Disaster Management Practices Research Articles

Identifying and classifying broader scale of disaster impacts to better inform disaster management policies and practice

AbstractDisasters are often assessed by factors such as their magnitude, severity and impact on affected communities. Typically, disaster management policies are largely informed by learnings from large-scale disasters. Many studies, however, have shown that cumulative smaller scale disaster impacts have similar outcomes comparable to larger scale disasters. This indirectly contributes to a lack of consistency in and paucity of data related to both smaller-scale disasters and their associated cumulative impacts. This paper argues that greater attention needs to be paid to collecting disaster impact data on a range of disaster-scale events along with their cumulative impacts to better inform disaster management policies and practice. The paper aims to test the hypothesis that a better understanding of a wide range of disaster scale types and their impacts on communities, including small-scale disasters, enables the development of more just, consistent and equitable disaster management policies and practice. Analysing economic costs, evacuation and rainfall data from past flood events that affected Aotearoa-New Zealand over the last three decades, the paper found discrepancies and lack of coherence in disaster data collection and reporting, along with a predominant reliance on rainfall intensity data for disaster risk reduction and planning. The findings also confirmed the importance of identifying economic damages for a range of disaster scales, including those from small-scale disasters. This highlights the need for developing a spectrum to better classify and identify disaster impacts based on various spatial and temporal contexts. The paper concludes by affirming that such database would provide much needed evidence for developing a methodology that enables the identification of the level of disaster impacts; thereby guiding the implementation of more just, consistent and equitable disaster management policies and practice.

Assessing Tsunami Impacts and Enhancing Disaster Response in Tirtayasa Banten through High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

In December 2018, the coastal town of Tirtayasa, Banten, suffered severe damage from a tsunami, leaving the area highly vulnerable to future disasters. This research assesses the tsunami’s impact, thoroughly evaluating damage to infrastructure and vegetation using high-resolution satellite imagery. By comparing pre- and post-tsunami images, we quantitatively measure resilience and devastation, documenting significant landscape changes to better understand the extent of damage and identify resilient areas. These insights are critical for developing effective disaster response plans. The study employs advanced geospatial analytic techniques, demonstrating how satellite imagery enhances disaster preparedness and management by enabling prompt and accurate assessments, which are essential for both emergency response and long-term recovery planning. Integrating satellite-based remote monitoring into standard disaster management practices offers substantial advantages, improving the preparedness and response capabilities of vulnerable areas. This research highlights the importance of advanced change detection techniques to improve the accuracy of impact assessments and foster the development of targeted measures to mitigate the effects of future natural disasters.

Analysis of strengthening disaster risk financing within the framework of disaster management policy in Indonesia

This research analyzes disaster risk financing within the framework of the disaster management policy in Indonesia as the implementation of the Disaster Management Law, Number 24 of 2007, by examining recent issues, challenges, and opportunities in disaster financing. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research systematically reviews various studies, reports, and existing regulations and policies to understand the current landscape comprehensively. Recent developments in disaster risk financing in Indonesia highlight the need for a nuanced exploration of the existing policy framework. Fiscal constraints, evolving risk landscapes, and the increasing frequency of disasters underscore the urgency of effective disaster risk financing strategies. Through a qualitative examination, this study identifies challenges while illuminating opportunities for innovation and improvement within the current policy framework. The contribution of this research extends to both theoretical and practical levels. Theoretically, it enriches the academic discourse on disaster risk financing by offering a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved. On a practical level, the findings derived from the examination provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners engaged in disaster management in Indonesia. The insights aim to inform the refinement of disaster management policies and practices, fostering resilience and adaptability in the face of evolving disaster scenarios.

"What influences how well householders living in previously flooded communities feel they are protected or could recover from future flooding?: Results of a survey".

In England, the Environment Agency (EA) estimates that over 3 million properties in England are at risk of surface water flooding. Heavy and prolonged rainfall that drives surface water flooding is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. This paper presents a quantitative secondary analysis of a cross-sectional household flood survey in a disadvantaged city in England heavily impacted by surface water flooding in 2007 and at severe risk of flooding in the future. The aim of this study was to examine how previous experience of flooding, demographic factors, and behaviours impact on feelings of protection against flooding and perceived ability to recover from flooding. Survey data were collected from residents in Hull in northern England in 2018, in areas impacted by major floods in 2007 when over 8,600 households were flooded. Valid responses were received from 453 households, of whom 37.3% were flooded or flooding damaged their house (n = 169), 14.6% had been disrupted by flooding (n = 66), 9.3% had been exposed to flooding (n = 42) and 176 (38.9%) had not experienced flooding. Over 22% felt they had very low protection against flooding, and over 25% would make a very slow recovery if they were flooded. Associations were found between gender and both low levels of protection against flooding. Females were less likely to feel confident in their recovery from flooding than males (OR 0.551). The findings support a need to focus on women's perceptions of flood vulnerability and capacity to cope and recover from flooding in flood and disaster management policy and practice, including providing effective support before, during and after flooding.

Hurricanes and Health: A Scoping Review of Recent Developments in Physical Injuries, Mental Health, and Emergency Interventions.

Hurricanes, as one of the most devastating natural disasters, significantly impact the public's health, causing both physical injuries and long-lasting mental health issues. Although substantial research has focused on hurricane-related injuries, this study aims to synthesize findings from recent literature, specifically evaluating the 10 most recent hurricanes, to identify research gaps and inform future studies. This scoping review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA-Scr guidelines, assessed studies from PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane databases, and Medline as of February 2024. Eligibility criteria focused on studies examining physical and mental health impacts, COVID-19 effects, and emergency medical services (EMS) interventions related to Hurricanes Ian, Nicholas, Ida, Zeta, Delta, Sally, Laura, Isaias, Hanna, and Dorian. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The studies were categorized into four themes: physical injuries and fatalities, mental health impacts, hurricane-COVID-19 interplay, and EMS interventions. Findings revealed varied mechanisms of injuries and deaths, significant mental health challenges, compounded crises due to COVID-19, and diverse EMS strategies, including AI utilization and strategic planning for medical care delivery. Addressing the social determinants of health and evaluating hurricane readiness initiatives were two gaps in the literature identified. Future research should focus on the mental health impacts and concurrent crisis challenges to develop comprehensive disaster management practices that enhance community resilience against future hurricanes and public health crises.

CONSIDERATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN GLOBAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FRAMEWORKS: A QUALITATIVE SURVEY

The impact of the disaster on cultural heritage assets was prominent. Despite the fact that disaster risk reduction (DRR) frameworks were developed to aid nations in combating disaster risk, cultural heritage protection continues to receive little consideration in the overall guidelines. As a result,the previous researcher discovered that cultural heritage needs are frequently not prioritized in the overall disaster management plan. This paper examined the consideration of cultural heritage requirements in the global disaster management plan in light of this concern. A qualitative survey was conducted to investigate the obstacles to appropriately integrating DRR into heritage site management in disaster-prone regions. The 30 respondents agreed that cultural heritage sites should be included in the disaster risk reduction plan; however, the current disaster management practice has not adequately incorporated the heritage sites requirement into the plans and requires significant improvements to combat the disaster risk, particularly in the realm of climate change.It is recommended that future research identify the currently established heritage management instruments that have incorporated disaster risk reduction

AI-enhanced healthcare management during natural disasters: conceptual insights

Natural disasters often lead to significant disruptions in healthcare delivery, exacerbating the already formidable challenges faced by healthcare systems. Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising approach to mitigate these challenges and enhance healthcare management during and after natural disasters. This conceptual paper aims to propose a framework for the integration of AI into disaster response efforts, with a focus on optimizing resource allocation, improving patient triage, and enhancing overall system resilience. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this paper identifies the gaps in current disaster management practices and explores the potential of AI to address these shortcomings. By analyzing case studies and examples from previous disasters, the paper highlights the transformative impact that AI technologies such as predictive analytics, machine learning, and robotics can have on healthcare delivery in crisis situations. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to define a strategic approach for incorporating AI into disaster response protocols and to outline the expected outcomes of implementing such a framework. Expected benefits include expedited triage processes, more accurate resource allocation, and improved communication systems, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and enhanced system efficiency. The proposed framework emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare professionals, technologists, policymakers, and disaster response experts. It also addresses ethical considerations and potential challenges associated with AI implementation in disaster settings. In conclusion, this paper underscores the critical role of AI in bolstering healthcare management capabilities during natural disasters. By leveraging AI technologies, healthcare systems can become more adaptive, responsive, and resilient in the face of unforeseen challenges, ultimately saving lives and minimizing the impact of disasters on communities. Keywords: AI-Enhanced Healthcare Management, Natural Disasters, Conceptual Insights.

Bridging Gaps, Building Futures: How DIREKTION Innovates for Global Disaster Resilience

The DIREKTION project, funded under Horizon Europe, aims to revolutionize disaster resilience through advanced technology and collaboration. Addressing the challenges posed by climate change, infrastructure vulnerabilities, and dynamic population densities, it seeks a paradigm shift in emergency responses. By integrating innovative technologies with the practical needs of responders and policymakers, DIREKTION enhances cross-sectoral harmonization and fosters stakeholder communication. Early outputs include drafts of the DIREKTION Assessment and Screening Framework and D-SAT tool, establishing a foundation for future development. The project's presentation at ISCRAM invites valuable feedback and engagement, highlighting its commitment to improving disaster management practices and fostering a more resilient society.

Enhancing post-hurricane regional loss assessment with crowdsourcing: A probabilistic inference approach

With the emergence of efficient, widespread social networking infrastructure, along with advances in sensing technology, data retrieval, and data processing techniques, crowdsourcing and participatory sensing have garnered attention as promising approaches for leveraging the general public’s decision-making capacity for more effective and scalable disaster management practices. Although these approaches have recently been acknowledged for their potential in technical and domain-specific tasks, such as post-disaster damage assessment, there is still room for exploration and enhancement. This paper represents a significant stride in this direction by introducing a probabilistic approach designed to improve the reliability and quality of data gathered through participatory disaster damage assessments. By rigorously addressing crucial challenges related to task design and implementing sophisticated truth-inference mechanisms, this study aims to minimize uncertainty and subjectivity in the assessment of building damage states from imagery data conducted by non-expert crowd participants. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a post-disaster damage database from Hurricane Laura, with Amazon Mechanical Turk (M-Turk) serving as the online crowdsourcing platform. With an achieved accuracy of approximately 50% and a ±1-class accuracy of around 95%, the proposed methodology significantly outperforms other inference methods derived from crowd-assigned labels in similar applications. Furthermore, damage assessment is extended to loss estimation, providing a comprehensive view of end-to-end damage and loss assessment. The findings of this study can significantly contribute to the development of efficient and reliable strategies for post-disaster assessments, ultimately facilitating expedited response and recovery efforts in areas affected by disasters.

Radiology Department Disaster Preparedness: Practice, Strategies and Emergency Response

In order to respond effectively to any radiological emergencies, the implementation of disaster management practices is an essential and invaluable aspect. It can be difficult to know in advance exactly what you will be facing when you go to help people in a disaster situation brought about by hurricanes, earthquakes and other events, but the more compact medical technology you can bring in with you, the more you can accurately diagnose and assist those in need. Our disaster plans need to be programmatic, flexible, and should be continuously reviewed and updated. Within a few minutes of a disaster operationalize hospital support for the initial treatment of several injured patients and for ongoing care up to many hours is required. The Radiology Department is at the forefront of patient care in emergency situations, such as mass casualty incidents and natural disasters, providing critical diagnostic services to prioritize and triage patient needs. Radiological imaging is critical for improving patient outcomes and lowering morbidity and mortality, from detecting potentially fatal injuries to guiding surgical procedures. Radiologic technologists, radiologists, nurses, and other paramedic staff must actively participate in patient care. This paper provides an overview of the comprehensive strategy needed to maximize the radiology department’s preparedness and response for disasters.

City of prone natural disasters: Mitigating post-tsunami on the coastal of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

This research investigates the mitigation strategies employed in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, following the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Aimed at understanding how the city, prone to natural disasters, has enhanced its resilience and recovery capabilities, the study meticulously evaluates the implementation of various mitigation measures ranging from ecosystem-based coastal protections to advanced early warning systems, community education, and infrastructural resilience. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, including surveys with high Cronbach's Alpha values indicating strong reliability and consistency, the research delves into the effectiveness of these strategies. It also considers the roles of various stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, and international partners, in fostering a collaborative disaster recovery effort. The findings highlight the critical importance of community engagement and the integration of local knowledge into disaster management practices. Furthermore, the study underscores the necessity of continuous improvement in disaster management strategies to cope with the evolving nature of natural threats. By comprehensively analyzing Banda Aceh's post-tsunami mitigation efforts, this research offers valuable insights for other regions globally vulnerable to natural disasters, emphasizing the importance of preparedness, community resilience, and sustainable recovery strategies.

Evaluating The Effectiveness of Information and Communication Technologies (Icts) in Fire Response in Disaster Management in Batam, Indonesia

This research aims to evaluate the utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the context of fire response for disaster management in Batam, Indonesia, spanning the years 2018 to 2023. Employing a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and case studies, the study investigates strategies and provides recommendations for health adaptation actions during climate-related disasters. The research assesses the effectiveness of ICTs in disaster risk management, with a specific focus on evaluating the role of the Disaster Management Act in Indonesia. The findings reveal that ICT-based early warning systems, enhanced communication networks, and efficient data management significantly contribute to improving Batam's preparedness and response to disasters. Despite these positive outcomes, the study identifies challenges, including issues related to equitable technology access, infrastructure limitations in remote areas, and privacy concerns that warrant attention. This study presents valuable quantitative insights into the effectiveness of ICTs in disaster management in Batam, Indonesia. It emphasizes the importance of addressing the identified challenges for a more robust disaster mitigation framework. The results have significant implications for policymakers and practitioners, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to overcome barriers and ensure the effective integration of ICTs in disaster response and management practices in Indonesia.

The Effect of Future Time Perspective and Community Resilience on Disaster Risk Reduction in Disaster-prone Communities

Indonesia routinely experiences disasters in various regions every year. To see that disaster management is currently disaster risk reduction oriented, individuals need to have a future time perspective to anticipate the potential impacts of disasters that will occur. In addition, as we know, community resilience in disaster management policies and practices is currently receiving greater attention. With the quantitative method and multiple linear regression test, this study tries to determine the effect of future time perspective and community resilience on disaster risk reduction in disaster-prone communities. The 57 subjects of this study were 20–45 year-old men and women who live in disaster-prone environments. The subjects were asked to fill out the Future Time Perspective Scale, Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit, and General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale. The three scales were disseminated via social media, where anyone could fill them in as long as they met the subject’s criteria of the research. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence of the future time perspective on disaster risk reduction, however, there is no effect of community resilience on disaster risk reduction.
 Keywords: community resilience ,disaster, disaster management, disaster risk reduction, future time perspective

Comparison of coastal tourism destination management against natural disasters of New Zealand and Indonesia

Coastal tourist destinations have vulnerability to the potential for tsunamis. New Zealand and Indonesia as a coastal tourism destination that facing the risk of natural disasters. This study aims to compare coastal tourism destination management policies against natural disasters in New Zealand and Indonesia. Through the literature review method, this paper analyzes proactive disaster management practices and policies in both countries. New Zealand has developed an efficient early warning system and raised public awareness, while Indonesia has financial challenges and vast areas as obstacles to natural disaster management. Research recommendations include the development of a more responsive early warning system, improved safety education for tourism actors, and greater budget allocation for mitigation projects. These measures are directed at strengthening Indonesia's preparedness in the face of potential natural disasters.

Crowdlending Behaviors in the Aftermath of a Crisis: Evidence From a Natural Experiment

Natural disasters and disease outbreaks cause substantial social turbulence and economic damage. The survival and continued operation of local small businesses and entrepreneurs are critical to the development activities in post-disaster recovery. However, these small businesses and entrepreneurs face greater challenges in accessing funding through traditional channels during a crisis. Crowdlending, also known as peer-to-peer microfinancing, has been successfully used to bypass traditional channels and raise funds directly from crowd lenders. However, it is unclear if such platforms can also be effectively used in the aftermath of crises, given that disasters induce both prosocial motivations and risk considerations in lender responses. To understand the operational implications of crowdlending for small businesses, we examine how crowdlenders respond to loan requests during a crisis and what factors moderate their responses. Drawing on the literature on disaster management and crowdlending, we hypothesize that lenders respond positively to loan requests from crisis-affected areas, and such responses are moderated by fundraising objectives and the lender's national culture. With observational data from an influential crowdlending platform and the 2014 Ebola outbreak as the treatment in a natural experiment design, we find that, on average, lenders respond positively to loan requests from crisis-affected areas, and they tend to favor loan requests emphasizing economic rather than social objectives. Furthermore, lenders from collectivistic cultures are more likely to respond positively during a crisis than lenders from individualistic ones. Our study contributes to research and practice in disaster management, particularly small business operations management during crises, by showing that crowdlending can be a useful fundraising channel for small businesses, which is meaningful for post-disaster economic development and recovery. We also offer implications for the recent conversation on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by analyzing and discussing the similarities and differences between the Ebola outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic.

A comparative impact chain analysis of 1999 Kocaeli and 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes

Resilience in the face of crises is crucial for minimizing the impact of disasters and enabling rapid recovery. This study delves into the interlinked consequences of two seismic events that significantly impacted Türkiye in 1999 and 2023. Using an impact chain analysis, the aim is to provide a thorough understanding of the extensive effects on structures, infrastructure, and socio-economic dynamics. The research also examines the evolution of disaster management practices from the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake to the more recent seismic events in 2023, highlighting advancements in risk management and resilience. Structurally, both seismic events revealed vulnerabilities in building design, emphasizing seismic shortcomings that led to widespread damage. Earthquakes exert a profound impact on critical infrastructure, affecting transportation, communication, and energy systems, with cascading effects that extend to the broader socio-economic landscape. The effectiveness of the methodology, particularly, the Impact Chain analysis, is emphasized as it reveals complex causal relationships. Visual representations support effective communication and collaboration among stakeholders, offering a holistic perspective on systemic risks. In conclusion, this study contributes to understanding disaster resilience and provides a foundation for subsequent research, policy formulation, and pragmatic strategies for disaster preparedness and response.

Gender-based vulnerability and adaptive capacity in the disaster-prone coastal areas from an intersectionality perspective

Households in the coastal areas are more vulnerable to various environmental, social, and economic disruptions in terms of an intersectionality point of view. As a first step in mitigating potential effects on families, knowing how susceptible they are and, ideally, fortifying themselves against existing and potential disruptions is essential. Vulnerability and adaptive capacity could not be uniformly distributed between households owing to gender-based socio-economic disparities and inequities. This research, thereby, examined the vulnerability and adaptive capacity variation between households headed by males and females in the two coastal areas of an emerging economy like Bangladesh. This study utilized the Evaluation-based on the Distance from Average Solution(EDAS)method and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) technique to conduct the analysis. The EDAS method has been used to analyze the adaptive capacity index. Using BRT, an innovative approach in the area, we showed that male and female-headed households are different in terms of their capability to adapt. The findings from this study suggest that the households led by females are more vulnerable than those headed by males in the study region across a variety of dimensions (social, health, economic, housing, and land ownership) from an intersectionality perspective. The study findings can provide a new outlook for the decision-makers in the coastal region on the vulnerability and adaptive capacity differences among the residents and thus lead to more efficient disaster management practices.

EXPLORING AI ELDERS’ CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS OF DISASTERS AND THE ROLE OF GENERATIVITY IN PREPARING FUTURE GENERATIONS

Abstract Natural and man-made disasters have a great impact on human health, especially for AI Elders. As keepers of cultural and community knowledge, AIAN Elders also serve as guides on how to best support their communities. This study focuses on a Midwestern Tribe’s cultural perceptions of disaster management, specifically being generative, or passing down disaster management knowledge and practices to future generations. In-person semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen Elders from the Midwestern Tribe. Recordings were transcribed, de-identified, and coded thematically using an interpretive phenomenological analysis approach. The study received approval from the Tribe’s Department of Emergency Management and the interview guide was reviewed and approved by a Community Advisory Board of six individuals. Elders described past experiences with natural and man-made disasters, including what they did before, during, and after disasters. Elders also explained how people cared for one another, including the importance of interconnectedness with all beings, caring for grandchildren, and the role of the Tribal Government in disaster management. Elders also described how culture shaped disaster management practices, such as traditional practices to follow during a storm, and the important role of Elders in teaching communities what to do when disasters happen. Exploring the role of generativity in passing on disaster-related information is one way to learn how Elders’ knowledge is valued by the community. Findings suggest that Elders can provide important guidance to Tribal governments and public health systems to determine effective disaster management strategies for AIAN communities.

Making the case for policy interventions in disaster governance and management in Australia to better support internally displaced people

PurposePolicy is key for effective displacement governance in times of crises and in response and recovery. Therefore, this study assessed if Australian climate, disaster and emergency management policies provide effective mechanisms for governing displacement crises and areas where current approaches could be improved.Design/methodology/approachThis study assessed 18 national and state-level disaster, emergency and climate change management frameworks to determine if best practice displacement governance themes were reflected in policy documents. Deductive thematic analysis was undertaken using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase method.FindingsIssues of displacement are reflected in policies analysed in this study. However, current policy frameworks need to be equipped to comprehensively address the housing requirements of displaced people or provide long-term initiatives. Approaches are focused on crisis management rather than pre-emptively planning for displacement response and recovery. Therefore, Australia has not exercised national responsibility for displaced people appropriately.Research limitations/implicationsDisaster displacement is an under-researched area of Australian scholarship and disaster management policy and practice. Therefore, this paper has practical implications in so far as it draws attention to the issue of displacement in Australia. A limitation of this paper is that it only analysed policy frameworks specific to disasters. While broader engagement was outside the scope of this study, this limitation provides opportunities for further research from disciplinary perspectives of public housing and homelessness to examine displacement policy challenges in these fields. Furthermore, this study is limited to a theoretical inquiry into this topic through a desktop review of policy documents. While this is a necessary first step, empirical studies are required to determine accurate displacement rates, drivers and people’s experience of being displaced.Practical implicationsThis research aims to inform policy by presenting recommendations for policy interventions for disaster displacement governance. Therefore, this research has practical implications as policy and disaster risk reduction (DRR) professionals can draw from the findings of this research when planning and initiating disaster response for displaced persons.Social implicationsThis research draws attention to an area of disaster management practice and policy that has not been adequately accounted for. Highlighting gaps in current policy can assist in developing targeted strategies and solutions for internally displaced people, which protect their rights and meet their needs.Originality/valueDisplacement is a growing climate change issue. This research aims to help address this problem by drawing attention to areas where Australian disaster management approaches fail to account for displaced populations. Therefore, this research has practical implications for addressing future issues of disaster injustice that may arise if displacement continues, unacknowledged in disaster management.

Understanding the loss in community resilience due to hurricanes using Facebook Data

Significant negative impacts are observed in productivity, economy, and social wellbeing because of the reduced human activity due to extreme events. Community resilience is an important and widely used concept to understand the impacts of an extreme event to population activity. Resilience is generally defined as the ability of a system to manage shocks and return to a steady state in response to an extreme event. In this study, aggregate location data from Facebook in response to Hurricane Ida are analyzed. Using changes in the number of Facebook users before, during, and after the disaster, community resilience is quantified as a function of the magnitude of impact and the time to recover from the extreme situation. Based on the resilience function, the transient loss of resilience in population activity is measured for the affected communities in Louisiana. The loss in resilience of the affected communities are explained by three types of factors, including disruption in physical infrastructures, disaster conditions due to hurricanes, and a community's socio-economic characteristics. A greater loss in community resilience is associated with factors such as disruptions in power and transportation services and disaster conditions. Socioeconomic disparities in loss of resilience are found with respect to a community's median income. Understanding community resilience using decreased population activity levels due to a disaster and the factors associated with losses in resilience will enable us improve hazard preparedness, enhance disaster management practices, and create better recovery policies towards strengthening infrastructure and community resilience.