International Director Research Articles

Revolutionizing Liver Transplantation: Transitioning to an Elective Procedure Through Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion - A Benefit Analysis.

To assess the impact of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) on patients, medical teams, and costs by gathering global insights and exploring current limitations. NMP for ex situ liver graft perfusion is gaining increasing attention for its capability to extend graft preservation. It has the potential to transform liver transplantation (LT) from an urgent to a purely elective procedure, which could revolutionize LT logistics, reduce burden on patients and health care providers, and decrease costs. A 31-item survey was sent to international transplant directors to gather their NMP experiences and vision. In addition, we performed a systematic review on cost-analysis in LT and assessed studies on cost-benefit in converting urgent-to-elective procedures. We compared the costs of available NMPs and conducted a sensitivity analysis of NMP's cost benefits. Of 120 transplant programs contacted, 64 (53%) responded, spanning North America (31%), Europe (42%), Asia (22%), and South America (5%). Of the total, 60% had adopted NMP, with larger centers (>100 transplants/year) in North America and Europe more likely to use it. The main NMP systems were OrganOx-metra (39%), XVIVO (36%), and TransMedics-OCS (15%). Despite NMP adoption, 41% of centers still perform >50% of LTs at nights/weekends. Centers recognized NMP's benefits, including improved work satisfaction and patient outcomes, but faced challenges like high costs and machine complexity. 16% would invest $100,000 to 500'000, 33% would invest $50,000 to 100'000, 38% would invest $10,000 to 50'000, and 14% would invest <$10,000 in NMP. These results were strengthened by a cost analysis for NMP in emergency-to-elective LT transition. Accordingly, while liver perfusions with disposables up to $10,000 resulted in overall positive net balances, this effect was lost when disposables' cost amounted to >$40,000/organ. The adoption of NMP is hindered by high costs and operational complexity. Making LT elective through NMP could reduce costs and improve outcomes, but overcoming barriers requires national reimbursements and simplified, automated NMP systems for multiday preservation.

Generations: The Real Differences between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America’s Future

Generations: The Real Differences between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America’s Future

Star power as quality signal or marketing effect? A path analysis on China's motion‐picture industry

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between star power, artistic excellence, and the commercial success of Chinese movies from 2009 to 2018 based on a two‐path structural model. Artistic excellence was measured based on industry recognition; more specifically, the winners of seven major movie awards in the greater China region, which reflect the critical and popular evaluations of reviewers and consumers. The commercial success was measured by box office performance and the level of buzz among the audience. While the paths of artistic excellence and commercial movie success are essentially separable, as well as conceptually and empirically distinct, movie star power may influence both. Our findings indicate that star power had negative signal effects on critical and popular evaluation as well as industry recognition, but positive marketing effects on critical and popular buzz as well as box office performance. Indeed, star power has indirect positive effects that can outweigh its negative effects. Thus, star power is the key to success in these two seemingly unrelated paths in China. Moreover, these findings have several implications for international investors, producers, actors, and directors who are participating in the Chinese motion picture industry.

The creation of Krystian Lupa’s Mo Fei (adapted from Shi Tiesheng’s works): A co-operation of Polish theatre in the Chinese theatre industry

In this article, the author analyzes the dramatic work Mo Fei, adapted from several pieces by the contemporary Chinese writer Shi Tiesheng by Polish director Krystian Lupa in 2017. The analysis pays particular to exploring the creation from the original text to the stage work. Mo Fei has been regarded as a successful adaptation, which brought about metaphysical, spiritual content rarely seen in the contemporary Chinese theatre. Lupa adapted Shi’s works based on existentialist philosophy, using unique theatrical methods and techniques of expression not presented in the original work. As an experienced international director, Lupa’s adaptation reflected his characteristic and preferred aesthetic. His directing methods and artistic taste were reflected in his adaption of Mo Fei, including the practice of laboratory rehearsal and pursuit of inner life (similar to Grotowski). These aspects of Lupa’s work have essential inspirations for the Chinese theatre industry.

Being our best: Understanding the relationship between empowerment and employee engagement among midlevel student affairs professionals

AbstractOver the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of student service personnel, yet demand has outstripped this growth leading to turnover and low employee satisfaction. Scholars and practitioners alike have called for increased levels of empowerment of these workers, but the outcomes of this approach need further analysis. We utilize data from a survey of international centre directors in the United States and employ a partial least squares‐based structural equation modelling to investigate the relationship between empowerment and employ perceptions including work satisfaction, organizational commitment, perspective of leadership and personal engagement. Specifically, trust meaning and personal consequence are strong components of empowerment in this sample. Our results indicate a positive relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction, organizational commitment and perspectives on leadership. In addition, we find that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between empowerment and personal engagement.

Impact of movie direction studies on Kurdish director

The distinctive success achieved by cinema, at the beginning of twentieth century, as a mass art with form and content, and the great power it has for recording and representing reality, on one hand, and the magical production power of images and subjects, most of it falls on the process of movie production, and the director appears as the first responsible of movies. When directing finds its path as a solid foundation in the world of movie making and cinema industry, then the outlook and idea of directors, as individuals or as groups, leads to up-rise of different studies of movie directing, where these studies constitute many principles and regulations of their own, which they build form and content of their films, and their influence will spread in the world of cinema extensively and become an important part of cinematic theories. Influences of these studies on movies and various cinematic productions of international directors can be seen and found, therefore in recent years we notice that Kurds were not exempt from these influences, and Kurdish movie directors were, directly or indirectly, making their movies under effects of these influences. These influences matched with the internal conditions of their people, their suffering, and their visions, according to message and content of the movies they include. On the other hand, due to the small budget required to produce a film, Kurdish filmmakers and directors need to make films with low cost and techniques and to be able to prove their imagination and ideas well.

Board Diversity and Earnings Management in Publicly Listed Oil and Gas Firms in Nigeria

This study looked at how board diversity affected Nigerian listed oil and gas companies' management of earnings. Female and international directors served as proxies for the study's independent variable (board diversity), while the dependent variable (earnings management) was represented by the discretionary accruals of Nigerian listed oil and gas businesses. Eleven (11) listed Nigerian oil and gas businesses that had consistently produced audited yearly financial reports from 2009 to 2019 were employed to accomplish the study's goals. Regression models with fixed and random effects were utilized in the investigation. The outcome showed that the management of earnings of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria is negatively and significantly impacted by female directors and international directors. According to the findings, the study suggests that Nigerian listed businesses should give a gender quota for female directors.

Diversity as an innovative means to improve corporate governance: a new perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to address the research gap about the impact of board and audit committee diversity (gender, ethnicity, age and education) on audit fee by using a balanced panel of listed firms in four Asian markets – Hong Kong, India, Malaysia and Singapore. The authors argue that a more diverse board and audit committee with the inclusion of females, international directors and directors of different education levels may act as a more effective and innovative mechanism to monitor and regulate important managerial decision such as audit fee.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a two-stage framework to address the endogeneity issue and the random-effects panel model to control for firm heterogeneity on a balanced panel of 200 firms in four Asian regions over 2011–2013 to examine the hypotheses presented in this study.FindingsThe authors find that diversity is a factor determining the level of fees paid to audit firms. A more diverse board and audit committee may demand audit services involving differential effort. Firms with more international directors on board and in audit committee pay a higher fee. In addition, a more educationally diverse board and audit committee also pay a higher fee. In contrast, a significant negative relationship is found between audit committee gender diversity and audit fees, but not between board gender diversity and audit fees, suggesting that a more gender-diverse audit committee asks for less audit effort and pays a lower audit fee.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study are based on three years of data from the largest 50 firms in four Asian regions, which limits the generalizability of the results. Like other cross-country studies, the analyses in this study also have problems in controlling for all unobservable factors related to cross-country differences in regulations or institutional environments. Diversity can take other forms, including experience, profession, tenure and marital status which are not a part of this study and lay the foundation for future research.Practical implicationsA firm with a more education-diverse board is more committed to quality monitoring and demands higher audit effort, and consequently, higher fees are paid to audit firms. More educationally diverse board and audit committee exercise more effective monitoring and prefer greater audit effort.Social implicationsFirms with more ethnic-diverse boards and audit committees may demand greater assurance for investor protection and pay higher audit fees. The complementary view of internal and external governance systems suggests more effective monitors may prefer additional protection through the purchase of more audit effort. The findings on education diversity and ethnic diversity are consistent with the argument of the complementary view.Originality/valueThis study highlights the significant impacts of diversity (gender, education and ethnicity) in the financial reporting process.

Women and Minority Film Directors in Hollywood: Performance Implications of Product Development and Distribution Biases

With representation issues in Hollywood coming under intense scrutiny, the movie industry is wrestling with gender- and race-related imbalances in its power structure. One area of concern is the small proportion of women and people of color retained as film directors, coupled with little evidence of improvement in representation among widely released U.S. movies over time. In this study, the authors examine factors that explain gender- and race-related performance disparities in the movie industry. They estimate a two-stage model that accounts for the effects of selection in matching director gender and race to (1) projects of varying potential, (2) production budgets, and (3) the number of screens secured during distribution. They use instrumental variables for revenue, budget, screens, and audience reviews and find that once endogeneity and selection are captured by the models, gender- and race-based performance differences disappear. The results show evidence of biases favoring male, nonminority directors in project assignment, budgeting, and distribution. These biases are stronger for movies with female and minority lead actors but weaker for directors with high clout and for international directors. A matched-sample analysis illustrates that women directors produce similar outcomes with lower budgets and that minority directors produce outsized revenues with equivalent budgets.

ESG Issues and Career Prospects of Directors: Evidence from the International Director Labor Market

AbstractUsing an international sample of firms, we investigate the career prospects of directors of firms experiencing negative ESG issues. By tracking the same director at the same firm over time, we document a significant drop in seats held at other public firms’ boards following intense negative media coverage of an ESG problem occurring at a given director's focal firm. Losses of seats at other firms are concentrated among executive directors, among directors of firms located in countries with high environmental and social norms, and among directors of firms located in countries with bank‐based systems. Nonexecutive directors and directors of firms located in less stakeholder‐oriented countries are not penalized for ESG issues by the director labor market.

Conceptualizing and contextualizing three-dimensional interaction model of internationalization: Evidence from China

This study explores to conceptualize and practicalize three-dimensional interaction model of internationalization from China’s higher education perspective. Applying documentary analysis, a qualitative method, and interviews, 15 international administrative staff and directors from eight sampled local universities were interviewed to present in-depth insights into the internationalization of the local higher education system in Beijing. The major findings are that strategic positioning in terms of the internationalization of local universities should be based on the following: top-level design of a national macro internationalization strategy; a focus on the internal need for internationalization at the regional level; and understanding the distinctive advantages of internationalization at the local level. The choices for the internationalization of local universities should focus on the absolute advantages of the ‘scale’ of resources and rationally expand the relative advantages concerning the ‘structure’ of resources. Implementation of the strategy for internationalization of local universities should actively build on the competitive advantage of ‘strategic resource integration’. In conclusion, the need to combine national needs with regional development, the importance of combining connotation and capacity building, and of adhering to a combination of a top-level layout or design and local practice are explored and summarized. Finally, both the theoretical contribution and practical implications of this study are discussed.

Intercultural competence as an important attribute for the graduates in the context of globalisation: the case of young Vietnamese working for INGOs

ABSTRACT Many workplaces in Vietnam, such as international non-government organisations (INGOs), where Vietnamese staff collaborate with people from different cultures, have become increasingly culturally diverse and interdisciplinary. This paper is based on the findings of broader qualitative research conducted between December 2010 and November 2012 that explored young Vietnamese graduates’ experiences of working at the intersection of different cultural worlds in the context of development projects at INGOs in Vietnam. Interviewees were nineteen young Vietnamese graduates and six international directors or deputy directors. This paper discusses their experiences of working for INGOs. Young graduates developed intercultural communication skills, became empathetic with others, and reconciled disparate cultural practices. While helping local communities adapt to development projects, graduates harmoniously combined the cultural values and customs of both sides. They disseminated information, promoted mutual understanding, formed culturally relativistic attitudes, promoted cross-cultural empathy, spread international goodwill and reconciled disparate cultural practices, facilitated communication, and interacted with persons or groups of different cultures.

Film Censorship and Identity in Kenya

The postcolonial government in Kenya has embarked on a sustained war against identity by banning locally and internationally produced motion pictures that depict LGBTQ themes in the ongoing national discourse on gender identity. In 2014 and 2018, the government effectively banned two films by local directors (The Stories of Our Lives and Rafiki) for including the LGBTQ community in this discourse. Within the same period, officials banned The Wolf of Wall Street and Fifty Shades of Grey, both by international directors, for their explicit sexual content. The bans attracted public attention and triggered a debate over the country’s censorship laws in particular and gender identity in general. However, while paying specific attention to postcolonial censorship laws that aimed to retain the status quo, the debaters failed to ground their arguments in their proper historical context. To better understand censorship in Kenya, we must first understand its history during the colonial period (1895-1963), a period that saw the colonizer attempt to construct for the colonized a morally acceptable identity. This construction saw the British colonial government shield African cinema audiences from films that they thought would teach them undesirable behaviors. To achieve this goal, censorship officials censored films with “questionable” scenes. This study connects the present and the past, broadens present censorship and gender debates by deepening our collective imagination of real and imagined laws, and incentivizes the debaters to think broadly about continuity without change in Kenya. It vacates rigid chronologies and does not purport to provide a definitive history of censorship and identity during the two historical periods, even if such a history were possible to produce. Broadly, the study situates censorship within a long history of framing and re-framing identities and, consequently, contributes to a more complex understanding of the chaotic interplay among power, art, and identity.

Empowered to Serve?

Some institutions have sought to centralize the supports they give students by developing a center or office dedicated to international students, led by a director or manager overseeing international student support. However, these directors are also not given the resources needed to fully support international students. Our study focuses on the role and empowerment of these international center leaders. A multi-institution case study approach, guided by the empowerment framework, was utilized. The first research question asked what perceptions international center directors have of the resources and support structures provided by their institutions for the growing international student population. The second research question examined how international center directors perceive their empowerment, and which dimensions of empowerment they experience, or lack. Findings include international center directors reporting their sense of empowerment is founded in their desire to serve, sense of autonomy, and the sense of meaning they find engaging in the work.

International Migration Law

With his textbook, International Migration Law, Vincent Chetail (Professor of International Law, Head of the International Law Department and Director of the Global Migration Centre at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) offers a much-needed reference book for all – scholars, students, practitioners, and policymakers – who work on migration and mobility at the international and regional levels. As we know, migration is a natural and global phenomenon that characterizes the essence of human presence on earth; yet, it is more visible in a globalized world, and more sensitive politically. Meanwhile, international migration law is too frequently denied or discarded. Of course, it does exist and provides a receptacle of binding duties for States. The corpus of legal rules that deals with migration is particularly important and significant. As Chetail recalls in the book’s introduction, the term ‘international migration law’ was used by Louis Varlez in 1927 in his course at The Hague Academy, and by Richard Plender as the title of a text first published in 1972, with a second edition in 1988 (p 10). Subsequently, the academic literature has developed in a rather piecemeal manner alongside the different branches of international law. It has thus needed a genuine masterwork to present in a complete and inclusive manner the various international norms that govern the movement of persons between States, whether they are countries of emigration, transit, or immigration.

Celebrating Greg Donaghy

Three colleagues pay tribute to Greg Donaghy, who at the time of his death on 1 July 2020 was the co-editor of International Journal and Director of the Bill Graham Centre for Contemporary International History at the University of Toronto. Dr Donaghy’s imaginative international history expanded the canvas of Canadian foreign policy beyond the traditional limits of the North Atlantic Triangle. As an author, editor, and mentor, he redefined the way that Canada’s world looks to its scholars.

Defining Mid‐Level Career Motivation and Primary Work Responsibilities in International Higher Education

AbstractThis chapter uses the Job, Career, Calling conceptual framework to explore the career motivations of 119 mid‐level administrators in international higher education. Further, the primary job responsibilities of the mid‐level administrators are also examined to determine if work aligns with motivation. We find that international center directors often came to their roles through a sense of calling that was developed through prior international experiences and the desire to improve the student experience, cultural awareness, and internationalization of the institution and beyond.

Política, ética, docencia y ciencia

El II Congreso de ACCBAL y V Seminario Taller Internacional de la Red CICUALES titulado: "Política, ética, docencia y ciencia", se celebró del 19 al 21 de septiembre de 2018 en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Este evento se organizó de manera conjunta entre la Universidad del Valle, la Asociación Colombiana para la Ciencia y Bienestar del Animal de Laboratorio (ACCBAL), y la Red Colombiana de Comités Institucionales para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales (CICUALES). En esta ocasión la sede del evento y anfitrión fue la Universidad del Valle, corazón de la investigación de la región suroccidental.&#x0D; Las nuevas propuestas legislativas en investigación con animales ambicionan obtener grandes beneficios para continuar en el desarrollo e implementación de los principios de las 3`s R (reducción, refinamiento y reemplazo).1 En este sentido, dicho evento fue generador de interés en los medios políticos y organismos públicos y privados de toda Colombia; así mismo, incorporó la participación de estudiantes, investigadores, comités de ética y directivos locales, regionales, nacionales e internacionales. Fue un pilar importante entorno al cual giraron conferencias y talleres que destacaron la necesidad del mejoramiento de la calidad de los biomodelos y la importancia que tiene la infraestructura para garantizar la validez, confiabilidad y reproducibilidad de la investigación que con ellos se desarrolla.

Reasons for an AAID Sponsored Implant Dentistry Education Summit.

Reasons for an AAID Sponsored Implant Dentistry Education Summit.

Diversity on British boards and personal traits that impact career progression from AIM towards FTSE 100

This study proposes a new approach to examining executive remuneration and manager characteristics disaggregated by market index peer clusters and analyses personal attributes that differentiate managers across companies of different market caps (proxied my market indices such as FTSE 100, FTSE 250, FTSE SmallCap, and AIM). Our sample is composed of biographical data on 790 executive directors from 125 UK financial firms covering a 2004-2016 time period. The results show that network and education are the most important factors for career progression. On average, FTSE 100 executive directors are three times better connected and two times better educated than FTSE SmallCap and AIM board members. The larger the firm, the more diverse the board with more international (non-British) and female directors (even though male executives mostly dominate). The higher position is associated with greater age, while new executives tend to be younger and better connected. We highlight a change in the new managers’ skill-set after the financial crisis which may presumably be explained by risk aversion. New directors appointed after 2008 are, on average, older and better educated. Even though after the crisis we document that all the boardrooms, except FTSE SmallCap, appear to have become more gender diverse, the female presence in the boards is scarce and the highest number of women was mainly employed during the financial crisis. After 2008, British boards have become less nationality diverse. Thus, for the purpose of maintaining companies’ competitive advantage in increasingly diverse markets, it requires further attention from policy regulators.