth, after controlling for delinquency, sex, and neighborhood factors. Compared to White students, school detention and suspension status predicted an accelerated cascade of school discipline outcomes for Black students, suggesting racial disparities in how the severity of school discipline escalates over time. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list.

Women of color and the hidden curriculum of school psychology doctoral programs

Doctoral training programs educate future practitioners, scholars, and researchers. They therefore are an important site of inquiry for critical school psychologists interested in interrogating and confronting the inequities that exist within the field. We conducted four focus groups with 15 Black, Indigenous, and Women of Color (BIWOC) students in various APA-accredited school psychology Ph.D. programs to understand how they experienced their programs. We argue that the programs delivered a hidden curriculum to the participants through various socializing, vicarious, and disciplinary events, in addition to the official curriculum delivered to all students. Data analysis indicated that the hidden curriculum was delivered in four settings and consisted of six lessons, including (a) you do not belong here, (b) you cannot be trusted, (c) you are on your own, (d) you are not safe here, (e) you are a token, and (f) you will only get performative allyship from us. We discuss each of these lessons and contemplate on ways in which programs and faculty can combat their deleterious impact on the students.

Birds of a feather flock together: Institutional investors with disciplinary history and financial reporting

This study examines the role of financial misconduct of institutional investors on financial reporting quality of investee firms. We find that the firms held by institutional investors with disciplinary history (IDH) are more likely to engage in financial misreporting. Our results are not driven by institutional investor characteristics such as activism, incentives to monitor, investment horizon, or portfolio size. The impact of IDH is stronger in the firms that are more likely to engage in financial misreporting (i.e., the firms that barely meet analysts’ expectations and with CEOs with higher career concerns). IDH have stronger impact on financial misreporting when the institution reports multiple disciplinary events, the disciplinary event is recent, or disciplinary action is taken against the institutional investor company rather than just its affiliates. Results continue to hold after implementing various statistical tests to address potential endogeneity issues and alternative measures of financial misreporting.

Removal of Breaking Rules Haze, Hand in Hand to Rebuild Confidence: A Case Study of College Counselors’ Student Management

College students are more likely to develop psychological difficulties as a result of a lack of preparation, job counselling, and family, economic strain, which will affect their studies and lives throughout the school period. In order to assist students in overcoming obstacles and rebuilding confidence, the author analyses a case of a student disciplinary event in the hopes of discovering a solution and therefore improving job efficiency.

The Internal Inspection Institution in Disciplinary Proceedings against Public Officers

The paper is devoted to the concept, purpose, types of inspections carried out concerning the facts of violation of discipline and legality in the system of public service of the Russian Federation. Ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of the public officer in respect of whom the inspection is carried out, the decision on the possibility or impossibility of imposing a disciplinary sanction depends on the completeness, timeliness, correctness, legality, objectivity of the inspection. The author analyzes the normative acts and the approaches to the definition of an official inspection that exist in the legal literature. On the basis of the analysis, the author defines the concept. The author argues that from the point of view of the content of the stages of law enforcement and the types and content of the stages of the law enforcement jurisdictional process, an official inspection completely fits into the stage of initiating a disciplinary case, acts as one of its possible stages, along with other forms of clarification and investigation of the circumstances of a disciplinary case. The paper concludes that, in the generally accepted sense, the term “official inspection” in the system of the civil service of the Russian Federation most fully characterizes the purpose, content and possible procedure for actions concerning the facts of committing disciplinary violations and other events requiring examination and analysis. The author proposes to use the term “official inspection” in a uniform manner to unify the verification actions carried out in connection with the commission of a disciplinary offence by public officers of the Russian Federation. This approach makes it possible to streamline the organization and conduct of official inspections for various types of public officers.

Role of tattoos in football: Behavioral patterns and success—analysis of the FIFA World Cup 2018

Epidemiologic studies suggest that individuals with tattoos are more extroverted, aggressive, and more likely to take risks than individuals with no tattoos. Whether these personality traits affect athletic performance is uncertain. We compared behavioral patterns and rates of success of football players at the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) World Cup 2018 by tattoo status. In this cross-sectional study, 32.7% of football players had visible tattoos (241 of 736), mostly on their arms (97.1%). Footballers with tattoos played longer on average (208 versus 160 minutes; P < .001), received more cards (.38 versus .27; P < .001), and committed more fouls per player (2.64 versus 2.2; P < .001). Players with tattoos attempted more shots at goal (P = .016), but without higher goal success (P = .204). The higher number of disciplinary events (being whistled for fouls and given yellow or red cards) and longer playing time of football players with tattoos may reflect personality traits reported in nonathletic individuals with tattoos, such as dominance, extroversion, aggressiveness, and willingness to take risks.

The Association Between Maintaining American Board of Emergency Medicine Certification and State Medical Board Disciplinary Actions.

In certain medical specialties, board certification is associated with a lower risk of state medical board disciplinary actions. The association between maintaining American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) certification and state medical disciplinary actions had not been studied. This study was undertaken to determine if maintaining ABEM certification was associated with a lower risk of disciplinary action. This investigation was a historical cohort study using Cox regression. Physicians who did not have a lapse in ABEM certification were compared with physicians who had a lapse to determine the risk of disciplinary action. Lapsing was determined at the expiration of the initial certificate. This study included all physicians who obtained initial ABEM certification from 1980-2005. Additional covariates of interest included the number of attempts on the ABEM Qualifying Examination (1 vs. >1), the geographic region of the physician's residence, and the country of medical school. There were 23,002 physicians in the study cohort. Of these, 3370 (14.7%) let their certification lapse after initial certification. There were 701 (3.0%) physicians with disciplinary events. Lapsed physicians had higher rates of disciplinary actions than physicians who did not lapse (6.4% vs. 2.5%). ABEM-certified physicians who did not lapse were significantly less likely to be disciplined as physicians who let their certificate lapse (hazard ratio 0.50 [95% confidence interval 0.42-0.59]). The absolute incidence of physicians with a disciplinary action in this study cohort was low (3.0%). Maintaining ABEM certification was associated with a lower risk of state medical board disciplinary actions.

Distinct Modalities of Electronic Communication and School Adjustment.

Social media platforms and instant messaging applications have a widespread presence in today's secondary schools. However, the implications of these ubiquitous communication technologies for adolescent's social functioning with peers and academic competence in the classroom are not well understood. In fact, research on adolescents' digital lives has only rarely incorporated direct assessments of adjustment in school environments. The current study addressed these limitations with a school-based data collection. 376 adolescents (Mage = 14.4; 209 girls; including 29.2% Latino/Hispanic, 27.3% White, 28.2% mixed) were recruited from an urban high school and followed for one year. Social reputations were indexed via peer nominations and electronic communication tendencies were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Grade point averages, disciplinary events, and attendance data were obtained from school records. On a cross-sectional basis, frequent use of fashionable social networks (i.e., Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter) was associated with popular-aggressive social reputations, poor achievement, and rule-breaking behavior. E-mail use, in contrast, was associated with academic competence. Longitudinal analyses were less conclusive because the examined constructs were highly stable across the period of data collection. The full pattern of findings indicates that electronic communication patterns can be a powerful marker of academic and social functioning at school.

Informational role of rating revisions after reputational events and regulation reforms

This paper analyzes how reputational shocks and regulatory reforms have affected the value-relevant information content of rating adjustments announced by the main Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs). We analyze the U.S. stock market at the firm level. Our novel empirical findings show the inverse relation between rating revisions and the stock price synchronicity, indicating additional information impounded in prices after rating changes. We find that investors consider downgrades more valuable after the Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers defaults. Investors interpret reputational distress as a disciplinary event that prompts agencies to improve the rating process to recover their reputation. Agencies efforts seem to be greater for worse-rated issues. Our analysis of rating-related regulation indicates that the changes in regulation did not always increase the value-relevant information in rating. We find less informative rating changes after the passage of rules that increase the reliance on ratings or enhance the competition among agencies. Conversely, when the objective is to reduce the regulatory reliance, CRAs react by issuing more informative ratings, thus increasing their utility for market participants.

Supporting Students With Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: State of the Field

Emotional Disturbance (ED) is one category under which a student can be evaluated and determined eligible to receive special education and related services. Students who experience ED are at greater risk for a host of negative long-term outcomes that include poor social, behavioral, and academic achievement in school, which in turn may impact graduation and postsecondary outcomes. In this article, we provide historical context and current data to highlight contemporary issues surrounding the needs and education of students with ED. Specifically, we present child-count data and descriptions of students that are currently served in the ED category. We provide information about the frequency and types of disciplinary events students with ED experience and discuss associated secondary and postsecondary outcomes. We summarize positive achievements and continued challenges within the field. Finally, derived from the ongoing unmet needs of students with and at risk for ED, we recommend (a) revision of the current Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act terminology and eligibility criteria to a more comprehensive education-based definition; (b) regular universal screening for signs of social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems; (c) use of multitiered systems of support that offer preventive interventions to address the social, emotional, and behavioral needs of all students, particularly when they first emerge; and (d) integrated delivery models that allow greater access to related services to enhance the benefits of special education for students with ED.

Informational Role of Rating Revisions After Reputational Events and Regulation Reforms

This paper analyses how reputational shocks and regulatory reforms have affected the value-relevant information content of rating adjustments announced by the main Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs). We analyse the U.S. stock market at the firm level. Our novel empirical findings show the inverse relation between rating revisions and the stock price synchronicity, indicating additional information impounded in prices after rating changes. We find that investors consider downgrades more valuable after the Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers defaults. Investors interpret reputational distress as a disciplinary event that prompts agencies to improve the rating process to recover their reputation. Agencies efforts seems to be greater for worse-rated issues. Our analysis of rating-related regulation indicates that the changes in regulation did not always increase the value-relevant information in rating. We find less informative rating changes after the passage of rules that increase the reliance on ratings or enhance the competition among agencies. Conversely, when the objective is to reduce the regulatory reliance, CRAs react by issuing more informative ratings, thus increasing their utility for market participants.

The Characteristics of Physicians Who are Re-Disciplined by Medical Boards: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Physician misconduct adversely affects patient safety and is therefore of societal importance. Little work has specifically examined re-disciplined physicians. A study was conducted to compare the characteristics of re-disciplined to first-time disciplined physicians. A retrospective review of Canadian physicians disciplined by medical boards between 2000 and 2015 was conducted. Physicians were divided into those disciplined once and those disciplined more than once. Differences in demographics, transgressions, and penalties were evaluated. There were 938 disciplinary events for 810 disciplined physicians with 1 in 8 (n = 101, 12.5%) being re-disciplined. Re-disciplined physicians had up to six disciplinary events in the study period and 4 (4.0%) had events in more than one jurisdiction. Among those re-disciplined, 94 (93.1%) were male, 34 (33.7%) were international medical graduates, and 88 (87.1%) practiced family medicine (n = 59, 58.4%), psychiatry (n = 11, 10.9%), surgery (n = 9, 8.9%), or obstetrics/gynecology (n = 9, 8.9%). The proportion of obstetrician/gynecologists was higher among re-disciplined physicians (8.9% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.048). Re-disciplined physicians had more mental illness (1.7% vs. 0.1%, p = 0.01), unlicensed activity (19.2% vs. 7.2%, p <0.01), and less sexual misconduct (20.1% vs. 27.9%, p = 0.02). License suspension occurred more frequently among those re-disciplined (56.8% vs. 48.0%, p = 0.02) as did license restriction (38.4% vs. 26.7%, p <0.01). License revocation was not different between cohorts (10.9% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.36). Re-discipline is not uncommon and underscores the need for better identification of at-risk individuals and optimization of remediation and penalties. The distribution of transgression argues for a national disciplinary database that could improve communication between jurisdictional medical boards.

The Causal Effects of Grade Retention on Behavioral Outcomes

ABSTRACTThis study examines the impact of grade retention on behavioral outcomes under a comprehensive assessment-based student promotion policy in New York City. To isolate the causal effect of grade retention, we implement a fuzzy regression discontinuity (RD) design that exploits the fact that grade retention is largely determined by whether a student scores below a cutoff on a standardized test score. We use data on students subject to the policy over a nine-year span to examine impacts on attendance and disciplinary event outcomes. We do not find evidence of systematic effects of retention on behavioral outcomes in either direction. We do find sporadic nonsustained significant effects of retention on behavioral outcomes. When present, these isolated nonpersistent effects tend to be beneficial when found for retained elementary school students and mixed for retained middle school students.

Treatment Sequencing for Childhood ADHD: A Multiple-Randomization Study of Adaptive Medication and Behavioral Interventions

Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were evaluated to address whether endpoint outcomes are better depending on which treatment is initiated first and, in case of insufficient response to initial treatment, whether increasing dose of initial treatment or adding the other treatment modality is superior. Children with ADHD (ages 5–12, N = 146, 76% male) were treated for 1 school year. Children were randomized to initiate treatment with low doses of either (a) behavioral parent training (8 group sessions) and brief teacher consultation to establish a Daily Report Card or (b) extended-release methylphenidate (equivalent to .15 mg/kg/dose bid). After 8 weeks or at later monthly intervals as necessary, insufficient responders were rerandomized to secondary interventions that either increased the dose/intensity of the initial treatment or added the other treatment modality, with adaptive adjustments monthly as needed to these secondary treatments. The group beginning with behavioral treatment displayed significantly lower rates of observed classroom rule violations (the primary outcome) at study endpoint and tended to have fewer out-of-class disciplinary events. Further, adding medication secondary to initial behavior modification resulted in better outcomes on the primary outcomes and parent/teacher ratings of oppositional behavior than adding behavior modification to initial medication. Normalization rates on teacher and parent ratings were generally high. Parents who began treatment with behavioral parent training had substantially better attendance than those assigned to receive training following medication. Beginning treatment with behavioral intervention produced better outcomes overall than beginning treatment with medication.

Industrial Discipline and Disciplinary Proceedings Mechanism in Industry in Bangladesh

Industrial Law, though it has grown prolific in recent years, lacks in one vital aspect, that is, it has no clear and understandable disciplinary procedure. Disciplinary action can be taken by the employer against an employee committing any misconduct mentioned in the statutory law and punishment can be awarded as deemed suitable in the circumstances of the case after making an enquiry as may be necessary. But principles of disciplinary action is not laid down anywhere in any enactment or any other rules framed so far. The result is that each employer has his own idea of discipline and his own method of its enforcement. Since so uniform guidelines of discipline exist in industrial law, an employer even though he wishes to be fair to the delinquent employee, often commits procedural errors which is natural in the absence of such guiding rules. This paper aims to improve our understanding the gap between existing law and real scenario relating to industrial discipline and disciplinary proceedings mechanism in industry in Bangladesh. This lacuna has, however, been made good by judicial pronouncement dealing with every aspect of disciplinary events in the industry. A domestic enquiry is based mainly on the principles of natural justice and procedure laid down by various decisions of the Apex Court which now provide for guiding principles in disciplinary action in industrial concerns.&#x0D; JEL Classification Code: K3

Cultura escolar e ensino de história em tempos de ditadura militar brasileira

Elements of school culture regarding history teaching during the Brazilian military dictatorship are presented and discussed from the use of the documentary corpus consisting of Reports on Internship of Teaching Practice of History (FEUSP) and School records from state public schools in Sao Paulo (Minutes of Meeting of the Civic Center, Pedagogical and of Area, Books of Terms of Supervisory Visits, Book of Disciplinary Events and of Scale of Raising of the Flag Saddlery) of the 1960s and 1970s. Proves to be an intricate and complex network of events and subjects that extends the analytical perspective that school discipline in a period of profound transformations in Brazilian education. An intricate and complex network of events and subjects that extends the analytical perspective of this school discipline in a period of profound transformations in the Brazilian school education is revealed. Among the explanations provided to, we have: forms of manifestation of power in the hierarchical structure of the school; different positions of teachers; teacher participation in many referrals from daily school, through meetings, festivities, classes and events; practices in the classroom with the selection of content, approaches and uses of didactic materials and performance of students in school dynamics.

Supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals may moderate disruptive behavior of typically developing adolescent schoolchildren in the UK: a double blind placebo controlled trial

Omega 3 fatty acid deficiency is implicated in antisocial behavior; hence correcting deficiencies may improve behavior. The effect of nutrient supplementation was tested in typically developing school children. Pupils (n=196) consumed randomly assigned placebo or active supplements containing omega 3s, vitamins and minerals over 12 week terms. Behavior was measured using Conners teacher's scales and school disciplinary records. T‐tests with ANCOVA were used for Conners and erythrocyte PUFA analysis. Bayesian analysis was used for disciplinary data. All PUFA indices improved in the treated group (p=0.0005). A significant difference (F=5.56, p=0.02) between groups was seen in the disruptive behavior scale of the Conner's teacher assessment, as a result of a worsening behavior score in the placebo group. After Bonferroni correction and MANCOVA, this outcome was reduced to a trend (p=0.1 and p=0.23, respectively). There was an overall increase in school disciplinary infringements (25%; Bayes factor 115). Supplementation appeared to have little effect on the frequency of these; active treatment was associated with a further 8.5% increase in disciplinary events; with a 95% probability that the effect could be anywhere from a 23% decrease to a 43% increase. In conclusion, supplementary nutrition may protect against worsening behavior in adolescent schoolchildren. Supported by Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.

Health care and adult safeguarding: an audit informing the relationship of the UK vetting and barring scheme with the NHS

Purpose – The paper seeks to report on an audit undertaken in 2010 to support implementation of the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) processes by National Health Service (NHS) Trusts. The ISA was set up under the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (SVGA) 2006. Concern has been expressed that some NHS employers are not familiar with their new obligations to consider making referrals to the ISA.Design/methodology/approach – This audit was designed to provide an estimate of possible NHS referrals to the enhanced vetting and barring scheme run by the ISA in England and Wales; and to explore two NHS Trusts' potential decision‐making and referrals to the ISA following disciplinary action or adverse events. The two NHS Trusts that participated engaged in a detailed review of incidents and their relationship to harm as defined in the SVGA 2006.Findings – The simple number of how many incidents have been reported to the ISA by an NHS Trust will not equate to the same number of cases of individual patients ...

A disciplina numa escola dos 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico

This article tries to present some of the data on the problematic of indiscipline in students of a junior high school. This is a case study conducted in a Portuguese school in a metropolitan space of a big city of the south bank of the Tagus River. The main empirical basis of the research is constituted by a set of documents regarding the 885 “disciplinary events” registered in the school during the 2007/2008 school year. These documents were consulted in the archive of the school and subject of statistical treatment. With this study we aim to describe the disciplinary events, the characteristics of the several actors involved, and the mechanisms of response from the different schools bodies and agents. Taking into account the vast set of dimensions that this theme presents us, the data we present here are limited to the analysis of the following aspects: the scale of the phenomenon; the students involved (year of schooling, age, gender, nationality); the teachers involved (gender, curricular department, subjects they teach); the context in which the isolated behavior occurs, namely if it happens in the restricted space of the classroom or at the enlarged space of the school.

Cancelled Acquisitions, Market Information, and Corporate Governance

We find that the decision by a potential acquirer to complete or cancel an announced acquisition proposal is sensitive to new information generated after the announcement of the acquisition. Both the acquirer and target's cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) over different windows after the announcement date predict the probability of completion of the acquisition. We partition the sample into two sub-samples based on whether or not the same individual holds the positions of both the CEO and the Chairman of the board in the acquiring firm, and compare the above results. Consistent with the arguments of Samuelson and Rosenthal (1986), in both sub-samples, target CARs predict the completion probability. However, the acquirer CARs are positively related to the completion probability only for the sub-sample in which different individuals hold the positions of CEO and board Chairman. These latter results are consistent with the view that when the same individual holds both positions, the board is less effective in monitoring the CEO, and managerial objectives are likely to drive acquisition activity (Lang and Stulz (1991), Morck, Shleifer and Vishny (1990)). Deal cancellations also have significant impact on subsequent disciplinary events - but only for firms without independent leadership structure. This suggests that cancellations represent a more fundamental change in the way the company is governed for these firms, and are possibly imposed on management.