Dirty Environment Research Articles

Associations between Animal Welfare Indicators and Animal-Related Factors of Slaughter Cattle in Austria.

Simple SummaryThe aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of lameness, dirtiness of the body surface, and abomasal disorders of slaughter cattle; and (2) to determine the association between these welfare indicators and animal-related factors (e.g., housing type, carcass weight, and transportation and waiting duration of the animals). In contrast to dirtiness (level of contamination of the body surface, also referred to as cleanliness) and the prevalence of abomasal disorders, the determined lameness prevalence was very low. The husbandry of cattle was identified as a significant influencing factor for both the dirtiness and occurrence of abomasal disorders of slaughter cattle.Three cattle welfare indicators (lameness, dirtiness, and abomasal disorders) were evaluated in 412 slaughter cattle in a cross-sectional study in Austria. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of lameness, dirtiness of slaughter cattle, and abomasal disorders; and (2) to determine the association between these welfare indicators and animal-related factors (e.g., housing type, carcass weight, transportation and waiting duration of the animals). The lameness prevalence was 0.73%, the abomasal disorders prevalence was 52.43%, and 88.59% of all cattle were contaminated. The latter result indicates that the cattle were kept in a dirty environment. The occurrence of abomasal disorders was associated with cattle housing systems (p ≤ 0.00) and slaughter weight (p = 0.03). The odds for abomasal disorders were 28.0 times higher for cattle housed on slatted flooring compared to cattle kept in a tethered system. The chance for occurrence of abomasal disorders was 3.6 times higher for cattle with a low carcass weight compared to cattle with a high carcass weight. Furthermore, significant associations were found between dirtiness (also referred to as cleanliness or contamination) and husbandry system, sex, and breed. Cattle housed in deep litter boxes had 40.8 times higher odds of being contaminated compared to cattle in a tethered housing system. Cows (odds: 32.9) and heifers (odds: 4.4) had higher odds of being contaminated with feces compared to bulls, whereby female calves (odds: 0.09) and male calves (odds: 0.02) had significantly lower odds of being contaminated. Furthermore, the breeds Brown Swiss (odds: 0.26) and Holstein-Friesian (odds: 0.14) had a significantly lower chance of being contaminated compared to Simmental cattle. Other collected factors, such as production system, transportation duration, life days of the cattle, average daily weight gain, carcass classification, and fat coverage, showed no association with the collected welfare indicators. The study presented here indicates that welfare indicators evaluated for slaughter cattle are suitable to assess cattle welfare, and improvements in husbandry may positively impact both the abomasal physiology and cleanliness of cattle.

CONCRETE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT THROUGH IMAGE PROCESSING WITH CANNY EDGE DETECTION METHOD

Concrete damage assessment for further action is very important for the safety of building strength before something unexpected happens. Therefore, an early assessment of a building that might seem alarming is very important. There are many methods that can be used to assess concrete damage, starting from the visual, use of tools, destructive and non-destructive test. As the rapid development of infrastructure, there is also an increase need to assess the damaged concrete. Not only new buildings, old buildings also need to be assessed to ensure the safety of these buildings, especially buildings affected by earthquakes, natural disasters, dirty environments and or others. The high need for assessors in these locations become a problem if the building is huge and will take time if done with a small workforce, technological assistance is the solution. Buildings affected by natural disasters causes various kinds of damage, starting from cracks, mold and stains on concrete blankets. This damage can interfere with the strength and safety of the building, so assessing damage to concrete is very important. Not all buildings that are damaged are safe to go to, let alone stepped on, so we need the help of technology, for example cameras or drones.

Quality Control Analysis of Metal Baseplate Finishing process using Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA): A Case Study of Indonesia Company

Pt. Anugerah Putra Plating is one of the service companies engaged in the metal finishing industry or, more precisely Zinc Plating (zinc coating process that uses electricity) where the coating process is most widely used for small-sized goods with an extensive production scale and one of the products processed at PT. This Plating Son Award is a baseplate. Problems arising from defects are not up to the specified standards, triggering a decrease in product quality. The company produced baseplate from January 2020 to December 2020 of 53145 pcs, in that period, there were defects of 2980 pcs or 5.60%. The percentage exceeded the company's disability target of 3.50%. Based on direct observation of spaciousness and data processing using FMEA, it can be known that 4 types of defects are contained in baseplate products, namely White Rush, Oily, Black Spot and also Imperfect Coating. The most dominant defects are ranked 1 and 2, with the highest score is White Rush with a Risk Priority Number (RPN) score of 392. For this type of baseplate defect, the root of the problem is (1) Improper rounding distance, (2) unscheduled maintenance of the machine, (3) Improper chemical solution, and (4) a Dirty working environment. Proposed improvements based on the results of the analysis are as follows the types of defects White Rush: (1) Making hook hangers at a distance so that the hcl process is organized, (2) Made sterile storage space and also repair/inspection of routine machines,(3) Making the inspection sheet of chemical solution monitoring if this proposal can be carried out properly, the potential enough results that can be obtained is very -very more efficient and structured time, for the waste of costs can be emphasized to a minimum, as well as improve the quality of the product produced, so that it is expected that (estimate) the cumulative value of the company can increase by 1.8 from 5.6 -3.8 (4)Apply pickets in the respective line -each after business hours.

Identification And Prevalence Of Flea In Feral Cats In Some Markets Sidoarjo District

Flea is ectoparasite that live outside the body of their host, one of which host is a cat. Flea infestation have potential to cause dermatitis or a abnormality skin known as flea allergic dermatitis. Cat is an animal that often interact with humans, one of them as a pet, so they have potential to transmit flea to human. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the prevalence of flea in wild cat in several markets. Sample that used in this study are feral cats taken from the Larangan Market and Gading Fajar Market in Sidoarjo distric. The feral cats obtained were then examined for the presence and type of flea. The results of the examination showed that the prevalence of flea infection in feral cats in the Larangan Market was 81.8% and the Gading Fajar Market was 54.5%. The identification result showed that the fleas found in feral cats from the Larangan Market and Gading Fajar Market were all Ctenocephalides felis. The difference in prevalence is caused by the different environmental conditions in the two markets. A dirty environment has the potential to increase the number of cats infected with fleas.

Penyuluhan Tentang Demam Berdarah (DBD) dan Tanaman Pengusir Nyamuk Di Lingkungan Kecamatan Manggala Kota Makassar

Manggala District is one of the sub-districts in Makassar City which often faces cases of Dengue Fever. Dengue fever is a disease transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The breeding of Aedes Aegypti is increasing due to the increasingly crowded conditions of buildings and housing. These mosquitoes not only live in dirty water environments, but also in clean water such as bathtubs, water reservoirs, and others. Some community members still have limited knowledge and understanding of effective ways of dealing with dengue cases, as well as the use of plant species that can be used to repel mosquitoes. The purpose of the service is to increase the knowledge and understanding of the community about dengue fever and the use of mosquito repellent plants. The extension method is the presentation by the extension team, the discussion stage, and the evaluation stage. The results show an increase in public knowledge and understanding of dengue disease and the use of mosquito repellent plants. The conclusion is that the community finally knows the dangers of dengue disease and knows the types of mosquito repellent plants.

Seroprevalence and Socio-demographic Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Aligarh Region of North India

Background: Leptospirosis, a zoonosis, is a worldwide public health problem. The incidences ranges from 0.1–10 per 100 000 per year globally and may reach over 50 per 100 000 during outbreaks. It’s reported in a number of countries of the South-East Asia Region from time to time. The magnitude of the leptospirosis problem differs from country to country and depends on awareness and attitude of public health care decision makers
 Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out to study the seroprevalence, various demographical and socioeconomic factors associated with leptospirosis in Aligarh region during January 2013 to May 2014. Blood samples collected from 171 suspected cases of leptospirosis were subjected to IgM ELISA as per manufacturer’s instructions.
 Statistical Analysis: The Socioeconomic status was determined by Kuppuswamy scale on the basis of education, occupation and per capita income and classified as lower (score below 10), middle (score between 11-25), upper (score >25).
 Results: The study consisted of 171 suspected patients of leptospirosis, 14% (24 cases) were positive by ELISA. In case of 24 positive cases, 20 cases (p value 0.0125) had history of contact with wet & dirty environment.
 Conclusion: The study highlights the disease burden in different age groups, gender, socioeconomic strata and in varied geographical locations.

KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL EKONOMI PEMULUNG DI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) RABERAS KELURAHAN SEKETENG KECAMATAN SUMBAWA KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

Scavengers are social groups who have a business to collect used goods. The job of scavengers is often seen as trivial by some people because it is close to a dirty environment and low income results. The life of scavengers from a social perspective is often underestimated by some because they are considered dirty, close to disease and provide low income. Regarding the socio-economic conditions of scavengers, they are identified with poverty. From the background above, the author wants to explore how the socio-economic life of the scavengers in TPA Raberas, Seketeng Village, Sumbawan District, Sumbawa Regency. The purpose of this study was to find out the background of the life of scavengers at the TPA Raberas, to find out what factors influenced the scavengers to continue working as scavengers at the TPA Raberas and to find out how the level of awareness of the surrounding community towards the scavengers at the TPA Raberas. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative data in the form of words that describe symptoms, facts or events systematically and accurately. Socially, people who work as scavengers are people who come from very poor groups with very weak economic conditions, forcing them to work as scavengers who have to be at the final disposal site every day to collect used goods which they can turn into rupiah. to keep them alive. Economically, they are in very poor condition. Factors that influence people who work as scavengers include educational, economic and social factors.

KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL EKONOMI PEMULUNG DI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) RABERAS KELURAHAN SEKETENG KECAMATAN SUMBAWA KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

Scavengers are social groups who have a business to collect used goods. The job of scavengers is often seen as trivial by some people because it is close to a dirty environment and low income results. The life of scavengers from a social perspective is often underestimated by some because they are considered dirty, close to disease and provide low income. Regarding the socio-economic conditions of scavengers, they are identified with poverty. From the background above, the author wants to explore how the socio-economic life of the scavengers in TPA Raberas, Seketeng Village, Sumbawan District, Sumbawa Regency. The purpose of this study was to find out the background of the life of scavengers at the TPA Raberas, to find out what factors influenced the scavengers to continue working as scavengers at the TPA Raberas and to find out how the level of awareness of the surrounding community towards the scavengers at the TPA Raberas. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative data in the form of words that describe symptoms, facts or events systematically and accurately. Socially, people who work as scavengers are people who come from very poor groups with very weak economic conditions, forcing them to work as scavengers who have to be at the final disposal site every day to collect used goods which they can turn into rupiah. to keep them alive. Economically, they are in very poor condition. Factors that influence people who work as scavengers include educational, economic and social factors.

Treatment and Management of Scabies Patient with Secondary Infection in a 3-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report

Internal and external examinations were carried out on patients related to personal hygiene behavior factors. Primary data were obtained through history taking (alloanamnesis), physical examination, and laboratory tests at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. A 3-year-old girl, has a habit of changing clothes and towels with his brother, and has a dirty home environment.

Tradition of raw milk consumption and its health impact among people living in the coastal regions of Bangladesh

Milk is a nutrient-rich liquid food for human and animals. However, owing to its complex biochemical structure and high water activity, it serves as an outstanding microorganism growth medium under suitable conditions. People in Bangladesh's coastal areas have a lifestyle and tradition that includes drinking raw milk for nutrition or as an energy drink, which presents a health risk to them. The present cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the reasons for drinking raw milk in coastal areas, as well as the public health impact of doing so. A total of 100 respondents were interviewed and subsequently, milk samples were collected for quality testing through methylene blue reduction test (MBRT). Among 100 respondent 70 were consumers and 30 were farmers. Results showed that the samples of farmers were better than that of consumers. The majority of raw milk consumers were male who thought raw milk was more nutritious than heat-treated milk. Furthermore, the majority of them were professionally engaged in farming. Both consumers and farmers had less educational qualifications, managed their cattle in dirty environments, practiced extensive grazing system on communal grazing areas and around one fourth of them vaccinated their animals. Furthermore, the findings revealed that 40% of respondents were between the ages of 35 and 45, with 62% reporting no health complications as a result of drinking raw milk and the remainder reporting mainly gastrointestinal problems. According to the findings of this report, the quality of raw cow milk was poor; unhygienic practices and poor animal husbandry at farm level predisposed farmers, consumers and the public to risk of contracting milk-borne infections and associated bacterial resistances. It is recommended that veterinarians, extension officers and all stakeholders should play their roles in ensuring safe quality milk supply to consumers.
 Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (1), 10-18

Determination of Carrier Parts of Some Microorganisms in Body of the American Cockroach Periplaneta americana in Some Parts of Mosul City

Compared to other organisms, insects are found in all the world. The diversity and evolutional success of insects depend on its relation with useful microorganisms. These microorganisms are found mostly in the intestines and epidermis of the insect. A Cockroach is one of the most important medical insects. All of the species of this insect live in dirty environments especially sewers. There are two species of disease-causing cockroaches: the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) and American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The study aims at defining the role of P. americana as a carrier of disease-causing bacteria by isolating and determining these microorganisms from the body of the cockroach. The study included (18) samples of P. americana. Each sample was autopsied to get external parts as well as the digestive channel. These specimens underwent a bacteriological study to isolate and diagnose the species of bacteria and which parts carry them. Isolation results showed the diagnosing of (22) isolates of about 13 different species of bacteria, (82%) of isolates came from the external parts of the insect while (18%) isolated from the digestive channel. Most isolates belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae in 68.18%. First place went to Serratia marcescens with 36.36% of the isolated species then Kluyvera intermedia 13.64% . As for the rest species, all shared a ratio of 4.55%.

The Impact of Waste on Domestic Tourist Visits to Pengaradan Beach, Banten Province

As an archipelago, Indonesia is surrounded by water. Pengaradan Beach in Banten Province is one of the beaches in Indonesia that has tourism potential. The charm of Pengaradan Beach is disturbed by the garbage scattered around the beach. Waste is dominated by inorganic waste, namely plastic waste. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste on domestic tourists visiting the beach. The respondents were taken purposefully with a total of 50 respondents. This study uses descriptive statistics to describe tourist visits. As for what we portray are the characteristics of the respondents, the condition of the facilities and infrastructure at Pengaradan Beach and how the respondent responds to these tourist attractions. Based on the distributed questionnaire, it shows that the majority of tourists who visit are students. The reason most respondents visited tourist areas was because the entry tickets were cheap, even though the facilities and infrastructure in the tourist areas were inadequate and less clean. The level of beach cleanliness is lacking due to the lack of trash cans, so that many visitors throw their trash carelessly. The majority of the waste that is thrown away is plastic waste from the supplies brought by visitors. Dirty coastal environment is one reason tourists don't want to visit this beach anymore.The existence of garbage around the beach reduces the charm of Pengaradan Beach. Tourists will not return to this place because of the lack of cleanliness of the tourist sites and the lack of cleanliness of facilities and infrastructure. Pengaradan Beach management needs to be improved by involving the role of the local government, because so far this beach is only managed by residents around tourist sites. Keywords: Pengaradan Beach, trash, tourists, tourist visits

Microbial exposure in early life alters the ontogeny and function of CD8+ T cells

Abstract Evidence has shown that microbial exposure in early life can have long-lasting effects on the health status of an individual. However, the underlying basis of how microbes shape the immune system is not well understood. In this study, we utilized a novel pet shop mouse model and compared the immune development and function of laboratory mice raised in either a clean (SPF) or dirty (pet-shop) environment. When we challenged the two groups with an intracellular pathogen in adulthood, we found that mice raised in the dirty environment mounted a more robust CD8+ T cell response and were highly resistant to infection. Adoptive transfer experiments with CD8+ T cells from clean and dirty mice into T cell deficient recipients indicated that differences in immune susceptibility were linked to changes in the CD8+ T cell compartment. Moreover, the dirty mice had an increased accumulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and produced more effector molecules. To understand how the ontogeny of the CD8+ T cell compartment was altered in the dirty mice, we used our fate-mapping timestamp mice and found a higher proportion of fast-acting fetal-derived CD8+ T cells and fewer slow-acting adult-derived CD8+ T cells present in the dirty mice. We found that immune susceptibility could be normalized between clean and dirty mice by depleting the fetal layer of CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that microbial exposure leads to permanent changes in the immune system by altering the developmental layering of the peripheral T cell compartment. We are currently using a combination of RNA- and ATAC-seq to gain a deeper understanding of how the microbial environment mediates changes to CD8+ T cells at the gene regulatory level.

Microorganism education: misconceptions and obstacles

ABSTRACT This article outlines the results from the research on primary and secondary school pupils’ conceptualisation of microorganisms. It has been observed from the past few decades that one conceptual model is dominant, in which microorganisms are considered harmful, disease-causing and living in dirty environments. These misconceptions are only likely to be reinforced in a pandemic. Considering the different conceptual obstacles, microorganism education will be challenging in the coming years to instil in young people a scientific and balanced understanding of this group of organisms, which play an invaluable role in life on Earth.

Water Safety Plan and Water Policy as an Instrument for Improved Quality of Drinking Water in Anambra State, Nigeria

Reliable, safe drinking water and sanitation are the fundamental requirements for people trying to reach their greatest potential in life. Water and sanitation are some of the primary drivers of public health and critical elements in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A country that secures access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities for the people irrespective of the difference in their living condition has won a huge battle against all kinds of diseases. The study empirically looks at the use of a water safety plan to know the extent to which the water is safe for drinking in Anambra State. This study is a qualitative study which the researcher adopted a descriptive approach to analyze and present data. Primary and secondary sources of data collection was used. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection which involves people in the "WASH" communities while the secondary source was materials collected from health workers. The study found that the identified risks in the 2 WASH communities are: dirty fetcher, a dirty tank, dirty environment, no fence around the dug well, dirty concrete floor, cobwebs around the water tank which makes water unsafe for human consumption. The major challenges experienced by the community in providing safe water is the high cost of water treatment and inadequate finance. The study recommended that there is a need for water policy in the state and the country at large to ensure safe drinking water. Keywords : Water policy, Water safety plan, Water quality JEL: Q25, Q28, O18 DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-4-09 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Waste management model in the residential environment of the Bajo Tribe, Torokeku Village, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Household waste is an environmental problem that has not been resolved properly. The problem of water environmental pollution, the emergence of various diseases, decreased production of fisheries products and a dirty environment can be symbols of poverty and underdevelopment. This study aims to obtain an overview of waste management in the coastal area of the Bajo ethnic settlement of Torokeku Village, to inventory the problems in the waste management system and to provide recommendations for optimizing the waste management system independently and sustainably based on coastal communities. The research was conducted using descriptive qualitative analysis methods in Torokeku Village, Tinanggea District from June to August 2020. Collecting data through structured interview techniques and observations. The results obtained by public awareness are still relatively low, lack of information and knowledge about the impact of environmental problems, there are no real examples that can be used as a reference in managing waste, and the government is less firm in addressing environmental problems. The waste management model formed is Utilizing waste to increase fishery business production by using the 3R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recyle), optimizing community empowerment activities directly to the target group.

Faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi keberadaan hama yang mengganggu penghuni rumah di Kota Pekanbaru

Pests that are often a household problem in several cities in Indonesia are mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, flies. Causes of settlement pests are dirty environments, food scraps, rubbish, and waterlogged gutters / ditches. The presence of pests in the house causes occupants to control pesticides. Pesticides are used primarily to control mosquitoes, ants, flies, cockroaches, mice and termites. This research is a descriptive research that aims to explain, detail and make a description of a phenomenon or object under study. The target population in this study is households residing in Pekanbaru City, namely in the Districts of Tenayan Raya, Sail and Pekanbaru City with three clean, medium and dirty categories. Determination of the sample is done purposively with multistage sampling technique. The sample was determined purposively with multistage sampling technique and the total sample was 101 households. The data obtained were nominal, ordinal and ratio, analyzed the relationship between these data using chi-square. The results showed that the physical environmental factors of housing settlements that affect the presence of residential pests are dirty environments caused by garbage and dirty drainage / ditches. Meanwhile, biotic environmental factors in residential housing that affect the presence of pests are plants grown in residential areas in the form of ornamental plants and unkempt shade plants. The dirty condition of the residential environment is due to the lack of environmental cleaning activities and the not yet routine transportation of waste from residential homes to landfills. In addition, there is less care for ornamental plants and shade in the yard, such as pruning.

Moral metaphorical effect of cleanliness on immoral workplace behaviors

Cleanliness connotes cleanness, hygiene, and beauty. Physical cleanliness is also a metaphor for moral purity, as proposed in recent literature. However, cleanliness means not only physical cleanliness but also environmental cleanliness. The article proposes that environmental cleanliness and physical self-cleanliness may metaphorically influence immoral behaviors in the workplace, and their effects may be different. The current study conducted a 2 (environmental cleanliness: clean vs. dirty) × 3 (self-cleanliness: hands-cleansing vs. face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) between-subjects field experiment with employees as participants in a Chinese enterprise. One-hundred-seventy-seven employees volunteered to participate in the experiment. It was found that a clean workplace, rather than physical self-cleansing, renders harsh moral judgment regarding immoral workplace behaviors. The participants were less willing to accept immoral workplace behaviors in a clean environment than in a dirty environment, while self-cleanliness (hands-cleansing or face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) had no significant influence on employees’ moral judgments of immoral workplace behaviors. In addition, the significant effects of environmental cleanliness were found in all the ten dimensions of immoral workplace behaviors. The findings reveal the metaphorical association between environmental cleanliness and the concept of higher social moral norms, and confirm that environmental cleanliness is a key factor leading to moral metaphorical effects. This result provides unique insight to the social significance of environmental cleanliness, and has important implications to prevent immoral workplace behaviors. A theoretical framework is proposed to explain why environmental cleanliness is more likely to affect moral judgment involving organizational interests than self-cleanliness. Considering most previous research has been done with samples of college students, this study is especially valuable through a field experiment on actual employees.

Potential Analysis Of Toxoplasmosis Distribution In Wild Cats (Felis silvestris) In Some Markets Of Sidoarjo District Through Microscopic Identification Of Toxoplasma gondii

There are many diseases caused by parasitic infection, one of them is toxoplasmosis which is a zoonotic disease. This study was to determine the potential spread of wild cat toxoplasmosis in several markets. The sample used in this study were 24 stray cats taken from the Larangan market, Suko market and Sukodono market in Sidorajo district, using a method of determining the size of the sample based on incidental sampling. Sample were examined using the floating method.The prevalence result obtained from Larangan market (37,5%), Suko market (37,5%) and Sukodono market (12,5%). Prevalence result in Larangan market and Suko market greater than in Sukodono market, this is due to environmental factors in Sukodono market cleaner and better sanitation. Human can become infected with oocyst if they consume food or inhale particle contaminated with T.gondii parasites. High number of cat with oocyst T.gondii can be caused by a dirty environment.

Epidemiological Distinctive Survey Of Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections In Some Selected Hospitals Of Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in children under the age group of five (5) years are serious infections, which prevent the normal breathing function in the child's system. The infection usually begins as a viral infection in which it enters the child's system through the nose to the trachea (windpipe) and down to the lungs. This study aimed to identify the distinctive risk factors associated with the respiratory tract infection in which later it can lead the infection to become acute and find out the easy ways toward preventing the infections. The study was performed within the period of six (6) months during the rainy season between the periods of April to September using the human subjects under age group of five (5) years. The data analysis was done in the Bioconductor R package, statistics p-value with associated B-value were obtained from the distribution of the moderated t-statistic after the adjustment for multiple testing with a significance level of ((? 0.05) using LIMMA method. Pvclust method was also used to generate thousands of bootstrap samples by randomly sampling elements of the data and then compute graphic hierarchical clustering on each bootstrap copy. Distinctive risk factors of (ARTI) were identified, such as malnutrition (MNT), indoor air pollution (IAP), Crowdy and dirty environment (CDE), and parental education (PE) which shows significant influence on the infection. But indoor air pollution (IAP) with the highest level of significant influence to the infections. It is recommended that parents having children should be enlightened by the health personnel experts through different media communication channels and other channels in order to avoid leaving in dirty, crowdy and unventilated environment and to feed from recommended diets with their children.