Regional Disaster Research Articles

Variation in Debris-Flow-Prone Areas with Ecosystem Stability: A Case Study of the Qipan Catchment in the Wenchuan Earthquake Region

The spatial distribution of vegetation in a basin has a far-reaching influence on the potential for sediment separation and transport capacity. However, many landslides induced by strong earthquakes have greatly changed the existing pattern, which further increases the probability of debris flow in a basin during heavy rainfall and has a significant impact on the stability of the basin. Thus, this study selected the debris flow basin in the Qipan catchment of the Wenchuan earthquake area as the research object. Multisource and high-precision remote sensing images were used to analyze the land use changes in the basin, and the index of connectivity (IC) was introduced to analyze the evolution of sediment transport capacity. An ecosystem stability assessment method suitable for post-earthquake debris flow basins was proposed. Through quantitative assessment of the ecosystem stability of the basin after the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and the two debris flow events after the earthquake, the dynamic relationship between the debris-flow-prone area and the ecosystem stability of the basin was revealed. The results showed that the stability of the ecosystem in the Qipan catchment increased annually, indicating a stable and substable state. The spatial distribution characteristics were lower in the north and south and greater in the middle. By comparing the evaluation results with the actual terrain change trend, the accuracy and feasibility of the evaluation method are verified. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the formulation of regional disaster prevention strategies and help to accelerate the improvement of regional stability in debris-flow-prone areas.

Estimation of unfrozen water content of saturated sandstones using nuclear magnetic resonance, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and ultrasonic tests

The unfrozen water content (UWC) is a crucial parameter that affects the strength and thermal properties of rocks in relation to engineering construction and geological disasters in cold regions. In this study, three different methods were employed to test and estimate the UWC of saturated sandstones, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and ultrasonic methods. The NMR method enabled the direct measurement of the UWC of sandstones using the free induction decay (FID). The MIP method was used to analyze the pore structures of sandstones, with the UWC subsequently calculated based on pore ice crystallization. Therefore, the MIP test constituted an indirect measurement method. Furthermore, a correlation was established between the P-wave velocity and the UWC of these sandstones based on the mixture theory, which could be employed to estimate the UWC as an empirical method. All methods demonstrated that the UWC initially exhibited a rapid decrease from 0 °C to −5 °C and then generally became constant beyond −20 °C. However, these test methods had different characteristics. The NMR method was used to directly and accurately calculate the UWC in the laboratory. However, the cost and complexity of NMR equipment have precluded its use in the field. The UWC can be effectively estimated by the MIP test, but the estimation accuracy is influenced by the ice crystallization process and the pore size distribution. The P-wave velocity has been demonstrated to be a straightforward and practical empirical parameter and was utilized to estimate the UWC based on the mixture theory. This method may be more suitable in the field. All methods confirmed the existence of a hysteresis phenomenon in the freezing-thawing process. The average hysteresis coefficient was approximately 0.538, thus validating the Gibbs–Thomson equation. This study not only presents alternative methodologies for estimating the UWC of saturated sandstones but also contribute to our understanding of the freezing-thawing process of pore water.

Disaster management with cloud-based geographic information systems: site selection of landfill areas after Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake sequence

On February 6, 2023, the earthquakes centered on Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan affected several provinces in the region and generated a vast amount of demolition waste. This study aims to develop a site selection model for the most suitable landfill areas after the earthquake using open-source Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and the Best-Worst Method (BWM). First, the study identifies decision criteria with a Delphi expert panel. Next, it determines the weights using the BWM based on pairwise comparison. Spatial data of the determinants were obtained from open data portals, and proximity, overlay, and slope analyses were carried out for the disaster region. Combining the output data layer of each criterion, a suitability map of the landfills was produced. As a result, 36,2% (29,826 kms square) of the study area was classified as suitable and very suitable. In this study, a cloud GIS-based decision support platform was developed to act quickly and initiate recovery processes within the scope of disaster management of the destructive earthquake. The suitability map and potential sites were shared with the responsible teams in the disaster area so that the potential sites could be displayed on the map and the suitable areas could be navigated on appropriate routes. The findings of the study revealed that the use of open data and cloud GIS framework in the disaster management process enables quick, reliable, and cost-effective actions in the immediate aftermath of disasters.

Evaluasi Kebijakan BPBD Kabupaten Pangandaran dalam Upaya Pengurangan Risiko Bencana di Kabupaten Pangandaran

This study assesses the performance of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in Pangandaran Regency by analyzing its policies and reviewing disaster reduction reports. Utilizing a literature review method, with a focus on BPBD Pangandaran Regency's policy documents, the evaluation links the Strategic Plan (Renstra) to outcomes in the Performance Accountability Report (LAKIP). The Renstra outlines disaster prevention, emergency response, and post-disaster policies, translated into programs to enhance the region's disaster management capacity, measured by the Regional Resilience Index. Despite an improved index attributed to successful handling of 125 disasters in 2022, including fires, tornadoes, landslides, floods, and earthquakes, the study notes challenges such as a lack of updates in crucial documents and insufficient human resources impacting BPBD Pangandaran's performance. While the agency has achieved a 100% performance realization in various programs, attention to document updates and resource allocation is essential for more efficient disaster management in Pangandaran Regency.

Developing Complex Disaster Response Scenarios Using Social Network Analysis

Given the escalating frequency and severity of complex disasters, it is imperative to transition from isolated disaster-specific systems to integrated disaster response frameworks. The development of complex disaster scenarios represents a crucial initial step, facilitating an in-depth comprehension of extant vulnerabilities and the forecasting of prospective challenges. This study reinterprets individual disasters that occurred within the same spatiotemporal domain as complex disasters. Complex spatiotemporal disaster clusters were explored, a social network analysis on individual disasters within these identified clusters was performed, and a regional disaster response scenario was proposed. This approach, which integrates spatiotemporal disaster big data with social network analysis, enables statistical measurement of inter-disaster relationships. Visual representations of these relationships through network graphs offer a quantitative lens to analyze relationships that may be difficult to describe narratively. Developing such scenarios facilitates a clear and swift understanding of the relational dynamics among disasters, particularly in situations where there is an inadequate policy and institutional framework for responding to complex disasters.

Faktor Pendorong dan Faktor Penghambat dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Banjir di Kota Solok

This research focuses on the problem of flood disasters which often occur every year and flood management carried out by the Solok City government. The research was carried out with the aim of finding out the driving and inhibiting factors in flood management in Solok City. The research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The research locations are at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) Solok City Office, Solok City Public Works and Spatial Planning Service (PUPR), and Solok City Housing and Settlement Area Service (PERKIM). Research informants used purposive sumpling techniques. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observation and document study and data analysis by data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the government has made efforts to overcome floods by conducting outreach and simulations, carrying out monitoring, carrying out cleaning of river sediments and ensuring that river operations can run well. It requires encouragement from all parties so that it can be carried out well, but the implementation has not been effective because it is still ongoing. obstacles were found in its implementation.

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Banjir Di Kecamatan Jombang Dengan Model Sistem Dinamik

Cilegon City is an area that has a high level of vulnerability to various disasters, including natural disasters. Natural disasters are events that are natural and have the potential to cause damage and destruction to the environment, with impacts in the form of loss of life, material loss, and damage to infrastructure that has been developed over some time. Based on the Cilegon City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), flooding is a frequent natural disaster in Cilegon City. This research aims to identify the factors that cause flooding in the Jombang Subdistrict area. The research stages are observation, data collection, data processing with the causal loop diagram approach, data validation, data analysis, and conclusion. The results of the analysis show that the main factors causing flooding in Jombang Subdistrict are the intensity of rainfall, small drainage, and the small number of absorption wells. The consequences caused by floods are property damage, the spread of disease, economic losses, environmental damage, infrastructure disruption, and social disruption. Therefore, the solution to flooding in Jombang Subdistrict is to expand drainage, add the number of absorption wells, provide education to the community about environmentally friendly behavior, and green the environment. Keywords: Cilegon, Causal Loop Diagram, Dynamic System, Flooding

To explore the optimal solution of different mapping units and classifiers and their application in the susceptibility evaluation of slope geological disasters

Slope geological disaster is a type of natural disaster that is prevalent in the plateau mountainous area. Its occurrence frequently brings substantial harm to the local human population and living environment. The aim of this research is to investigate the suitability of various mapping units for different classifiers in the process of creating susceptibility zoning maps for slope geological disasters and to evaluate the effectiveness of each model. Concurrently, the susceptibility map produced by the high-accuracy model will assist relevant authorities in conducting disaster management tasks and also serve as a reference for modeling the susceptibility assessment of environmental geological disasters in other mountainous regions. Fuyuan County of China was considered as the research area, based on two different mapping units and four classifiers. Nine factors leading to disasters, such as elevation and topographic relief, were chosen as the evaluation indexes. With the help of the ArcGIS platform, the zoning map of geo-logical disaster susceptibility is drawn. Ultimately, the accuracy of the evaluation results was verified by the receiver operating characteristic curve and the confusion matrix. The findings indicate that all approaches are capable of producing susceptibility maps for geological disasters. However, the outcomes from the four classifiers that utilize slope units are more precise and logical than those that employ grid units. Lithology and the water system emerge as the most significant factors causing disasters in the study area, while the influence of fault zones is found to be minimal. The integration of the slope unit with the random forest classifier achieves the highest accuracy in predictions, maximizing the capabilities of both, and presents a promising application in the susceptibility mapping of slope geological disasters.

THE IMPORTANCE OF ACTUALIZING THE EXISTENCE OF DIRECTING ELEMENTS IN THE REGIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY ACCORDING TO LAW NUMBER 24 OF 2007 IN ASAHAN DISTRICT

<p>The Steering Element in the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) is an important organ that must exist, where one of its tasks is to provide input in the form of suggestions to the BPBD Leadership as a derivative of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) in the regions. The absence of a Directing Element organ in BPBD will have no impact walking BPBD functions optimally and violates existing provisions. The existence of a Steering Element is very important, where the input provided is related to strategies, plans and evaluations at BPBD, where the Steering Element consists of employees from Government Agencies and those from Professional/Expert Societies. Empirical research is used due to the potential gap between <em>Das Sollen </em>and <em>Sein </em>, namely there is a gap between existing regulations and the existing situation. The type of field research <em>referred </em>to is obtaining data from research field directly which is the result become objective from research This that is Having a Steering Element in BPBD Asahan is an important and urgent matter. The result form found there are obstacles in implementation is one of them because mechanism the determination is assessed eat time so that needed seriousness as well as support budget from since start of the registration process until financing in implementation his job. The conclusion is that the existence of a Steering Element in the BPBD in Asahan is important and immediate actualization and existence This steering element must also be complemented by legal regulations at the level Regional District .</p>

Decomposition of Disaster Region using Earthquake Parameter and STDM Distance: Catastrophe Bond Pricing Single Period

Investor interest in single-regional earthquake catastrophe bonds has the potential to decline in the future. To pique investor interest, disaster bond prices can be determined by decomposed disaster zones using seismic parameters and Space Time Depth Magnitude (STDM) distance. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Decomposition of Disaster Region Using Earthquake Parameters and STDM Distance on the Earthquake Catastrophe Bond Pricing (DECBP) model for a single period. The basic idea of developing the model is to observe earthquake characteristics in an area by clustering the area based on the Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), earthquake parameters (earthquake magnitude and depth), and STDM distance. The research and development (R&D) methodology used in this work is pursued through the creation of a mathematical model for calculating the price of earthquake catastrophe bonds over a single period. The development stages carried out are regional decomposition modelling, payment functions modelling, distribution of extreme earthquake magnitude values modelling, prediction of interest rates and coupons, numerical simulations, and analysis of the effect of interest rates, coupons, and the amount of regional decomposition on earthquake bond prices. Interest rates, coupons, and the number of regional decompositions that affect bond prices for earthquake events are the results of the analysis of the model that's been developed. The resulting model in this study is expected to assist the Super Purpose Vehicle (SPV) in determining the price of earthquake bonds and serve as a reference for future researchers developing models for the price of earthquake catastrophe bonds.

Drones in Human Aid and Disaster Relief using Thermal Imaging Technology

Disaster Rescue is a very dangerous job to carry out the process without risking more lives in the process as the environment plays a major role. To find the people, requires the system to identify the movement and recognize the human by using the Thermal imaging system in the place of low-temperature areas such as forests, flood areas, Dark places, and so on. Not just thermal but also RGB cameras, stereo cameras and Infrared cameras are used to gain the surrounding situational inference, and by using the intelligent system to identify humans by their body shape from a distance and using the CV pipeline the movement can be identified and confirmed for victims condition in the disaster area. By mounting the optical systems in the Drone, the process makes it safe for the people, and a quick rescue response can be implemented. Using the heavy payload carrying Drone to supply emergency kit and food supplies to the Victims on time. It as well can also act as an emergency communication Network establishment with the GPS to gain the location of a specific point of Disaster regions.

Toppling stability of partially buried blocks in granite residual soil slope under extremely heavy rainfall condition

The granite blocks are widely distributed on granite residual soil slopes, particularly in the circumstances of humid granitic terrain. These blocks may be partially buried in the soil slope with their long axis upright, which results in complex toppling mechanisms. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical stability of the blocks against toppling failure, considering extremely heavy rainfall. Based on the analysis of limit equilibrium, an analytical formulation taking the influence of the block overhang length and the slope inclination into account is proposed to calculate the factor of safety (FOS) of the blocks partially buried in the soil slope. The results of the model experiments verified the performance of this formulation by showing a consistent behavior regarding the stability of the block with the formulation. The FOS obtained from this analytical formulation first shows a trend of increase and then a decrease according to the overhang length of the blocks. Furthermore, the critical overhang length and the critical slope inclination were found related to the toppling failure of potential blocks. The analytical formula obtained in this study can be used to determine the factor of safety against toppling of the single blocks on granite residual soil slopes, which provide a quantitative method for risk evaluation of toppling disaster in granitic regions.

ANALISIS MITIGASI BENCANA BANJIR DI KOTA TANGERANG SELATAN

Safe and disaster-resistant residential areas are an urgent need to reduce disaster risk. The role of the government, especially the South Tangerang City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), is very important in increasing community preparedness in a comprehensive and targeted manner. In this research, we used a qualitative method by utilizing the study literature scheme as a secondary and primary data source obtained from Scopus, Google Scholar, books, performance reports and annual final reports. Our research results show that South Tangerang City has adopted various measures to reduce disaster risk, especially through disaster risk reduction information. The government has implemented mitigation efforts, such as disaster simulations and disseminating mitigation messages through mass media and social media. Apart from that, the government is also making other persuasive efforts to change people's mindsets in realizing a culture of safety, including through habituation and increasing preparedness in disaster prevention. In this context, residential areas that dominate the spatial layout and have different facilities are the main focus. Risk zoning can be done to divide residential areas into zones with different levels of disaster risk, thereby enabling appropriate spatial planning. Early warning infrastructure also needs to be installed to provide residents with information about impending disasters and allow sufficient time to take necessary actions. Clear and well-identified evacuation routes should be provided, while green open spaces can act as "protection zones" and gathering places during evacuation. Apart from that, disaster-resistant buildings need to be considered in planning this residential area. An effective drainage system is also important to reduce the risk of flooding. Public education and awareness about disaster risks as well as regular preparedness training need to be carried out. The government needs to monitor and evaluate the mitigation measures implemented to ensure their effectiveness. Overall, this research underlines the important role of the government and BPBD South Tangerang City in reducing disaster risk in residential areas. By combining comprehensive mitigation measures and involving active community participation, it is hoped that a safety culture can be created that can increase preparedness in facing disasters

E-Readiness Analysis to Accelerate Transformation Towards E-Government in Regional Government in Indonesia: Case Study of the Government of Indragiri Hulu Regency of Riau Province

This research aims to evaluate the readiness of the Indragiri Hulu Regency government, especially Satpol PP and KPBD, to implement the Si ATAN BEDA application, which has been implemented. E-Readiness analysis was carried out using the STOPE approach. The Si ATAN BEDA service application functions as a channel for public complaints, making it easier for the public to submit reports and complaints regarding disturbances of peace, public order, and regional disasters. Implementing the Si ATAN BEDA application service has not shown optimal results due to the government's lack of understanding regarding E-Readiness and making decisions without adequate consideration of the facts. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. After the field data was collected, the data was processed using NVivo 12 to provide a visual depiction of the field findings and analyzed based on the theory that supports the findings. The results and discussion concluded that the STOPE framework model, which consists of strategy, technology, organization, people, and environment, is the most appropriate model for evaluating the E-Readiness of the Indragiri Hulu Regency government. In the strategy domain, there is a lack of leadership roles in providing direction and supervision, as well as weaknesses in application development planning. The technology domain shows that there are obstacles in application use and security that still need to be strengthened. The lack of cooperation between the government and the private sector in implementing applications is a challenge in the organizational domain. The human resources domain shows that officers' skill qualifications are not aligned with their educational background, and their understanding of applications still needs to be improved. Meanwhile, in the environmental domain of public knowledge, the lack of public knowledge about the application shows a lack of socialization by the government, so the community has not fully felt the benefits.

Projected climatic drought events in drought-prone cities: Insights from high-resolution downscaled CMIP6 data

This study investigated the drought trends, frequency, and duration in three drought-prone cities in Northwest China under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) climate scenarios from 2015 to 2099. Utilizing a two-step downscaling method, we generated high-resolution (1 km) temperature and precipitation projections for the cities using multiple global climate model (GCM) data. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was then calculated to assess drought conditions. Our results revealed that under the influence of global climate change, the 12-month SPEI exhibited a significant increasing trend for all three cities, indicating a shift towards a more humid climate. The influence of climate change on drought trends was more pronounced at higher latitudes. Additionally, the occurrence and duration of severe droughts (3-month SPEI < -1.5) were higher in the near future (2015–2056) compared to the far future (2057–2099), suggesting time-lagged and cumulative effects of global climate change on drought. Spatial variations within each city were also observed, with the western mountainous regions of Xi'an showing a more pronounced decrease in drought frequency under higher emission scenarios. Under the influence of different projected scenarios, the variations in drought characteristics across cities exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. This study highlights the importance of understanding local and inter-regional drought characteristics in the context of climate change, and the need for targeted management policies to effectively cope with climate anomalies and associated disasters in different regions.

Model Komunikasi dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan oleh Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Bintan

The purpose of this research is to find out the communication model and inhibiting factors in forest and land fire disaster management by the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Bintan Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. Based on the results of research using the Wilbur Schramm Communication Model theory, it shows that (1) In the source indicator, the messenger has communicated such as Schools, Communities, Villages, RT / RW, Bhabinkamtibmas and Babinsa. However, in its implementation, the source of the messenger still does not understand the mechanism for reporting forest and land fire disaster events. (2) In the message indicator, it is characterized by reports of forest and land fire disasters delivered through Whatsapp, Instagram and Mass Media. However, the messages conveyed are not always complete, accurate and precise. (3) In the target indicator, there are still obstacles in communication and lack of trust in receiving reports of forest and land fire disasters. The conclusion in this research is that the two-way communication model used is already running. However, the two-way communication carried out still has obstacles because there is no Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for communication of forest and land fire disaster management in accordance with the Bintan Regency area.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ДОСТУПНОСТИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОМОЩИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article considers the issues of availability of reserves of medicinal products intended to provide medicinal supplies to victims in the elimination of the medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies, taking into account the internal risks for territories with complex climatic and geographical characteristics. The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to increase the territorial availability of medicinal products in the Tomsk Region reserve in emergency situations. In the course of the research, content analysis of data from regulatory documents and scientific publications on the medicinal provision of the population in emergency situations was used; correlation analysis of geo-information, spatial-geographical and natural-climatic indicators characterizing the territorial availability of medicinal products. The typologization of the Tomsk region according to the degree of transport accessibility was performed using cluster analysis algorithms. It has been established that the main climatic and geographic factors creating the internal risks for the drug supply system of the disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region include dangerous hydrological phenomena, forest and peat fires, frosts and hurricanes. More than 85% of the territory of the Tomsk region belongs to hard-to-reach areas equated by climatic conditions to those of the Far North, which poses risks for the drug supply system. Based on the data of the geo-information services, the road accessibility of the Tomsk region districts in relation to the regional center has been considered, two directions «Eastern» and « Northern» have been identified including 5 and 11 respectively. It was established that direct interaction between the districts belonging to these areas bypassing the regional center is extremely difficult. In the process of typologization of the districts according to the degree of transport accessibility in the direction "East", one group with a high degree of transport accessibility between 3 districts that are remote from the regional center has been identified. Two groups of districts have been identified in the North direction. The first group, characterized by high transport accessibility, included 5 districts, including the regional center. The second group with low transport accessibility included 6 districts. The optimal area for the placement of an additional point of medicines of the Tomsk region reserve has been justified, taking into account the transport infrastructure of the districts, natural and climatic risks, socio-demographic factors and the standard time for the organization of drug provision in an emergency situation. With the use of geo-information technologies, a model of decentralization of the reserve has been developed to increase the availability of drug care by the regional disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region in the context of internal risks.

Fuzzy best–worst method–based approach for warehouse location selection and a case study in Izmir

PurposeThe study aims to propose a decision-support system to determine the location of a regional disaster logistics warehouse. Emphasizing the importance of disaster logistics, it considers the criteria to be evaluated for warehouse location selection. It is aimed to determine a warehouse location that will serve the disaster victims most efficiently in case of a disaster by making an application for the province of Izmir, where a massive earthquake hit in 2020.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes a fuzzy best–worst method to evaluate the alternative locations for the warehouse. The method considers the linguistic evaluations of the decision-makers and provides an advantage in terms of comparison consistency. The alternatives were identified through interviews and discussions with a group of experts in the fields of humanitarian aid and disaster relief operations. The group consists of academics and a vice-governor, who had worked in Izmir. The results of a previously conducted questionnaire were also used in determining these locations.FindingsIt is shown how the method will be applied to this problem, and the most effective location for the disaster logistics warehouse in Izmir has been determined.Originality/valueThis study contributes to disaster preparedness and brings a solution to the organization of the logistics services in Izmir.

Increasing Women's Resilience to Disasters: An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Natural Disaster Management in Bantul, Indonesia

This article looks at how to enhance women's resilience to natural disasters in Bantul, as women are frequently classified as vulnerable groups. It employs qualitative methodologies, utilizing a case study methodology. Data were generally collected through interviews with disaster management authorities and planning sources. Other data were gathered secondarily through library examination, which includes papers, mass media, and other related documents. The findings indicate that the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Bantul has taken positive strides in incorporating gender factors into disaster management strategy. This includes measures to promote women's participation in planning processes, identify special hazards for women, and strengthen women's disaster preparedness. With this discovery, BPBD of Bantul district supports women in the face of disasters by strengthening their capacity through disaster management training and education, as well as disaster planning, in the hope that women's groups can increase women's roles in protecting themselves. This study adds to our understanding of gender marginalization in disaster management and can be used by the government to build more effective policies and programs that involve women in long-term disaster response efforts and promote gender equality.

Comprehensive risk assessment of typhoon disasters in China's coastal areas based on multi-source geographic big data

Typhoons can bring substantial casualties and economic ramifications, and effective prevention strategies necessitate a comprehensive risk assessment. Nevertheless, existing studies on its comprehensive risk assessment are characterized by coarse spatial scales, limited incorporation of geographic big data, and rarely considering disaster mitigation capacity. To address these problems, this study combined multi-source geographic big data to develop the Comprehensive Risk Assessment Model (CRAM). The model integrated 17 indicators from 4 categories of factors, including exposure, vulnerability, hazard, and mitigation capacity. A subjective-objective combination weighting method was introduced to generate the indicator weights, and comprehensive risk index of typhoon disasters was calculated for 987 counties along China's coastal regions. Results revealed a pronounced spatial heterogeneity of the comprehensive typhoon risk, which exhibited an overall decreasing trend from the southeast coastal areas toward the northwest inland territories. 61.7 % of the counties exhibited a medium-to-high level of comprehensive risk, and counties with very-high risks are predominantly concentrated in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, Hokkien Golden Triangle, Greater Bay Area, Leizhou Peninsula, and Hainan Province, mainly due to high exposure and hazard factors. The correlation coefficient between the risk assessment results and typhoon-induced direct economic losses reached 0.702, indicating the effectiveness and reliability of the CRAM. Meanwhile, indicators from intrinsic attributes of typhoons and geographic big data had pronounced importance, and regional mitigation capacity should be improved. Our proposed method can help to scientifically understand spatial patterns of comprehensive risk and mitigate the effects of typhoon disasters in China's coastal regions.