Directorate Of State Hydraulic Works Research Articles

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): An Obstacle to Turkish Accession to the European Union?

26 Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XL, No.1, Fall 2016 The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): An Obstacle to Turkish Accession to the European Union? Cemal Ozkahraman* Michael M. Gunter** Michael M. Gunter, Jr *** Introduction During the Cold War, the world was divided into two predominant orders: capitalism (US/Western Europe) and communism (Soviet Union/Eastern Europe), and world politics revolved entirely around these two blocs. However, when the Cold War ended, in particular when Soviet leaders declared their readiness to withdraw their troops from the rest of Eastern Europe in 1995,1 the old international order rapidly crumbled and a “new world order” began, which supposedly required that political power should not be handled by nation-states, but instead by actors in democratic global governance such as international institutions including the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU) and other non-governmental organizations which were intended to support democracy by forcing states to uphold its principles and allow the citizens of the globe to enjoy *Cemal Ozkahraman earned his PhD in 2016 from Exeter University in the UK and is currently an independent scholar. **Michael M. Gunter is a professor of political science at Tennessee Technological University. His most recent book is The Kurds: A Modern History, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2017). *** Michael M. Gunter, Jr. is a Cornell Distinguished Professor and chair of political science at Rollins College where he directs the international affairs program for their Holt School. He is author of the forthcoming Tales of an Ecotourist: What Travel to Wild Places Teaches Us about Climate Change with SUNY press. 1 Anderson, W.E., Gutmainis, I., and D.L. Anderson, Economic Power in a Changing International System (London: Cassell, 2000). 27 2 Held, D., Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). 3 Müftüler-Baç, M., “The Never-Ending Story: Turkey and the European Union,” in Sylvia Kedourie, ed., Turkey Before and After Ataturk: Internal and External Affairs (London: Frank Cass, 1999). 4 For background, see Gunter, M., “Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem,” Middle East Policy 14 (Spring 2007), pp. 117-23. fundamental human rights as well as promote the functioning of a democratic market economy.2 In this context, the EU required that countries wanting to join would have to redesign their internal and external politics in the framework of its own criteria based on democratic principles. For instance, Central/Eastern European nations emerging from the Cold War period have had to follow the new world order and accept such criteria in order to gain accession. Turkey, which since its creation has been attempting to become part of “European civilization,” and has consequently been knocking on the EU door in order to take its place in the club, was asked to ensure: (i) stable institutions governing democracy; (ii) the rule of law, respect for human rights and protection of minorities; the existence of a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure; and (iii) the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the principles of political, economic and monetary union.3 In order to take its place in the EU, Turkey has undergone significant domestic political transformations.4 Alongside adoption of a fully neo-liberal development model, for the first time in its history it has begun to recognize the existence of its Kurdish minority, having earlier refused to accept its existence in Turkey. More importantly, Turkey has established a major water project on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), which it aimed to use for the social development of the most underdeveloped part of Turkey, the south-east, which is also the Kurdish region, and aimed to diminish the socio-economic gap between the southeast /Kurds and the rest of Turkey, something which it had ignored since the creation of the republic. The $32 billion (US) project was initiated mainly for the purpose of hydroelectric power production and irrigation in the 1950s, led by the Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (Devlet Su Isleri (DSI)), but by the late 1980s the GAP infrastructure incorporated a “social development” programme through...

AN AHP APPLICATION IN THE INVESTMENT SELECTION PROBLEM OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS IN TURKEY

<p>Turkey is a country that has had to deal with high electricity consumption due to its rapid growth and development. Attempts have been made to address this increase in demand by increasing the electricity supply by means such as boosting resources by privatization. The electricity generation sector has been privatized in Turkey; hence investors have been looking for the most appropriate electricity generation projects for a long while. Therefore, researchers and practitioners should focus on how the most suitable small hydropower plant project (SHPP) investments can be selected. In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to make the most appropriate and satisfying decision according to the decision makers, experts or investors for a SHPP investment from amongst some alternative SHPP investments in Turkey. All of these SHPPs were assumed to be in the pre-development investment stage, which indicated that their pre-feasibility and feasibility studies had not been presented or taken into consideration until this study was performed. This main constraint forced the researchers to obtain the data and information from the information forms such as the application document to the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works during the data and information gathering process. The AHP model of this study was structured in four levels with five main criteria, seventeen basic criteria and five alternatives on the Super Decisions Software. The results indicated that Alternative 1 and Alternative 5 should be primarily investigated in detail in subsequent SHPP investment investigation steps.</p>

A comparative study on energy income estimation: A case study in Turkey

Abstract Hydropower is the main domestic energy resource of Turkey. The total gross and the economically feasible hydropower potentials of Turkey are estimated as 433 TWh/yr and 127 TWh/yr, respectively, by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. 1 Approximately 35% of the economically feasible hydropower potential is currently being utilized. The government accelerated the development of the unused potential by enabling the private sector to build and operate hydroelectric power plants. The primary goal of a feasibility study is the determination of the best installed capacity through economic analysis, which is based on evaluation of energy incomes and investment costs associated with alternative installed capacities. Generally, it is relatively easy to realistically estimate the investment costs. On the other hand, energy income estimation is not a straight forward process; a number of different methods which result in different income estimates are being used in Turkey. The General Directorate of Renewable Energy (YEGM) of the Ministry and Natural Resources and DSI recommend similar methods for energy income estimation based on firm and secondary energy generations. However, suggested unit prices for firm and secondary energy generations by DSI and YEGM are quite different, which results in different energy income estimations. Apart from these two methods, consultancy firms, unlike DSI and YEGM, use a single unit price for energy without making any distinction between firm and secondary energies. In all three methods fixed energy prices are used. Nevertheless these approaches do not represent the current situation in Turkey, since the electricity market allows development of hourly electricity prices. In this study, a new energy income estimation method which utilizes hourly electricity prices, called the Variable Price Method is developed. Results of these four methods are compared for a case study, namely Altiparmak Hydroelectric Power Plant.

The Use of Water Quality Index Models for the Evaluation of Surface Water Quality: A Case Study for Kirmir Basin, Ankara, Turkey

Water quality is an important factor for health and safety issues associated with public health and also for aquatic life. More and more water quality issues are becoming a significant concern due to the growth of population, urban expansion and development. Thus, assessment of surface water quality has become an important issue. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a single number which can be calculated easily and used for overall description of the quality of water bodies used for different purposes. In this study, the water quality data obtained from 10 sampling stations during one year monitoring period at Kirmir basin was evaluated. Kirmir basin is one of the important drinking water sources of the capital city of Turkey, Ankara. The analyses of 44 water quality parameters were done for all water samples at the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), Department of Chemistry, Water Analysis Laboratory. It was found that DO, BOD, phosphate, color, turbidity, T. coli, E. coli, Enterococci, iron, manganese, arsenic, aluminum, boron, and barium values which exceed the limit values given in the water quality standards are the major pollutants that affect the water quality in this basin. For easy interpretation of the data, five different WQI models were applied for the selected parameters. The suitability of these WQI models is discussed with respect to their applicability in similar studies. For this study it is concluded that the Canadian WQI (CWQI) and Oregon WQI (OWQI) would provide the best results.

Water supply crisis in Ankara: Review and comparison of the "1995 master plan report on Ankara water supply project"

The purpose of this study was to compare technical recommendations for water supply projects for the city of Ankara, Turkey with institutional decisions that led to a water supply crisis during a drought in August, 2007. The authors provide an evaluation of government institutions responsible for planning and provision of Ankara’s water supply and treatment, and an analysis and comparison of the “1995 Master Plan Report on Ankara Water Supply Project” commissioned by Turkey’s General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and assigned to Japan’s Pacific Consultants International Group. The comparison reveals that Ankara’s water authorities did not heed to the advice of technical recommendations. Such planning failures led to a delay in necessary project implementation to prevent water shortages in the case of drought, uneconomical and unsustainable water pipeline transmission routes, and a loss of public trust in the authorities. Moreover, concerns and criticisms of civil society organizations were not taken into account by the water authorities in a constructive manner. Lack of dialogue and consultation among the stakeholders exacerbated the crisis and prevented opportunities to reach participative and democratic management and use of limited water resource in the city. As Ankara’s urban population is rapidly increasing so will the potable and industrial water needs. Streamlining the way in which the city manages water will be necessary to ensure a sustainable water future. Key words: Water crisis, Ankara water, drought preparedness, Mediterranean water management, urban water.

National and regional landscape classification and mapping of Turkey: Konya closed basin, Sula Lake and its surrounding area

Each country ratifying the European landscape convention (ELC) is responsible for identifying their landscapes, integrating their approaches about landscape planning into the other sectoral plannings. Although the studies to classify landscapes at local scale in our country have been carried out for the last four decades, those at national and regional scales have gained importance along with the ELC in recent years. In this study a method was developed related to the classification of national and regional landscapes with the geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques by using computerized data about climate, geomorphology, geology, land cover and great soil groups on an accessible level according to the conditions of our country. In the method proposed to create landscape classes for the first time in Turkey, the related data was overlaid by using GIS and mapped with a coding system specific to our country at national and regional scales in the Konya closed basin, which is one of the 25 big river basins determined by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSH). The map of landscape character types is used for the assesment of landscape characters, developing policies about landscape planning, landscape protection and management, the works about environmental impact assessment (EIA), strategic environmental assesments, and developing policies and making decisions regarding the sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and industry. The reason for selecting the Konya closed basin, SuAŸla Lake and its surrounding area as an area of research is that the Landscape Protection and Management project has been carried out in this area by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and in this context; there is a database about the area. The research area has a significant biological diversity as well as climatic diversity. The Konya closed basin has an area of 53250 km2 and 367 national landscape character types have been determined with the implementation of the method to the area. SuAŸla Lake and its surrounding area has an area of 740 km2 and it has 54 national landscape character types at national scale. When the entire basin is considered, this amount increases the importance of the research area in terms of landscape diversity. Determination of 214 landscape character types in SuAŸla Lake and its surrounding area at regional level shows the importance of the landscape diversity of the area at regional level. As required by the ELC’s commitment, it is suggested that the related method be implemented to the other 24 big river basins and subregions by using the data sets suggested. Key words: Landscape classification, landscape planning, landscape character assesment, Konya.

Amasya-Oluz Höyük Kazısı 2007 Dönemi Çalışmaları: İlk Sonuçlar

Amasya, bugüne değin arkeolojik yönden en fazla ihmal edilmiş illerin başında gelmektedir. Her ne kadar "Kral Mezarları" olarak bilinen ünlü Helenistik Çağ kaya mezarları (Res.1) nedeniyle 19. yüzyılın ortalarından beri sıklıkla ziyaret edilip, yayınlara geçtiyse de, yerleşmeler açısından Amasya'daki ilk önemli arkeolojik çalışma, H.H. von der Osten'in Alişar Höyük kazısına başlamadan önce Kızılırmak'ın batısı ile kavsi içinde gerçekleştirdiği yüzey araştırması çerçevesinde yaptığı incelemedir(1). Bu araştırmadan sonra, yörenin yerleşmelerinden gelen buluntular araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmeye başlamıştır.

Türkiye’nin Su Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesinde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım (A New Approach for Determining the Water Potential of Turkey)

Turkish Abstract: Turkiye’de meteorolojik gozlemler Devlet Meteoroloji Isleri Genel Mudurlugu (DMI) ve Devlet Su Isleri Genel Mudurlugu (DSI) tarafindan gerceklestirilmektedir. Ancak farkli amaclarla olcum yapan bu iki kurumun yayinlarinda, yillik ortalama yagis tutarlarinda farkliliklar gorulmektedir. Turkiye’nin yillik ortalama yagis tutarini DMI 626.6 mm (1971–2000 ortalamasi), DSI ise 643 mm olarak hesaplamaktadir. DSI bu ortalama yagis tutarini temel alarak Turkiye’ye dusen toplam yagis miktarini ve buna gore de su potansiyelini hesaplamaktadir. Bu calismada DMI tarafindan isletilen 252 istasyonun uzun yillik ortalama yagis tutarlari hesaplanmis ve Turkiye’nin topografyasi dikkate alinarak Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardimi ile yeni bir yagis dagilis haritasi yapilmistir. Gerek tum ulkenin gerekse 26 yagis havzasinin yillik ortalama yagis tutarlari hesap edilerek su potansiyelleri yeniden belirlenmistir. Bu yeni hesaba gore Turkiye’nin yillik ortalama yagis tutari 727 mm, toplam yagisi 567 milyar m3 olarak bulunmustur. Bu degerler DSI’nin yillik ortalama yagis tutarindan 84 mm, yillik toplam yagis tutarindan 66 milyar m3 daha fazladir. Buna gore Turkiye’nin yillik kullanilabilir su potansiyel 112 milyar m3’ten 127 milyar m3’e cikmaktadir. English Abstract: In Turkey, meteorological observations are performed by State Meteorological Service (SMS), General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (SHW). These two state organizations perform the measurements for different purposes. The annual average precipitation amount calculated and published by these organizations are different. Turkey’s annual average precipitation for period of the 1971-2000 was calculated as 624.6 mm by SMS and 643 mm by SHW. Based on this annual average precipitation, SHW calculates the water potential of Turkey. In this study, using the data recorded by SMS at 252 stations, the annual average precipitation amounts have been calculated by utilizing the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) considering the topography of Turkey, and a new precipitation distribution map was formed the water potential of Turkey was determined calculating the annual average precipitation of whole country and 26 different ,precipitation basins. Based on these new calculation, the annual average precipitation amount of Turkey was found as 727 mm, and the total annual precipitation amount was found as 567 billion cubic meter. These values are different from the values calculated by SHW. The annual average precipitation of 84 mm and the total annual precipitation of 66 billion cubic meter calculated in this study are higher than that are calculated by SHW. According to this new calculation, the annual useable water potential of Turkey is 127 billion cubic meter. SHW calculates the annual useable water potential as 112 million cubic meters.

Estimating daily pan evaporation using adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system

Estimation of evaporation is important for water planning, management, and hydrological practices. There are many available methods to estimate evaporation from a water surface, comprising both direct and indirect methods. All the evaporation models are based on crisp conceptions with no uncertainty element coupled into the model structure although in daily evaporation variations there are uncontrollable effects to a certain extent. The probabilistic, statistical, and stochastic approaches require large amounts of data for the modeling purposes and therefore are not practical in local evaporation studies. It is therefore necessary to adopt a better approach for evaporation modeling, which is the fuzzy sets and adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as used in this paper. ANFIS and fuzzy sets have been evaluated for its applicability to estimate evaporation from meteorological data which is including air and water temperatures, solar radiation, and air pressure obtained from Automated GroWheather meteorological station located near Lake Egirdir and daily pan evaporation values measured by XVIII. District Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Results of ANFIS and fuzzy logic approaches were analyzed and compared with measured daily pan evaporation values. ANFIS approach could be employed more successfully in modeling the evaporation process than fuzzy sets.

Efficient water use in agriculture in Turkey: The need for pressurized irrigation systems

: Making irrigation more efficient in Turkey is both necessary and highly desirable. The DSI's (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) plans to convert open channel systems and raised canals into closed conduits or pipeline systems which are vital for efficient land and water use. More efficient and environmentally sound technologies such as pressurized irrigation systems (sprinkler, drip, mini‐sprinkler, etc) exist that could reduce water demand and increase irrigation efficiency. If pressurized irrigation systems were extended to the whole country, 25.85 million additional hectares of land may be opened to irrigation. To ensure wider use of those systems, the scattered land holding structure should be eliminated.

Analysis of registered floods in Turkey

Objective: The aim of this article is to emphasize the impact of floods in Turkey. Methods: A registration‐based, descriptive study was conducted. The data were obtained from annual flood reports published by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Results: Between 1970 and 1996, 624 floods were recorded. In 83 floods (13.3%), 539 people died (mean = 6.4). Statistically significant relationships were found to exist between material losses and the total number of deaths (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.53, p = 0.00). The floods happened mostly in the summer season (n = 286, 45.8%) with a peak in July (n = 115, 18.4%). Most of the floods and deaths occurred in the Black Sea Region (n = 158, 25.3% and n = 200, 37.1%, respectively). When all the floods were analysed together, a single flood cost US $2 708 461. Conclusion: These results should serve as the basis for future studies regarding floods including analytical epidemiological studies to determine risk factors for death and injury. The c...

Statistical evaluation of remotely sensed data for water quality monitoring

The primary objective of this study was to determine relationships between water quality parameters (WQPs) and digital data from the Landsat satellite to estimate and map the WQP in the Porsuk Dam reservoir. Suspended sediments (SS), chlorophyll a (chl-a), NO3-N and transmitted light intensity depth (TLID) were the parameters for water quality determination used in this study. Collection of these data, obtained from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) was synchronized with the Landsat satellite overpass of the September 1987. The relationships between the brightness values (BV) of the TM data and WQP were determined. Using the TM data, we developed multiple regression equations to estimate the WQPs, and the validation of these equations was checked by using ANOVA. The effects of SS, NO3-N and chl-a on TLID were tested not only for ground data, but also for TM datasets. Regression equations were developed for two different datasets and the homogeneity of those equations was tested. Finally, these regression equations evaluated from digital TM data and ground data were applied to map TLID values.

İÇ ANADOLUDA HAYMANA TUZGÖLÜ ÇEVRELERİNİN İKLİMİ HAKKINDA

Some research on the climate of the Central Anatolian Region, based on the meteorological observations, have been carried out and published, but some information about the climate of Haymana and Salt Lake far away from the meteorological station of the region is required to be cleared up, based on the field observations. Because of this necessity, in this paper, the results of the studies of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in the south of Haymana and the area of Salt Lake in the summer of 1960 have been discussed under the titles of temperature, wind, atmospheric moisture, evaporation, precipitation, drought, evapotranspiration and water demand.