Directional MAC Protocol Research Articles

Exclusive-Region-Map-Based Medium Access Control in Mobile Networks With Directional Antennas Through Deep Interference Learning

The medium access control (MAC) design in mobile networks with directional antennas is challenging due to the difficulty of defining the exact RF interference range between two neighboring directional links and the frequent changes of interference range due to node mobility. This research targets directional data reception (Rx) and transmission (Tx) coordination issues based on the computation of directional interference ranges from nearby directional links. An innovative MAC mechanism is designed with three features: (1) ER-map, i.e., the spatial expression of exclusive region (ER) model in the format of a heatmap. The ER-map helps to determine the directional interference range in typical communication scenarios. Different ER-map cases are analyzed based on the spatial layout differences for two nearby directional links. (2) Spatio-temporal ER-map evolution prediction: a Spatio-Temporal Residual Network (ST-ResNet+) model is used to describe the spatial correlations (for the ERs among neighboring links) and temporal correlations (for the ERs across different time instants) as well as the ER map evolution patterns. Such a Deep ST-ResNet+ model is used to predict the next-time ER map’s snapshot. (3) Optimized directional MAC protocol based on ER map predictions: The ST-ResNet+ prediction results are used to determine the MAC operations, such as Tx/Rx schedule arrangement in the one-hop area, sending rate adjustments, etc. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to validate the throughput efficiency for the proposed directional MAC scheme.

A novel routing protocol for reducing packet delay with multi-beam antennas

Ad hoc networks are infrastructureless networks consisting of static and/or mobile nodes. These networks are deployed for a wide range of applications. Having an efficient routing protocol for communication between the nodes can be critical. Our goal in this paper is to design a routing protocol that capitalizes on Multi-Beam directional Antennas (MBAs) to significantly reduce the end-to-end (E2E) delay in multi-hop ad hoc networks that service multiple traffic flows. Previously, we proposed a multi-beam directional antenna MAC protocol, and a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model that exploits MBAs’ capabilities for delay minimization. Solving this model showed that the routes that are selected for different flows need to have certain key characteristics that depart from the traditional shortest-route philosophy. Based on these characteristics, we design, in this paper, an MBA-Delay-Reducing Routing protocol (MBA-DRR) that fully harnesses the benefits of MBAs for delay reduction. The benefits of this protocol apply to all types of multi-hop MBA-based ad hoc networks, both mobile and static. The evaluation on a multi-flow static scenario shows that MBA-DRR, with a delay of just 4.4 ms, gets very close to the optimal solution with a delay of 2.5 ms. Comparatively, Reactive-Geographic hybrid Routing, a shortest-route protocol, has a delay of 48 ms. An evaluation on a representative multi-flow mobile scenario shows that, while a single-beam directional MAC reduces the E2E delay from 700 ms to 40 ms, and a multi-beam directional MAC halves this to 20 ms, our proposed routing protocol further cuts it to 9 ms.

An analytical model for the directional hybrid MAC protocol in the IEEE 802.15.3c

Nowadays, mobile data demand has grown significantly. Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands are a favorable technology to support high data rate communication. The IEEE 802.15.3c standard is an attractive candidate for mm-wave carrier frequencies for short-range indoor applications. Providing a comprehensive analytical model of the medium access control (MAC) layer gives great information to improve network performance. In this paper, for the first time, a comprehensive Markov chain model has been presented for the IEEE 802.15.3c standard by considering the directional antenna , hybrid MAC and queue. The exact queue models ( M / G /1 and M / D /1 queue) have been considered for the Regular Contention Access Period (RCAP) and Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP) areas. The number of beam sectors and path loss model for the directional antenna is considered in the presented model. The most essential analytical parameters including throughput, delay, reliability, queue size, and system instability of each RCAP and CTAP area for the different number of sectors, RCAP area length, nodes, traffic and room size, have been investigated. Maximum throughput has been determined for the optimum value of these parameters. OPNET simulation validates our represented analytical model and shows that it is more accurate than other states of the art articles.

Distributed directional cooperative MAC (DD-CoopMAC) protocol for improving VBR throughput in IEEE 802.11ad WLAN

The IEEE 802.11ad-based wireless local area network (WLAN) has emerged out as a promising network technology that is capable of operating on millimetre wave spectrum. This network is being used in many applications and can be extended to serve many different streams of the networking industry. However, the network still has some glitches with respect to throughput, overhead, etc., which need to be handled to make it more reliable and efficient. In this paper, distributed directional cooperative medium access control (DD-CoopMAC) protocol for improving variable bit rate (VBR) throughput in IEEE 802.11ad WLAN is proposed. In this protocol, information about network stations is intelligently collected; based on this, the relay stations are selected for transmission. Simulation results illustrate that this protocol aids in enhancing the throughput and reducing the related overhead. Also, simulation results show that the proposed DD-CoopMAC has given high throughput and less MAC delay compared with D-CoopMAC and IEEE 802.11ad.

An Opportunistic Directional MAC Protocol with Pulse/Tone Exchange in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

An Opportunistic Directional MAC Protocol with Pulse/Tone Exchange in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

Fast and efficient terahertz wireless personal area network directional MAC protocol

Fast and efficient terahertz wireless personal area network directional MAC protocol

An Adaptive Beamforming Time with Round-Robin MAC Algorithm for Reducing Energy Consumption in MANET

The use of smart antenna systems (SASs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has been promoted as the best choice to improve spatial division multiple access (SDMA) and throughput. Although directional communications are expected to provide great advantages in terms of network performance, directional MAC (medium access control) protocols introduce several issues. One of the most known problems in this context is represented by the fact that, when attempting to solve or at least mitigate the problems introduced by these kinds of antennas especially at MAC layer, a large amount of energy consumption is achieved; for example, due to excessive retransmissions introduced by very frequently issue such as deafness and handoff. The expedients proposed in order to reduce these drawbacks attempting to limit beamforming time of nodes in cooperation with a round-robin scheduling can grant high performance in terms of fairness and throughput. However, the overall energy distribution in the network is not efficient due to static approach. In view of this, we propose adaptive beamforming time with round-robin MAC providing a dynamic assignment of the beamforming time with the aim to limit the waste of energy of nodes. The proposed approach provides benefits in terms of energy consumption distribution among nodes in sectorized antennas environments and, simultaneously, improves MAC packet performance.

Adaptive Communication Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Network

The flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a new paradigm of wireless communication that governs the autonomous movement of UAVs and supports UAV-to-UAV communication. A FANET can provide an effective real-time communication solution for the multiple UAV systems considering each flying UAV as a router. However, existing mobile ad hoc protocols cannot meet the needs of FANETs due to high-speed mobility and frequent topology change. In addition, the complicated flight environment and varied flight tasks lead to the traditional built-in-rules protocols no longer meeting the demands of autonomy. Hence, we have proposed adaptive hybrid communication protocols including a novel position-prediction-based directional MAC protocol (PPMAC) and a self-learning routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (RLSRP). The performance results show that the proposed PPMAC overcomes the directional deafness problem with directional antennas, and RLSRP provides an automatically evolving and more effective routing scheme. Our proposed hybrid adaptive communication protocols have the potential to provide an intelligent and highly autonomous communication solution for FANETs, and indicate the main research orientation of FANET protocols.

Ant Based Adaptive Directional Monitoring MAC Protocol Using Smart Antennas in MANET

In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MAC), the existing MAC protocol based on the short busy advertisement is not an efficient method for data fragmentation. In addition, the data-fragment length adjustment according to the network environments is still an issue. In order to overcome this issue, in this article, the authors propose to design an Adaptive Directional Monitoring MAC (ADM-MAC) protocol for smart Antennas using Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique. In this technique, the network density and traffic intensity information is estimated using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique and then passed on to the MAC protocol. Then data fragment transmission is performed by adaptively adjusting the directional monitoring period based on the packet size. By simulation results, the authors show that the proposed technique reduces the delay, packet drop due to collision and increases the throughput and packet delivery ratio.

Cooperative Multichannel Directional Medium Access Control for Ad Hoc Networks

A cooperative multichannel directional medium access control (CMDMAC) protocol incorporating minor-lobe interference is proposed for directional ad hoc networks. While most existing MAC protocols require either extra equipment or clock synchronization to address deafness and directional hidden terminal problems, CMDMAC requires neither to solve these problems. Observing that directional transmission assumes single data channel in most instances, CMDMAC incorporates directional and multichannel transmissions to deliver superior networking performance. Theoretical analysis for CMDMAC is provided, and its performance is validated via NS-2 simulation. We compare CMDMAC with a noncooperative version, which is called NCDMAC, and observe a throughput improvement of around 15% and 56% in the single-data-channel and multiple-data-channel scenarios, respectively. We examine CMDMAC under mobile scenarios and observe throughput degradations of around 11% and 15% compared with the static single-data-channel and multiple-data-channel scenarios, respectively. We also compare CMDMAC with other popular directional and multichannel MAC protocols, and the results show that CMDMAC outperforms all of them.

Directional MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11ad based wireless local area networks

IEEE 802.11ad defines a new physical and medium access control layer for IEEE 802.11 networks to operate in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum for multi-gigabit wireless communications. Higher frequency waves have higher propagation loss but smaller antenna size. Hence, for millimeter wave networks, higher number of antennas can be packed together, enabling beamforming with very large gains. In this paper, we propose a novel Directional MAC protocol for Basic Stations (DMBS) with the goal of fully leveraging spatial reusability, and limiting deafness and hidden terminal problems with minimal overhead, and without using any complicated hardware for localization. The distinguishing features of DMBS are threefold. First, DMBS extends the association beamforming training time (A-BFT) of IEEE 802.11ad, during which the stations perform initial beamforming training with the access point (AP), by an intelligent listening mechanism. This mechanism allows the stations to passively learn about the best direction of the neighboring stations, decreasing the associated beamforming training overhead. Second, DMBS determines the best transmission direction by using multi-directional sequential (circular) RTS/CTS (Request To Send/ Clear To Send) (CRTS/CCTS) packets, and tracks the best direction by updating its beamforming table upon reception of every RTS/CTS packet, without requiring any additional hardware for localization. If the location information of the destination is up-to-date, the source station only transmits directional RTS/CTS (DRTS/DCTS) in the known direction. Third, DMBS uses two network allocation vectors (NAVs). The first NAV, denoted by NAV1, is used to reduce deafness by determining the busy nodes upon the reception of every RTS/CTS packet. The second NAV, called NAV2, is used to limit hidden terminal problem while maximizing spatial reusability by determining whether a transmission can interfere with active communication links. If NAV2 is set, then the node defers its multi-directional communication but still communicates directionally. We provide a novel Markov chain based analytical model to calculate the aggregate network throughput of DMBS. We demonstrate via extensive simulations that DMBS performs better than existing directional communication protocols in terms of throughput for different network sizes, mobilities and number of receivers.

Performance Evaluation of Improved Directional Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET’s) popularly uses ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. Past research has identified certain limitations on performance on AODV. This work discusses the results of a new protocol, improved directional AODV (ID-AODV) routing protocol; that has succeeded in improving the performance of MANET’s for energy, delay, packet delivery ratio and overheads as compared with networks using AODV. In ID-AODV, improvements are carried out in both network layer, and data link layer. The directionality is introduced based on hop count of its position from the source. The dual sensing directional media access control protocol is used to eliminate the hidden terminal, exposed terminal, and deafness issue. Participation of nodes in forming route is decided by checking remaining energy level of the node and also checking its load. A modified algorithm is used to reduce the delay. This algorithm reduces the delay by changing the time to live, wait time, and using expanded ring search technique. The simulation results show that the ID-AODV offers improved performance on average Energy consumption in the range of 17–20%, average end to end delay is lower by 61 to 95%, Overheads improved in the range of 10–13%, Jitter 6–21%, link break 43–52%, packet delivery ratio is 6–21% lower as compared to MANETS deploying AODV.

Power Control Directional MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Since use of directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks gaining popularity day by day because of its properties. Although MAC protocol using directional antenna enhances the network performance as it increases spatial reuse and minimizes energy consumption, in comparison of MAC protocols using omnidirectional antennas. But directional MAC protocol still have some well known problem, namely hidden terminal, exposed terminal problem, and deafness. Therefore, in this paper we proposed a MAC protocol that will attempt to minimize these problems without degrading network performance. Simulation results show that the performance of proposed work is better as compared to existing protocols.

A Low Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Directional Wireless Sensor Networks

Directional communication in wireless sensor networks minimizes interference and thereby increases reliability and throughput of the network. Hence, directional wireless sensor networks (DWSNs) are fastly attracting the interests of researchers and industry experts around the globe. However, in DWSNs the conventional medium access control protocols face some new challenges including the synchronization among the nodes, directional hidden terminal and deafness problems, etc. For taking the advantages of spatial reusability and increased coverage from directional communications, a low duty cycle directional Medium Access control protocol for mobility based DWSNs, termed as DCD-MAC, is developed in this paper. To reduce energy consumption due to idle listening, duty cycling is extensively used in WSNs. In DCD-MAC, each pair of parent and child sensor nodes performs synchronization with each other before data communication. The nodes in the network schedule their time of data transmissions in such a way that the number of collisions occurred during transmissions from multiple nodes is minimized. The sensor nodes are kept active only when the nodes need to communicate with each other. The DCD-MAC exploits localized information of mobile nodes in a distributed manner and thus it gives weighted fair access of transmission slots to the nodes. As a final point, we have studied the performance of our proposed protocol through extensive simulations in NS-3 and the results show that the DCD-MAC gives better reliability, throughput, end-to-end delay, network lifetime and overhead comparing to the related directional MAC protocols.

English

An Ad-hoc network is a dynamic network worked on demand by a group of lumps without any pre- existingnetwork infrastructure. Self configurability and relaxed deployment piece of the Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) resulted in abundant claims in modern era. An effective and effective medium accesscontrol (MAC) protocol is important in ad-hoc network for proper allotment of channel. The omnidirectionalantenna has been used in outdated MAC protocols. More demandingconsideration is giventoward the directional antenna by researchers due to competency of spatial reuse and other beneficialfeatures. Central focuses of this paper is to discus and appraise the performance of MAC protocol expendingomni-directional and directional antenna. We conducted a virtual simulation study of differentMAC protocols using Omni-directional and directional antenna. Presentation metrics like throughputand delay are used for the performance analysis. On the basis of result derived from recreation acomparison among these MAC protocols using directional antenna is given. Keywords - Ad-hoc network, Directional antenna, Directional MAC protocol, Smart antenna.

New Deafness-Aware Mac Protocol for Directional Antennas in WANET’S

A favorable technique is using directional antennas for high – speed wireless personal area networks and local.A new MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks which is referred to as New deafness-aware MAC(NDA-MAC) is proposed in this paper. There are many directional MAC protocols which have been proposed, but have not broadly solved the problem of deafness. We are proposing NDA-MAC protocol which can differentiate the deafness problem from collisions by using control channels and logical data.so we are providing a discrete-time Markov chain model for analyzing the deafness impact for both DA-MAC and the current technique. By wide simulations we are showing our NDA-MAC protocol can expressively perform the other current techniques with respect to the duration of deafness , throughput , transmission fairness and energy consumption. Mainly Ad-hoc networks are suffering from hidden nodes(terminals) problem ,leading to the problem of the nodes which are hidden (terminals), which indicates to Spartan degradation in network throughput. A survey of this which will give a basic idea of MAC protocols which will directly or indirectly indicate this problem .The mentioned protocols are set in various for giving the reader a detail understanding for the growth made in types and are discussed in detail. To provide the reader a bottomless understanding for the progress done in enhancing the hidden node problem as well as a detailed comparison of various protocols are shown. General Terms Switched Beam Antenna, Ad-hoc networks, Throughput

Avoidance of Hidden Terminal and Exposed terminal problem Using Directional MAC Protocol

Avoidance of Hidden Terminal and Exposed terminal problem Using Directional MAC Protocol

Special issue on energy‐efficient wireless communication networks with QoS

Special issue on energy‐efficient wireless communication networks with QoS

Directional Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Survey

This survey paper presents the state-of-the-art directional medium access control (MAC) protocols in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks (WAHSNs). The key benefits of directional antennas over omni-directional antennas are longer communication range, less multipath interference, more spatial reuse, more secure communications, higher throughput and reduced latency. However, directional antennas lead to single-/multi-channel directional hidden/exposed terminals, deafness and neighborhood, head-of-line blocking, and MAC-layer capture which need to be overcome. Addressing these problems and benefits for directional antennas to MAC protocols leads to many classes of directional MAC protocols in WAHSNs. These classes of directional MAC protocols presented in this survey paper include single-channel, multi-channel, cooperative and cognitive directional MACs. Single-channel directional MAC protocols can be classified as contention-based or non-contention-based or hybrid-based, while multi-channel directional MAC protocols commonly use a common control channel for control packets/tones and one or more data channels for directional data transmissions. Cooperative directional MAC protocols improve throughput in WAHSNs via directional multi-rate/single-relay/multiple-relay/two frequency channels/polarization, while cognitive directional MAC protocols leverage on conventional directional MAC protocols with new twists to address dynamic spectrum access. All of these directional MAC protocols are the pillars for the design of future directional MAC protocols in WAHSNs.

Medium Access Control for 60 GHz Wireless Networks: A Comparative Review

The 60 GHz wireless networks enable multi-Gbps local communications. With opportunities, however, there are many challenges because the physical wave characteristics of the 60 GHz band are quite different from those of the currently used 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands. Moreover, there are many hot issues associated with the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer as the directional MAC protocols proposed for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz cannot be directly implemented on the 60 GHz frequency because of different characteristics of the millimeter waves. However, no review on MAC for 60 GHz wireless networks has been reported in the literature. In this paper, we comparatively review standards and protocols of MAC in 60 GHz wireless networks for multi-Gbps communications. Opportunities and challenges are also discussed.