Saliva Discharge Research Articles

Lumpy skin disease virus: An updated overview

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the virus that causes LSD, which belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae. It is a transboundary, non-zoonotic, and vector-borne disease. It is transmitted by infected arthropod species such as Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Ixodid ticks, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Tabanids haematopota spp. For the 1st time in India, LSD has been reported to cause 7.1% morbidity among cattle. Clinical features are high fever, anorexia, reducing milk production, enlarged lymph nodes, nasal discharge, oval and round skin lesions with a diameter of 1 to 5 cm (sometimes big), tears discharge from the eyes, saliva discharge from the mouth, leg swellings, lameness in dairy cattle, and pregnant cows may miscarry, and cattle cannot come into heat for long months. Borders with India, like China and Bangladesh, are currently suffering. We should pay attention to vector control, vaccination with quarantine measures, and vector control to stop the LSDV spread. This review article talks about the introduction and background, etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, prevention and control measures, vaccination, and the LSD outbreak in India.

Self-assembly of the butterfly proboscis: the role of capillary forces.

The proboscis of butterflies and moths consists of two C-shaped fibres, the galeae, which are united after the insect emerges from the pupa. We observed that proboscis self-assembly is facilitated by discharge of saliva. In contrast with vertebrate saliva, butterfly saliva is not slimy and is an almost inviscid, water-like fluid. Butterfly saliva, therefore, cannot offer any viscoelastic adhesiveness. We hypothesized that capillary forces are responsible for helping butterflies and moths pull and hold their galeae together while uniting them mechanically. Theoretical analysis supported by X-ray micro-computed tomography on columnar liquid bridges suggests that both concave and convex liquid bridges are able to pull the galeae together. Theoretical and experimental analyses of capillary forces acting on natural and artificial proboscises show that these forces are sufficiently high to hold the galeae together.

Air Pollution and Respiratory Morbidity in an urban Area of Nigeria

Over the past two decades there has been increasing interest in studies of air pollution and its effects on human. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to relate these measures to the degree of air pollution in an urban area (Sapele) and to establish a relationship between peak flow rate and the anthropometric measurements among the respondents in an urban area. Four hundred respondents were administered on the frequency and duration of cough, production of phlegm (viscid mucous secreted in abnormal quantities in respiratory passages and sputum) (saliva discharge from respiratory passages), shortness of breath and occurrence of chest illness. The expiratory flow rate was recorded in a standing position using a mini-Wright peak flow meter (Clements Clarke-London UK). Anthropometric measurements; weight and height were also done.

Pollen Processing Behavior ofHeliconiusButterflies: A Derived Grooming Behavior

Pollen feeding behaviors Heliconius and Laparus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) represent a key innovation that has shaped other life history traits of these neotropical butterflies. Although all flower visiting Lepidoptera regularly come in contact with pollen, only Heliconius and Laparus butterflies actively collect pollen with the proboscis and subsequently take up nutrients from the pollen grains. This study focused on the behavior of pollen processing and compared the movement patterns with proboscis grooming behavior in various nymphalid butterflies using video analysis. The proboscis movements of pollen processing behavior consisted of a lengthy series of repeated coiling and uncoiling movements in a loosely coiled proboscis position combined with up and down movements and the release of saliva. The proboscis-grooming behavior was triggered by contamination of the proboscis in both pollen feeding and non-pollen feeding nymphalid butterflies. Proboscis grooming movements included interrupted series of coiling and uncoiling movements, characteristic sideways movements, proboscis lifting, and occasionally full extension of the proboscis. Discharge of saliva was more pronounced in pollen feeding species than in non-pollen feeding butterfly species. We conclude that the pollen processing behavior of Heliconius and Laparus is a modified proboscis grooming behavior that originally served to clean the proboscis after contamination with particles.

Esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination into stomach: New technique to reduce fistula formation

To present a new technique of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis to reduce the frequency of fistula formation. A group of 31 patients with thoracic and abdominal esophageal cancer underwent cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the proximal esophageal stump into the stomach tube. In the region elected for anastomosis, a transverse myotomy of the esophagus was carried out around the entire circumference of the esophagus. Afterwards, a 4-cm long segment of esophagus was invaginated into the stomach and anastomosed to the anterior and the posterior walls. Postoperative minor complications occurred in 22 (70.9%) patients. Four (12.9%) patients had serious complications that led to death. The discharge of saliva was at a lower region, while attempting to leave the anastomosis site out of the alimentary transit. Three (9.7%) patients had fistula at the esophagogastric anastomosis, with minimal leakage of air or saliva and with mild clinical repercussions. No patients had esophagogastric fistula with intense saliva leakage from either the cervical incision or the thoracic drain. Fibrotic stenosis of anastomoses occurred in seven (22.6%) patients. All these patients obtained relief from their dysphagia with endoscopic dilatation of the anastomosis. Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the proximal esophageal stump into the stomach tube presented a low rate of esophagogastric fistula with mild clinical repercussions.

Anatomy of the oral valve in nymphalid butterflies and a functional model for fluid uptake in Lepidoptera

The food canal of the proboscis of Lepidoptera serves for the uptake of nutrient fluids and the discharge of saliva. A valve was discovered at the entrance to the sucking pump in the head that separates these countercurrent flows in nymphalid butterflies. Three species of Nymphalidae were examined by dissections and light microscopic serial semithin sections. The sucking pump is a unit composed of three structures: (1) the oral valve, which is a projection of the epipharynx extending into the anterior cibarial lumen, (2) the expandable lumen, and (3) the posterior sphincter valve which controls influx into the oesophagus. Based on the microanatomical results, a functional model is presented to account for the uptake and swallowing of fluids and for the control of the salivary flow into the food canal of the proboscis. Dilator muscles of the sucking pump expand the lumen by pulling on the muscular dorso-anterior side. This opens the oral valve and fluid can be drawn into the lumen from the food canal of the proboscis. Circular compressor muscles which attach to both sides of the sclerotized ventro-posterior wall of the sucking pump reduce the size of the lumen; passively they close the oral valve and press fluid through the relaxed posterior sphincter opening into the oesophagus. According to this model saliva can be discharged into the food canal during the swallowing phase. The oral valve and pumping unit are similar in all studied species despite the fact that saliva presumably plays a special role in the derived pollen-feeding behaviour of one of them, viz. Heliconius melpomene.

Discharge and manipulation of labial gland secretion by workers of Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the salivation process in Apis mellifera. The mechanisms by which the hairs of the tongue are erected and the ligula retracted, and the action of the salivary pump, are described, and their effect on the discharge of saliva and intake of food are discussed.