Alignment Direction Research Articles

Preparation and properties of AlN–BN composite ceramics through combined addition of c-BN and h-BN

“Lamellar” structure of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is prone to the formation of pore defects and the establishment of directional alignment during sintering process, which lead to AlN/BN composite ceramics exhibiting low density and anisotropic flexural strength (σ≡, σ⊥, and σ∥) (Orientation Bias Index |IOP| ≫ 1); these factors greatly limit the application of AlN/BN composite ceramics. In this work, cubic boron nitride (c-BN) was introduced as a reinforcing phase into AlN/BN composite ceramics, which were prepared via hot pressing sintering, and the effects of c-BN addition on microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy were systematically investigated. The results show that during hot pressing sintering, c-BN phase changes into h-BN with “onion” structure, which effectively fills pore defects and reduces the degree of alignment of h-BN. |IOP| of sample 0C25H (170) continues to decrease with the increase in c-BN amount up to 2.7%. and anisotropy is significantly reduced. With the increase in c-BN amount, σ≡ and σ⊥ first increase and then decrease, while σ∥ only increases. σ≡ and σ⊥ reach the highest values (σ≡ = 362 MPa and σ⊥ = 340 MPa) at a c-BN amount of 15% (sample 15C10H); these values are 20.5% and 15.6% higher than those of sample 0C25H (no c-BN added), respectively, and σ∥ reaches the highest value (σ∥ = 239 MPa) for sample 25C0H, which is 136.6% higher than that of sample 0C25H. Sample 25C0H exhibits the highest σ∥ value (239 MPa), which is 136.6% higher than that of sample 0C25H. The onion-like h-BN formed by phase transformation of c-BN not only provides significant toughening to AlN/BN composite ceramics but can also effectively reduce anisotropy in their mechanical properties.

High-Speed Modulation of Polarized Thermal Radiation from an On-Chip Aligned Carbon Nanotube Film.

Spectroscopic analysis with polarized light has been widely used to investigate molecular structure and material behavior. A broadband polarized light source that can be switched on and off at a high speed is indispensable for reading faint signals, but such a source has not been developed. Here, using aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films, we have developed broadband thermal emitters of polarized infrared radiation with switching speeds of ≲20 MHz. We found that the switching speed depends on whether the electrical current is parallel or perpendicular to the CNT alignment direction with a significantly higher speed achieved in the parallel case. Together with detailed theoretical simulations, our experimental results demonstrate that the contact thermal conductance to the substrate and the conductance to the electrodes are important factors that determine the switching speed. These emitters can lead to advanced spectroscopic analysis techniques with polarized radiation.

Aligned Collagen Sponges with Tunable Pore Size for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Regeneration.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a traumatic injury where at least 20% of the mass of a skeletal muscle has been destroyed and functionality is lost. The standard treatment for VML, autologous tissue transfer, is limited as approximately 1 in 10 grafts fail because of necrosis or infection. Tissue engineering strategies seek to develop scaffolds that can regenerate injured muscles and restore functionality. Many of these scaffolds, however, are limited in their ability to restore muscle functionality because of an inability to promote the alignment of regenerating myofibers. For aligned myofibers to form on a scaffold, myoblasts infiltrate the scaffold and receive topographical cues to direct targeted myofiber growth. We seek to determine the optimal pore size for myoblast infiltration and differentiation. We developed a method of tuning the pore size within collagen scaffolds while inducing longitudinal alignment of these pores. Significantly different pore sizes were generated by adjusting the freezing rate of the scaffolds. Scaffolds frozen at -20 °C contained the largest pores. These scaffolds promoted the greatest level of cell infiltration and orientation in the direction of pore alignment. Further research will be conducted to induce higher levels of myofiber formation, to ultimately create an off-the-shelf treatment for VML injuries.

Spatial Configurations of 3D Extracellular Matrix Collagen Density and Anisotropy Simultaneously Guide Angiogenesis.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen density and fibril anisotropy are thought to affect the development of new vasculatures during pathologic and homeostatic angiogenesis. Computational simulation is emerging as a tool to investigate the role of matrix structural configurations on cell guidance. However, prior computational models have only considered the orientation of collagen as a model input. Recent experimental evidence indicates that cell guidance is simultaneously influenced by the direction and intensity of alignment (i.e., degree of anisotropy) as well as the local collagen density. The objective of this study was to explore the role of ECM collagen anisotropy and density during sprouting angiogenesis through simulation in the AngioFE and FEBio modeling frameworks. AngioFE is a plugin for FEBio (Finite Elements for Biomechanics) that simulates cell-matrix interactions during sprouting angiogenesis. We extended AngioFE to represent ECM collagen as deformable 3D ellipsoidal fibril distributions (EFDs). The rate and direction of microvessel growth were modified to depend simultaneously on the ECM collagen anisotropy (orientation and degree of anisotropy) and density. The sensitivity of growing neovessels to these stimuli was adjusted so that AngioFE could reproduce the growth and guidance observed in experiments where microvessels were cultured in collagen gels of varying anisotropy and density. We then compared outcomes from simulations using EFDs to simulations that used AngioFE's prior vector field representation of collagen anisotropy. We found that EFD simulations were more accurate than vector field simulations in predicting experimentally observed microvessel guidance. Predictive simulations demonstrated the ability of anisotropy gradients to recruit microvessels across short and long distances relevant to wound healing. Further, simulations predicted that collagen alignment could enable microvessels to overcome dense tissue interfaces such as tumor-associated collagen structures (TACS) found in desmoplasia and tumor-stroma interfaces. This approach can be generalized to other mechanobiological relationships during cell guidance phenomena in computational settings.

Seasonal dynamics of water circulation and exchange flows in a shallow lagoon-inlet-coastal ocean system

A wave–current coupled, unstructured-grid, three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to investigate the seasonal dynamics of the Maryland Coastal Bays system. The model's performance was validated successfully against hydrodynamic observations from the spring to fall of 2014, and the driving forces of water circulation and exchange flows were discussed. Results indicate that seasonal dynamics are primarily controlled by tides, modulated by winds, waves, and density variations, and regulated by the inlet orientation and geometry. Seasonal circulation in the surface layer is stronger than that near the bottom. The strong coastal circulation, net outflows via inlets, and the clockwise movements in the southern Isle of Wight Bay are primarily controlled by tides. The directional alignment between winds and the bay's principal axis and inlet orientation are key to the seasonal circulation and exchange flows in Sinepuxent Bay and via inlets. Wave-induced effects are comparable to tides in particular regions (e.g., reaching 30 cm/s in Isle of Wight Bay), and much larger than those caused by density variations overall. Additional numerical experiments indicate that spatial variations in salinity are mainly responsible for the density-induced circulation (e.g., 6 cm/s at the mouth of Newport River in Newport Bay). Further analysis indicates that the net exchange flows vary from the surface to bottom layers (e.g., different magnitudes or transporting directions) both in the lagoon and via the paired inlets. This work is beneficial to coastal communities and numerical modelers in understanding the dynamics of shallow lagoon-inlet-coastal ocean systems at a seasonal timescale.

Stereochemically Active Lone Pair Induced Polar Tri-layered Perovskite for Record-Performance Polarized Photodetection.

Bulk photovoltaic effect, a promising optoelectronic phenomenon for generating polarized dependent steady-state photocurrent, has been widely applied in various photodetectors. However, incorporating stereochemically active lone pairs to construct bulk photovoltage in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) is still elusive and challenging. Herein, bulk photovoltage (1.2 V) has been successfully achieved by introducing the stereo-chemically active lone pairs perovskitizer to construct a polar tri-layered hybrid perovskite, namely, (IBA)2MHy2Pb3Br10 (1, IBA= iso-butylamine, MHy = methylhydrazine). Strikingly, owning to the promising bulk photovoltage, 1-based detectors exhibit an ultra-highly sensitive polarized photodetection (polarization ratio of up to 24.6) under self-powered mode. This ratio surpasses all the reported 2D OIHP single-crystal photodetectors. In addition, detectors exhibit outstanding responsivity (~ 200 mA·W-1) and detectivity (~ 2.4 × 1013 Jones). More excitingly, further investigation confirms that lone pair electrons in MHy result in the separation of positive and negative charges to produce directional dipoles, which further directional alignment to generate bulk photovoltage, thereby resulting in polarization-dependent photocurrent. Our findings provide a new demonstration for polar multilayer materials' construction and may open opportunities for a host of high-sensitive polarized photodetection.

Stereochemically Active Lone Pair Induced Polar Tri‐layered Perovskite for Record‐Performance Polarized Photodetection

AbstractBulk photovoltaic effect, a promising optoelectronic phenomenon for generating polarized dependent steady‐state photocurrent, has been widely applied in various photodetectors. However, incorporating stereochemically active lone pair to construct bulk photovoltage in organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) is still elusive and challenging. Herein, bulk photovoltage (1.2 V) has been successfully achieved by introducing the stereo‐chemically active lone pair perovskitizer to construct a polar tri‐layered hybrid perovskite, namely, (IBA)2MHy2Pb3Br10 (1, IBA=iso‐butylamine, MHy=methylhydrazine). Strikingly, owning to the promising bulk photovoltage, 1‐based detectors exhibit an ultra‐highly sensitive polarized photodetection (polarization ratio of up to 24.6) under self‐powered mode. This ratio surpasses all the reported two‐dimension OIHP single‐crystal photodetectors. In addition, detectors exhibit outstanding responsivity (≈200 mA W−1) and detectivity (≈2.4×1013 Jones). More excitingly, further investigation confirms that lone pair electrons in MHy+ result in the separation of positive and negative charges to produce directional dipoles, which further directional alignment to generate bulk photovoltage, thereby resulting in polarization‐dependent photocurrent. Our findings provide a new demonstration for polar multilayer materials’ construction and may open opportunities for a host of high‐sensitive polarized photodetection.

Ferroelectric liquid crystal array driven by a two‐layer electrode with a 1 × 1 μm pixel pitch for light modulation in electro‐holography

AbstractWe clarified that a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) has high resolution display capability as small as 1 × 1 μm pixel pitch using an FLC pixel array with a two‐layer electrode, which has a 1 × 1‐μm‐checkered apertured electrode and a plane electrode separated by an insulation layer. By applying +2 V to the apertured electrode and −10 V to the plane electrode in the two‐layer electrode and 0 V to the transparent common electrode, a checkered pattern was clearly observed, which indicates the successful individual pixel driving with a pixel pitch of 1 × 1 μm. When fabricating 1 × 2‐μm‐pitch rectangular FLC pixels, we elucidated that the liquid crystal alignment direction should be along the shorter side of the pixels to avoid asymmetric transmittance distribution in each pixel. Moreover, we successfully reconstructed a 3D holographic image using 10 × 10 k FLC pixel array with a pitch of 1 × 1 μm driven by the two‐layer electrode with hologram‐patterned apertures. We showed that FLC is a strong candidate material for realizing spatial light modulator with extremely small pixel pitches, which is essential for holographic displays with wide‐viewing‐zone angles.

Cyclic Stretching Triggers Cell Orientation and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in a Periodontal Ligament 3D In Vitro Model.

During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), the periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a crucial role in regulating the tissue remodeling process. To decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process in vitro, suitable 3D models are needed that more closely approximate the situation in vivo. Here, a customized bioreactor is developed that allows dynamic loading of PDL-derived fibroblasts (PDLF). A collagen-based hydrogel mixture is optimized to maintain structural integrity and constant cell growth during stretching. Numerical simulations show a uniform stress distribution in the hydrogel construct under stretching. Compared to static conditions, controlled cyclic stretching results in directional alignment of collagen fibers and enhances proliferation and spreading ability of the embedded PDLF cells. Effective force transmission to the embedded cells is demonstrated by a more than threefold increase in Periostin protein expression. The cyclic stretch conditions also promote extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix, as confirmed by increased glycosaminoglycan production. These results highlight the importance of dynamic loading over an extended period of time to determine the behavior of PDLF and to identify in vitro mechanobiological cues triggered during OTM-like stimulus. The introduced dynamic bioreactor is therefore a useful in vitro tool to study these mechanisms.

Polarized microwave emission from space particles in the upper atmosphere of the Earth

ABSTRACT Tons of space particles enter the Earth atmosphere every year, being detected when they produce fireballs, meteor showers, or when they impact the Earth surface. Particle detection in the showers could also be attempted from space using satellites in low Earth orbit. Measuring the polarization would provide extra crucial information on the dominant alignment mechanisms and the properties of the meteor families. In this article, we evaluate the expected signal to aid in the design of space probes for this purpose. We have used the radmc-3d code to simulate the polarized microwave emission of aligned dust particles with different compositions: silicates, carbonates, and irons. We have assumed a constant spatial particle density distribution of 0.22 cm−3, based on particle density measurements carried during meteor showers. Four different grain size distributions with power indices ranging from −3.5 to −2.0 and dust particles with radius ranging from 0.01 $\mathrm{\mu }$m to 1 cm have been considered for the simulations. Silicates and carbonates align their minor axis with the direction of the solar radiation field; during the flight time into the Earth atmosphere, iron grains get oriented with the Earth’s magnetic field depending on their size. Alignment direction is reflected in the Q-Stokes parameter and in the polarization variation along the orbit. Polarization depends on the composition and on the size distribution of the particles. The simulations show that some specific particle populations might be detectable even with a small probe equipped with high-sensitivity, photon-counting microwave detectors operating in low Earth orbit.

A Novel Application of Polynomial Solvers in mmWave Analog Radio Beamforming

Beamforming is a signal processing technique where an array of antenna elements can be steered to transmit and receive radio signals in a specific direction. The usage of millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) beamforming are considered as the key innovations of 5 th Generation (5G) and beyond communication systems. The mmWave radio waves enable high capacity and directive communication, but suffer from many challenges such as rapid channel variation, blockage effects, atmospheric attenuations, etc. The technique initially performs beam alignment procedure, followed by data transfer in the aligned directions between the transmitter and the receiver [1]. Traditionally, beam alignment involves periodical and exhaustive beam sweeping at both transmitter and the receiver, which is a slow process causing extra communication overhead with MIMO and massive MIMO radio units. In applications such as beam tracking, angular velocity, beam steering etc. [2], beam alignment procedure is optimized by estimating the beam directions using first order polynomial approximations. Recent learning-based SOTA strategies [3] for fast mmWave beam alignment also require exploration over exhaustive beam pairs during the training procedure, causing overhead to learning strategies for higher antenna configurations. Therefore, our goal is to optimize the beam alignment cost functions e.g. , data rate, to reduce the beam sweeping overhead by applying polynomial approximations of its partial derivatives which can then be solved as a system of polynomial equations. Specifically, we aim to reduce the beam search space by estimating approximate beam directions using the polynomial solvers. Here, we assume both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) to be equipped with uniform linear array (ULA) configuration, each having only one degree of freedom (d.o.f.) with N t and N r antennas, respectively.

Integrative Analysis of the Geothermal Structure in Kepahiang: Insights from Magnetotelluric, Gravity, and Remote Sensing Techniques

This research was conducted to determine the structure and depth of the reservoir using remote sensing as an initial survey to assess the geological alignment direction, employing ALOS PALSAR radar imagery. Subsequently, further surveys were conducted using the magnetotelluric and gravity methods to analyze the structure and depth of the geothermal reservoir. The magnetotelluric data were processed using Phoenix software, where the data was transformed from the time domain to the frequency domain using Fourier transformation, and processed to obtain apparent resistivity and phase. The MT data was integrated with gravity data, and the gravity data underwent standard correction procedures to obtain the Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) map. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion using the NLCG algorithm and 2D forward modeling of the gravity data were performed. The dominant alignment pattern obtained was northwest-southeast, with an orientation of 320° NW or 140° SE. Based on the results of geological alignment, a profile is produced that is perpendicular to the straightness. The results from the 2D inversion and gravity forward modeling indicated that the geothermal reservoir is likely located beneath the caprock at an estimated depth of approximately 1800 m, with resistivity values ranging from 32 to 256 Ohm-m and a density value of 2.6 gr/cc.

Review on Material Performance of Carbon Nanotube-Modified Polymeric Nanocomposites

The chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) and hydrogen bonding modified polymer composites (CPCs) exhibit unique chemical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties and are emerging as promising materials to achieve extraordinarily high electrical and thermal conductivity, lightweight and anticorrosion, superior strength and stiffness for potential applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, energy conversion, and optical and electronic devices, therefore, attracting considerable research efforts over the past decade. In this review, the fundamentals of the topics on f-CNTs, hydrogen bonding, and CNT directional alignment have been briefly introduced. The research on the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties have been reviewed. The effects of the CNT morphology, hydrogen bonding, CNT alignment and aspect ratio, and the interactions between the constitutes on the CPC performance is critical to understand the fundamentals and challenges of designing such materials with desired properties and their potential applications. However, to gain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the effects of these factors on the performance of CPCs, further studies by computer modeling, especially MD simulations, will be highly needed for effective new/novel material design and development. <strong><br> </strong>

Highly thermal conductive and flame retardant poly(vinyl alcohol) film with synergistic alignments of boron nitride nanosheets/Ti3C2Tx MXene for thermal interface materials

With the development of microelectronics and flexible wearable electronic devices, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based thermal interface materials (TIMs) have received much attention. However, poor heat dissipation and high flammability have emerged as the key issues that restrict their application. In this work, the directional alignment of phytic acid (PA) modified boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and Ti3C2Tx MXene in PVA matrix was achieved by ice-templated assembly, which simultaneously enhanced the flame retardancy and thermal conductivity of PVA composite films (PVA/BTx). Owing to the synergistic effect between oriented BNNS and Ti3C2Tx MXene on forming the thermally conductive network within PVA matrix, the in-plane thermal conductivity of PVA/BTx-30 composite film was increased to 8.54 W m−1 K−1, much higher than that of PVA film (0.30 W m−1 K−1). Meanwhile, the heat dissipation process of PVA films applied as TIMs was simulated, which showed that PVA/BTx-30 films exhibited excellent thermal conduction and significantly decreased the operation temperature of electronic devices. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PVA/BTx-30 films were reduced by 60.3% and 62.0%, respectively, showing good flame retardancy. Importantly, the flexible Ti3C2Tx nanosheets further enhanced the mechanical properties of PVA/BTx composite films. Therefore, this work provides an effective method for the preparation of high thermal conductivity and flame retardant composite materials, which has important potential applications in the microelectronics industry.

Magnetic field enhancing preferred orientation of nickel-cobalt plated carbon fibers in cement paste, with relevance to compression self-sensing

The arrangement of carbon fibers in the cement matrix affects the stability and sensitivity of the composite. This study investigated the effects of bath pH and electroless plating time on the magnetic metallization (nickel coating, cobalt coating, and nickel-cobalt alloy coating) on carbon fibers and successfully prepared the CFRCs in which the metal-plated carbon fibers could be oriented by magnetic fields. The results showed that a pH of 10 and a plating time of 6 min were favorable for reaction kinetics, with the thickness gain, conductivity, and saturation magnetization of metal coatings all being the largest. The compressive strength of the prepared composites was increased by 26.5% by adding nickel-cobalt coated carbon fibers, which is attributed to the alignment of fibers refining pore structure. The resistivity of CFRCs with metal-plated carbon fibers is one order lower in magnitude than that with uncoated carbon fiber, due to that the alignment of fibers increases the conduction connectivity by decreasing the distance of fiber-fiber and the “quantum tunneling”. The cyclic compressive loading tests showed that the resistance changed reversibly with strain, such that the degree of reversibility is higher for CFRCs with pre-magnetic treatment than those without the treatment. The piezoresistivity (strain sensitivity) of CFRCs was stronger with magnetic field-induced orientation treatment, showing that the strain sensitivity increased by 114% after pre-magnetic treatment for CFRCs containing nickel-cobalt coating. This is attributed to that the well-aligned metal-plated carbon fibers form more conduction paths along the alignment direction, such that the resistivity along this direction is more sensitive to the compressive strain parallel to this direction.

Light-controllable hybrid aligning layer based on LIPSS on sapphire surface and PVCN-F film

The creation of aligning layers for the uniform orientation of liquid crystals is significant for both research and the application of liquid crystals. For all applications, the creation of aligning layers possessing controllable characteristics such as azimuthal and polar anchoring energies, easy-axis of director alignment and pretilt angle, in the same way as it is achieved by using photoaligning layers processed by light, is very important. Here, aligning properties of hybrid aligning layers created on the basis of sapphire surfaces additionally coated by photoaligning layer of PVCN-F are studied. These hybrid layers possess the properties of the nano-structured sapphire layer and the photosensitive PVCN-F layer, and complement each other. The irradiation time dependence of the azimuthal anchoring energy of the hybrid layers is studied. By using certain experimental conditions during irradiation of hybrid layers, e.g., polarization of light and irradiation time, a minimum value of the azimuthal anchoring energy, close to zero, was obtained. Atomic force microscope studies of the irradiated hybrid layers were also carried out. It was found that the behavior of the contact angle of nematic droplets placed on treated sapphire surfaces are in good agreement with properties of hybrid aligning layers and parameters of structuring surface obtained from AFM images.

Competing Effects of Radio Frequency Fields on Carbon Nanotube/Resin Systems: Alignment versus Heating

AbstractThis work shows that radio‐frequency (RF) fields can simultaneously align carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed in a resin and induce Joule heating to cure the resin. The timescales of alignment and curing using RF heating are numerically computed and compared at different field strengths in order to determine a temperature where alignment happens before the matrix crosslinks. Composites are experimentally fabricated at the desired target temperature and are optically analyzed and quantified; the CNT network is successfully aligned in the direction of the applied electric field. This methodology can be used to create composites where the local alignment can be varied across the sample. Composites fabricated using RF fields have higher electrical conductivity in the direction of the aligned CNTs than an oven‐cured, randomly aligned sample. Also, RF‐cured nanocomposites exhibit higher tensile strength and modulus in the direction of alignment compared to an oven‐cured sample. Finally, it is further demonstrated how this methodology can be coupled with a direct ink writing additive manufacturing process to induce alignment in any desired direction, even orthogonal to the shear forces in the extrusion direction.

Measuring the photonic topological charge of power-exponent-phase vortex beam via cross phase

We propose a method for measuring the photonic topological charge of the power-exponent-phase vortex (PEPV) beam with the cross phase. Based on the superimposition of the power-exponent phase and the cross phase, we analyzed the axial diffraction properties of the modulated PEPV beam with different parameters by using the scalar diffraction theory. The simulations demonstrated that dark regions are embedded in the intensity profile of the modulated PEPV beam, and the number of the dark regions is just equal to the photonic topological charge carried by the PEPV beam. Moreover, the sign of the photonic topological charge can be distinguished by the alignment direction of the modulated PEPV light field. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical ones. The method is promising in the fields of beam shaping and optical trapping.

Thermal mechanical and dielectric properties investigation of directional shape memory MCNTs/EP composites

The anisotropy of two-dimensional materials seriously hinders the improvement of the thermal mechanical and dielectric property of modified composites. Herein, the directional shape memory multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy resin (MWCNTs/EP) composites were prepared by chemical thermal curing, and the directional alignment of magnetic CNTs (MCNTs) was conducted by employing a magnetic field of 0.33 T. The effect of directional aligned MCNTs on shape memory epoxy resins (SME) was investigated. The dispersion and orientation effects on heat transfer and shape memory performance of the directional shape memory MCNTs/EP composites were expounded. The results showed that when the mass fraction of MCNTs was 1.5 wt%, the dispersion was 77.5% and the orientation rate was 80%, which the thermal mechanical properties were the significantly improved. The temperature rise of the MCNTs/EP composites was 38.7% higher, the shape recovery rate was 1.01% higher and the shape recovery rate is increased to 360% of the raw material. Meanwhile, the dielectric property of the directional aligned MCNTs/EP composites was enhanced, which proving that directional aligned CNTs can be used to promote shape memory and electromagnetic performances.

Facile Approach to Directional Alignment of Indium-Doped Strontium Oxide Film and Improved Liquid Crystal System Application

Facile Approach to Directional Alignment of Indium-Doped Strontium Oxide Film and Improved Liquid Crystal System Application